Department of Robotics and Automation

Aerial Robotics laboratory

SEMESTER - VI

NAME

ROLL NUMBER

YEAR
 Rajalakshmi Engineering College (Autonomous), Chennai

Department of Robotics and Automation

Aerial Robotics laboratory

OBJECTIVE:

This laboratory is to train students, to study about basic of aerial robotics , various
microprocessor applications in aerial vehicle , displays fault in Computers, to study
the stability analysis and design using MATLAB and SOLID WORKS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1 Study on development and integration of Drones.

2 Study on development and integration of Aerial Robotics Systems.

3 Design a Drone propeller using SOILDWORKS.

4 Design a Drone frame using SOILDWORKS.

5 Exercise on PID tuning in Aerial robotics.

6. Exercise on Drone simulation and control using MATLAB

7. Design and Fabricate drone propeller in 3D printer

8. Exercise on assembling a quad-copter

9. Calibration of Drone using mission planner software

10.Integration and testing Remote Controlled Vertical Take-off and Landing UAV
 EX NO 1: STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF
DRONES

AIM:

To Study the Development and Integration Of Drones.

DRONES:

A drone is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more formally known as unmanned

aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems. Essentially, a drone is a
flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-
controlled flight plans in its embedded systems, that work in conjunction with
onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS).

FEATURES AND COMPONENTS:

Drones have a large number of components, including:

 Electronic speed controllers, which control a motor's speed and direction;

 Flight controller
 GPS module;
 Battery;
 Antenna;
 Receiver;
 Cameras;
 Sensors, including ultrasonic sensors and collision avoidance sensors;
 Accelerometer, which measures speed; and
 Altimeter, which measures altitude.

Drone features vary based on the use it is put to. Examples of features include:
  Various types of cameras with high-performance, zoom and gimbals steady
cam and tilt capabilities;
 Artificial intelligence (AI) that enables the drone to follow objects;
 Augmented reality features that superimpose virtual objects on the drone's
camera feed;
 Media storage format;
 Maximum flight time, which determines how long the drone can remain in
the air;
 Maximum speeds, including ascent and descent;
 Hover accuracy;
 Obstacle sensory range;
 Altitude hold, which keeps the drone at a fixed altitude
 Live video feed and
 Flight logs
TYPES OF DRONES:
There are two main types of drone platforms:

1. Rotor, including single-rotor and multi-rotor, such as tricopters, quad copters,

hex copters and octocoptors; and
2. Fixed-wing, which include the hybrid vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL)
drones that don't require runways. on military drones are generally either
personal or commercial aircraft.
EVOLUTION OF DRONES:
The Drones we know today have been around for at least two decades but the ideas
of drones dates back to world war 1 when France and united states tried to
engineer unmanned airplanes. Now the military use of drones is the main use in the
world today. These drones help combat missions, research efforts, target decoys
and supervision in the military workspace. So People will continue to use drones
for various military missions because of their ease of reducing losses and
executing top secret missions. The global patent landscape has been rife with
activity due to the emergence of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or the more
widely-used term “drone”. In France, the UAV is generally known as the drone,
and in the United States and the UK, the term Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
was adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European
Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The UAS and UAV terms differ as defined,
however, as the UAS consists of a UAV, ground control station with a pilot,
communications equipment, support/launch systems, etc., making the UAS term
much more encompassing.
DEVELOPMENT:
The first documented use of UAVs dates back to the mid-1800s when Austrian
forces attacked the city of Venice using an estimated 200 explosives-filled balloon
carriers. Since then, drones have been deployed primarily in a military context.
With a history of technological advancements upgrading the efficiency of UAVs
from World War II to the present, international interest in drone technology has led
to its increased usage in commercial fields.
With the commercial potential of drone technology gaining recognition, the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued the first commercial drone permits
in 2006. The introduction of commercial drone permits increased the potential
scope of usage for consumer drones and helped pave the way for innovation. One
noteworthy innovative use of commercial drone technology was Amazon’s
proposed delivery system by drone introduced in 2013. After the introduction of
commercial drone permits, commercial drone usage expanded to industries such as
agriculture, real estate, sports, security, and insurance.
Advancements in both the underlying technology and ancillary functions have
opened the doors for even more UAV innovation. Recreational, commercial, and
military drones have seen upgrades such as advanced navigation systems,
increased range, data storage, and surveillance systems. The exponential growth of
UAV technology has led to a surge in drone patent filings. New and existing patent
filings may offer a glimpse into a future with new uses for drone technology,
whether through autonomous drone taxis or indoor assistant drones.
INTERGRATION OF DRONES:
Most UAVs are composed of the same physical parts. A basic drone consists of a
body, power supply, system hardware/processor(s), internal and external sensors,
actuators, and autopilot software. A drone’s sensors calculate external distance
measurements and can detect external formations to avoid collisions. The power
supply of a UAV ranges from lithium-polymer batteries to standard airplane
engines. UAVs also possess software in the form of a flight stack consisting of
firmware, middleware, and an operating system that manages flight control,
navigation, and decision-making.
Many residential, commercial, and military drones feature technology geared
towards the autonomous nature of the vehicle. An attached GPS allows the vehicle
to navigate its course to a desired path or back to its point of origin. Aircraft and
ground-based sensors help UAVs manage takeoff and landing. An altitude hold
function, usually controlled by a barometric pressure sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and
a throttle stick, allows drones to maintain and shift their attitudes.
APPLICATIONS:
 Intelligence
 Aerial surveillance
 Force protection & search and rescue
 Artillery spotting
 Target following and acquisition
 Battle damage assessment
 Reconnaissance Weaponry

