HUT – DEPARTMENT OF MATH.

APPLIED
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CALCULUS 1

INTEGRAL OF RATIONAL FUNCTION

Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Quoc Lan

 INTEGRAL OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
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Rational function P x2 + 2x − 3 x2
, P & Q are polynomials : , 3
Q x−2 x +1
If deg P < deg Q  P/Q is proper rational function.

If deg P  deg Q  Divide P by Q: quotient H(x), remainder R(x)

with deg R < deg Q
P( x )  R( x ) R( x )
 dx =   H ( x ) +  dx =  H ( x )dx +  dx : Proper
Q( x )  Q ( x ) Q( x )

Special case: deg Q = 1  Q(x) = x – a: Horner Division.

 EXAMPLE
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x3 + x x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x + 5
Example : Find a/ (Ex1, p. 485)  dx b/  dx
x −1 x +1
2
 PROPER RATIONAL FUCTION: CASE 1 (PAGE 486)
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P( x )
For  dx, deg P  deg Q : Step 1: Solve Q(x) = 0
Q( x )
2/ Factorize Q(x) = (x – )(x – )m(ax2 + bx + c)(ax2 + bx + c)n

3/ Convert P(x)/Q(x) into the sum of simple partial fraction

Case I: Q(x) = 0: only real simple roots  Q(x) = (x–a)(x–b)(x–c)
… , a, b, c …  R, a  b  c …
P( x ) P( x ) A B C
 = = + + +
Q( x ) ( x − a )( x − b )( x − c ) x − a x − b x − c
We determine A, B, C … by identify two hand sides.
 EXAMPLE
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x2 + 2x −1 x2 + 2x −1 A B C
Ex2 :  3 dx Ans. : = + +
2 x + 3x − 2 x
2 x(2 x − 1)( x + 2 ) x 2 x − 1 x + 2
 EXAMPLE
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 PROPER RATIONAL FUCTION: CASE 2 (P. 487 – 488)
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Case II: Q(x) = 0 has only real roots, some of which are repeated
 Q(x) is a product of linear factor, some of which are repeated
too. Suppose the first linear (a1x + b1)m occur in the factorized
forme of Q(x): Q(x) = (x – a) (a1x + b1)m … 
P( x ) B1 B2 Bm
= + + ++ +
 (a1 x + b1 ) 
m a1 x + b1 (a1 x + b1 )2
(a1x + b1 )m

x4 − 2x2 + 4x +1  4x 
Example 4 :  3 dx Divide →   x + 1 + dx
x − x − x +1
2
 x − x − x + 1
3 2
 EXAMPLE
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 PROPER RATIONAL FUCTION: CASE 3 (PAGE 489)
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Case III: Q(x) has the factor ax2 + bx + c with  = b2 – 4ac < 0
P( x ) A1 Am Bx + C
= + ... + +
( x − 1 )m (ax 2 + bx + c ) x − 1 ( x − 1 )m ax 2 + bx + c
x A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 + 2
Example :
( )(
( x − 2) x + 1 x + 2 x + 5 x − 2 x + 1 x + 2 x + 5
2 2
)
Bx + C B 2ax + b  bB  1
Remark : =  +  C −  2
ax + bx + c
2 2 a ax + bx + c 
2 2 a  ax + bx + c
1 1 1
and =  (when  = b 2
− 4ac  0)
ax + bx + c a ( x + k ) + m
2 2 2
 EXAMPLE
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4 x 2 − 3x + 2 2x2 − x + 4
Example 6 :  2 dx Example 5 :  dx
4x − 4x + 3 x + 4x
3
LAST CASE
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HUT – DEPARTMENT OF MATH. APPLIED
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CALCULUS 1
DEFINITIVE INTEGRAL

Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Quoc Lan

 CONTENTS
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1- AREA PROBLEM. DEFINITION

2- THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

 AREA PROBLEM
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AREA PROBLEM
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The region: 0  y  x2, x  [0, 1]

1/ Divide [0, 1] into equalsubintervals

with the length x = h = 1/n

2/ Estimate S by left & right rectangles

AREA PROBLEM
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AREA DEFINITION
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The region: 0  y  f(x), x  [a, b]: Divide, S  Rn, Find lim

Using right endpoints : a = x0  x1    xn = b

n
S = lim x   f ( x1 ) +  + f ( xn ) = lim x  f ( xk )
n → n → k =1
 EXAMPLE
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A – the area of the region under (C): y = f(x) = e–x, x[0,2]

Using four subintervals, Estimate A by taking leftpoints
AREA FUNCTION
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1/ Draw the line y = 2t + 1. Use geometry to find the area

under this line, above t – axis, and between t = 1 & t = 3.
2/ If x > 1, let A(x) be the area of the region that lies under
the line y = 2t + 1 between t = 1 and t = x. Find A(x).
3/ Differentiate the area function A(x). What do you notice?
 AREA FUNCTION
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 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
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Not only for area problem, but also for other problems:
length, volume of a solid … we meet the kind of limit:

( )  * 
( )  ( )
n
lim f x1  x +  + f xn  x = lim   f xk   x
* *
n→ n→  k =1 

If f(x) is a function defined for a  x  b, we divide [a, b] into

n subintervals of equal width x = (b – a)/n. Let x0 = a < x1 <
… < xn = b be the endpoints of these subintervals, then the
definite integral of f from a to b is

n * 
( )
b

 f ( x )dx