CONCLUSION:
The Development and integration of drones were studied.
 EX NO 2: STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGATION OF
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM

AIM:
To Study the Development and Integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM:
The term unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was adopted by the United States
Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) in 2005 according to their Unmanned Aircraft System
Roadmap 2005–2030. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and
the British Civil Aviation Authority adopted this term, also used in the European
Union's Single-European-Sky (SES) Air-Traffic-Management (ATM) Research
(SESAR Joint Undertaking) roadmap for 2020. This term emphasizes the
importance of elements other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground
control stations, data links and other support equipment. A similar term is an
unmanned-aircraft vehicle system (UAVS), remotely piloted aerial vehicle
(RPAV), remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). Many similar terms are in use.
"Unoccupied" and "uninhabited" are occasionally used as alternatives to
"unmanned". Under new regulations which came into effect 1 June 2019, the term
RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) has been adopted by the Canadian
Government to mean "a set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely
piloted aircraft, its control station, the command and control links and any other
system elements required during flight operation".
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE:
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), military aircraft that is guided autonomously, by
remote control, or both and that carries sensors, target designators, offensive
ordnance, or electronic transmitters designed to interfere with or destroy enemy
targets. Unencumbered by crew, life-support systems, and the design-safety
requirements of manned aircraft, UAVs can be remarkably efficient, offering
substantially greater range and endurance than equivalent manned systems.

CLASSIFICATION OF UAS:
UAVs may be classified like any other aircraft, according to design configuration
such as weight or engine type, maximum flight altitude, degree of operational
autonomy, operational role, etc.

DEGREE OF AUTONOMY:

Drones could also be classified based on the degree of autonomy in their flight
operations. ICAO classifies uncrewed aircraft as either remotely piloted aircraft or
fully autonomous.Some UAVs offer intermediate degrees of autonomy. For
example, a vehicle may be remotely piloted in most contexts but have an
autonomous return-to-base operation. Some aircraft types may optionally fly
manned or as UAVs, which may include manned aircraft transformed into
uncrewed or Optionally Piloted UAVs (OPVs). The flight of UAVs may operate
under remote control by a human operator, as remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or
with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully
autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.

ALTITUDE:
Based on the altitude, the following UAV classifications have been used at
industry events such as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum:
 Hand-held 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km range
 Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km range
 NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50 km range
 Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km range
 MALE (medium altitude, long endurance) up to 30,000 ft (9,000 m) and
range over 200 km
 HALE (high altitude, long endurance) over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and
indefinite range
 Hypersonic high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+)
50,000 ft (15,200 m) or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km
 Orbital low Earth orbit (Mach 25+)
 CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer
 Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System (CACGS) for UAVs

DESIGN OF UAS:
 Crewed and uncrewed aircraft of the same type generally have recognizably
similar physical components. The main exceptions are the cockpit and
 environmental control system or life support systems. Some UAVs carry
payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less than an adult
human, and as a result, can be considerably smaller. Though they carry
heavy payloads, weaponizedmilitary UAVs are lighter than their crewed
counterparts with comparable armaments.
 Small civilian UAVs have no life-critical systems, and can thus be built out
of lighter but less sturdy materials and shapes, and can use less robustly
tested electronic control systems. For small UAVs, the quadcopter design
has become popular, though this layout is rarely used for crewed aircraft.
Miniaturization means that less-powerful propulsion technologies can be
used that are not feasible for crewed aircraft, such as small electric motors
and batteries.
 Control systems for UAVs are often different than crewed craft. For remote
human control, a camera and video link almost always replace the cockpit
windows; radio-transmitted digital commands replace physical cockpit
controls. Autopilot software is used on both crewed and uncrewed aircraft,
with varying feature sets.

AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION:

 UAVs can be designed in different configurations than manned aircraft both

because there is no need for a cockpit and its windows, and there is no need
to optimize for human comfort, although some UAVs are adapted from
piloted examples, or are designed for optionally-piloted modes. Air safety is
also less of a critical requirement for unmanned aircraft, allowing the
designer greater freedom to experiment. Instead, UAVs are typically
designed around their onboard payloads and their ground equipment. These
factors have led to a great variety of airframe and motor configurations in
UAVs.
 For conventional flight the flying wing and blended wing body offer light
weight combined with low drag and stealth, and are popular configurations
for many use cases. Larger types which carry a variable payload are more
likely to feature a distinct fuselage with a tail for stability, control and trim,
although the wing configurations in use vary widely.
 For uses that require vertical flight or hovering, the tailless quadcopter
requires a relatively simple control system and is common for smaller
UAVs. Multirotordesigns with 6 or more rotors are more common with
larger UAVs, where redundancy is prioritized.
COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM:
UAV computing capability followed the advances of computing technology,
beginning with analog controls and evolving into microcontrollers, then system-
on-a-chip (SOC) and single-board computers (SBC).System hardware for small
UAVs is often called the flight controller (FC), flight controller board (FCB) or
autopilot. Common UAV-systems control hardware typically incorporate a primary
microprocessor, a secondary or failsafe processor, and sensors such as
accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and barometers into a single module.

ARCHITECTURE:
 Sensor- Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft
state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance
measurements, while proprioceptive ones correlate internal and external
states. In addition to the navigation sensors, the UAV (or UAS) can be also
equipped with monitoring devices such as: RGB, multispectral, hyper-
 spectral cameras or LiDAR, which may allow providing specific
measurements or observations

 Actuator-UAV actuators include digital electronic speed controllers (which

control the RPM of the motors) linked to motors/engines and propellers,
servo motors (for planes and helicopters mostly), weapons, payload
actuators, LEDs and speaker
 Software-The software running on a UAV is called the autopilot or the
flight stack. The purpose of the flight stack is to fly the mission
autonomously or with remote-pilot input. An autopilot achieves this by
obtaining data from sensors, controlling the motors to make progress along a
path, and facilitate communications with ground control and mission
planning.
 UAVs are real-time systems that require high-frequency to change sensor
data. As a result, UAVs rely on single-board computers for their
computational needs. Examples of such single-board computers include
Raspberry Pis, Beagleboards, etc. shielded with NavIO, PXFMini, etc. or
designed from scratch such as NuttX, preemptive-RT Linux, Xenomai,
Orocos-Robot Operating System or DDS-ROS 2.0

APPLICATIONS:
 General&Commercial
 Warfare and Civil
 Aerial Photography
 Environmental Monitoring

CONCLUSION:
The Development and Integration of UAS Were Studied.
 EXNO:3 DESIGN A DRONE PROPELLER.

AIM:

To create a 3d modeling of Drone Propeller using Sold works software

MODEL:

PROCEDURE

Step 01:

Draw the sketch on the Front Plane and set its-dimensions.

Step 02: Draw a Circle for the diameter 20mm

Step 03: Create 5 different planes with given dimensions

Step 04: Select the plane 01 and draw and coincide a reference and centerline in
given dimension

Step 05: Select the plane 02 and draw and coincide a reference and centerline in
given
 dimension

Step06: Select the plane 03 and draw and coincide a reference and centerline in
given dimension

Step07: Select the plane 04 and draw and coincide a reference and centerline in
given dimension
Step08: Select the plane 05 and draw and coincide a reference and centerline in
given dimension

Step09: Select the option lofted boss in features and select the nodal point on each
plane
Step10: Select the top plane and draw the center part of propeller in the given
dimension and extrude in it.
Step11: By selecting the circular pattern draw the circle for the given dimension
and cut extrude it
Step 12: Select the circular pattern in the feature and select the parts to be patterned

Step13:

Result:
 Solid model for the drone propeller was created by using Solid work

EX NO 4: DESIGN A DRONE FRAME USING SOILDWORKS

AIM:

To create a 3d modeling of Drone Frame and assembly using Sold works

software

PROCEDURE

Step 01: Draw the sketch on the Top Plane and set its-dimensions.

Step 02: Draw an arc and insert the required dimensions

Step 03: Draw a line adjacent to the arc in the given dimension
Step 04: Complete the base drawing using the option circular pattern

Step 05: Draw the slot and using the option circular pattern complete the as per
dimension
Step 05: Extrude the drawing

Step06: Draw the required numbers of holes for assembly

Step 07: By using the option liner pattern project another hole

Step 08: By using the circular pattern multiple the holes

Step 09.Save the drawing

Step 10:Draw the drone Stem with required dimension as follow

Step11: Extrude the drawing and make holes as per requirement

Step12: Design and cut section throughout the stem region

Step 13: Draw hole for assembly
Step 14: Draw the leg area of the drone

Step15: Extrude the projection drawn

Step 16: Assemble the two components

Result: Solid model of drone frame assembly is created by using Solidwork

EX NO 5:EXERCISE ON PID TUNING IN AERIAL ROBOTICS.

Aim:

To execute a program on PID tuning in aerial robotics

Program:
% Define drone parameters
m = 1; % mass of the drone (kg)
g = 9.81; % gravitational acceleration (m/s^2)
k_p = 1; % proportional gain
k_i = 0.1; % integral gain
k_d = 0.01; % derivative gain

% Simulation parameters
dt = 0.01; % time step (s)
t_final = 10; % simulation time (s)

% Initial conditions
x = 0; % initial position (m)
v = 0; % initial velocity (m/s)

% Desired position
x_desired = 10;

% Initialize variables
time = 0:dt:t_final;
position = zeros(size(time));
velocity = zeros(size(time));

% PID Controller
integral = 0;
for i = 1:numel(time)
% Error calculation
error = x_desired - x;

% Proportional, Integral, Derivative terms

P = k_p * error;
integral = integral + k_i * error * dt;
D = k_d * (error - (position(max(1, i-1)) -
position(max(1, i-2))) / dt);
% Control input
u = P + integral + D;

% Dynamics model (using a simple integrator)

acceleration = (u - m * g) / m;
v = v + acceleration * dt;
x = x + v * dt;

% Store results
position(i) = x;
velocity(i) = v;
end

RESULT :

PID tuning in aerial robotics was executed

EX NO 6: EXERCISE ON DRONE SIMULATION AND CONTROL

Aim:

To execute a program on drone simulation and control.

Program :
% Parameters
m = 1; % Mass of the UAV (kg)
g = 9.81; % Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2)
L = 0.25; % Length of the arm (m)
Jx = 0.1; % Moment of inertia about x-axis
(kg.m^2)
Jy = 0.1; % Moment of inertia about y-axis
(kg.m^2)
Jz = 0.2; % Moment of inertia about z-axis
(kg.m^2)

% Initial conditions
x0 = 0; y0 = 0; z0 = 0; % Initial position
u0 = 0; v0 = 0; w0 = 0; % Initial velocity
phi0 = 0; theta0 = 0; psi0 = 0; % Initial Euler angles
p0 = 0; q0 = 0; r0 = 0; % Initial angular rates

% Initial state vector

X0 = [x0; y0; z0; u0; v0; w0; phi0; theta0; psi0; p0;
q0; r0];

% Time vector
tspan = 0:0.01:10;

% Simulate the UAV dynamics

[t, X] = ode45(@(t,X) uav_dynamics(t, X, m, g, L, Jx,
Jy, Jz), tspan, X0);

% Plot the results

figure;
plot3(X(:,1), X(:,2), X(:,3));
xlabel('X');
ylabel('Y');
zlabel('Z');
title('UAV Trajectory');

% Define UAV dynamics

functiondXdt = uav_dynamics(t, X, m, g, L, Jx, Jy, Jz)
% Extract states
x = X(1); y = X(2); z = X(3);
u = X(4); v = X(5); w = X(6);
phi = X(7); theta = X(8); psi = X(9);
p = X(10); q = X(11); r = X(12);

% Define forces and moments

F = [0; 0; m*g];
M = [0; 0; 0];

% Define state derivatives

dxdt = u;
dydt = v;
dzdt = w;
dudt = (cos(phi)*sin(theta)*cos(psi) +
sin(phi)*sin(psi))*F(1)/m;
dvdt = (cos(phi)*sin(theta)*sin(psi) -
sin(phi)*cos(psi))*F(2)/m;
dwdt = (-sin(phi)*sin(theta))*F(3)/m + g;
dphidt = p + q*sin(phi)*tan(theta) +
r*cos(phi)*tan(theta);
dthetadt = q*cos(phi) - r*sin(phi);
dpsidt = (q*sin(phi) + r*cos(phi))/cos(theta);
dpdt = (Jy - Jz)*q*r/Jx;
dqdt = (Jz - Jx)*p*r/Jy;
drdt = (Jx - Jy)*p*q/Jz;

% Assemble state derivatives

dXdt = [dxdt; dydt; dzdt; dudt; dvdt; dwdt; dphidt;
dthetadt; dpsidt; dpdt; dqdt; drdt];
end

Result :

Drone Simulation and Control was executed

EX NO 7: DESIGN AND FABRICATE DRONE PROPELLER IN 3D PRINTER

AIM:

To design and fabricate drone propeller in 3D printer

Procedure:

1. Designing the Propeller:

 Use CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software to design the drone

propeller. Pay attention to the aerodynamic profile, size, pitch, and
material considerations.

2. Selecting the Material:

 Choose a suitable material for 3D printing the propeller. Common

options include PLA (Polylactic Acid), ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene
Styrene), nylon, and carbon fiber composites. The choice of material
depends on factors like strength, weight, and durability.

3. Preparing the 3D Printer:

 Ensure the 3D printer is in good working condition and loaded with

the chosen printing material. Calibrate the printer to ensure precise
printing.

4. Slicing the Model:

 Use slicing software to convert the 3D model of the propeller into

printable layers (slices). Adjust settings such as layer height, infill
density, and printing speed based on the material and desired propeller
properties.

5. Printing the Propeller:

 Start the 3D printing process. The printer will create each layer of the
propeller according to the sliced model. Monitor the printing progress
and address any issues that may arise, such as warping or adhesion
problems.

6. Post-Processing:
  Once printing is complete, remove the propeller from the build
platform. Remove any support structures if they were used during
printing.

Result:

The required propeller was designed and fabricated in 3D printer

 EX NO 8: EXERCISE ON ASSEMBLING A QUAD-COPTER

Aim:

To assemble a quad copter from the given components

Material Required:

1. F450Quad copter Frame (2 black arms and 2 red)

2. APM 2.8 Flight controller

3. 6M GPS
4. ESC Power distribution board (for diy frames)
5. 20A ESC (output 5v 2A) x4 pcs
6. 2212 13T 1000KV BLDC Motors x4 pcs
7. 1045 / 1045R Propeller x4 pcs (2Pairs)
8. 3.5 mm gold bullet plugs x24 (12 pcs male + 12 pcs female )
9. Heat shrink Tube ( 50cm red + 50cm black )
10. 2.5 mm and 3.5 mm screws (approx 50)
11. T-plug Connector x1 pcs
12. Lipo battery Alarm or Lipo Checker

Procedure:
Result:

With the given component quad copter was assembled

 EX NO 9 : CALIBRATION OF DRONE USING MISSION PLANNER
SOFTWARE

Aim:

To calibrate the drone by using mission planner software

Procedure:
RESULT:

Thus the quad copter was assembled and calibrated as per the requirement
 EX NO 10: INTEGRATION AND TESTING REMOTE CONTROLLED

VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING UAV

AIM:

The integration and testing of remote controlled vertical takeoff and landing UAV.

VTOL:

A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can take off and
land vertically without relying on a runway. This classification can include a
variety of types of aircraft including helicopters as well as thrust-
vectoring fixed-wing aircraft and other hybrid aircraft with
powered rotors such as cyclogyros / cyclocopters and gyro dynes.

PURPOSE OF VTOL:

VTOL is the short form of Vertical Take-Off and Landing. As the name suggests,
a VTOL drone can take off, hover around, and land vertically virtually anywhere
without depending on runways.These drones help with mapping, surveying,
research, environmental monitoring, and surveillance, among other uses.

OPERATION OF VTOL:

The way VTOL drones work depends on their qualities and features –
propulsion method,flight mode, and design.

That said, VTOL drones have varying qualities and features and are made for
specific operations in commercial, consumer, governmental or institutional
markets.

An example of a VTOL aircraft is a helicopter or an F35B fighter jet, which can

take off and land from the back of an aircraft carrier.

VTOL drones function the same way as these aerial vehicles.

The taking-off methods may determine how VTOL drones work because some
VTOL drones use short take-off and landing (STOL), while others employ a
conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) mode of flight.
 Other VTOL drones use the short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) flight
mode.

For design, there are rotorcraft and power lift VTOL drone designs.

You may find some VTOL drones taking off with the aircraft’s nose on top of
the surface (face up).

Regarding the propulsion system, VTOL drones use different propelling

methods like lithium batteries, solar energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and gasoline.

However, some drones can use two power sources in one flight.

HYBRID VTOL DRONES

Hybrid VTOL drones are drones that can employ two different components,
such as fixed wings and vertical rotors.

The VTOL fixed-wing drone is especially flexible for many military aerial and

commercial applications.

TYPES OF VTOL DRONES

There are various ways of categorizing VTOL drones. However, the most common
classification depends on the following (just like how they work):

Design

Mode of flight

Method of propulsion

VTOL DRONE TYPES ACCORDING TO DESIGN

There are two main types of VTOL drone according to design, namely:

Rotorcraft drones

Power lift drones

a. Rotorcraft drones
These are drones that use propellers for propelling themselves. The propellers are
usually connected to the motors. Rotorcraft drones are very efficient in
applications that may require a quick response. This is because they can reach
areas that fixed-wing drones cannot reach.

MULTI-ROTOR FIXED WING/QUADPLANE DRONES

They are drones that are capable of taking off both horizontally and vertically. And
are sometimes known as hybrid VTOL drones. Multi-rotor aircraft look like fixed-
wing drones. This is because of the presence of wings that resemble an airplane.
However, they may have more arms or specific place that contains propeller blades
essential for the vertical take-off. Multi-rotor drones can use vertical taking off and
land (VTOL). Although a few can employ short take-off and landing (STOL),
conventional take-off and landing (CTOL), and short take-off and vertical landing
(STOVL).

VTOL DRONE TYPES ACCORDING TO THE MODE OF FLIGHT

Flight modes are the various methods used by various aircraft to take off. There are
different VTOL aircraft that can employ many modes of flight.

The modes of flight are as follows:

Short take-off and landing (STOL)

Conventional take-off and landing (CTOL)

Short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL)

Vertical take-off and vertical landing (VTVL)

Vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL)

ADVANTAGES OF VTOL DRONES

Some of the advantages of VTOL drones include:

VTOL drones require minimal horizontal space to launch, unlike fixed-wing

aircraft.This is because VTOL drones can vertically take off, thus doing away with
the runway requirement.
 They can efficiently manoeuvre since they have the capability of making quick
spins in all directions and can hover in a place. VTOL drones are commonly used
in specific commercial operations other than fixed-wing.

VTOL drones can capture results within the shortest time possible compared to
multi-rotor drones due to their speed—this helps in conserving time for every
project.

All VTOL drones can take off and land in areas with heavy wind.

CONCLUSION:

The Integration and Testing Remote controlled Vertical takeoff and Landing
UAV were developed.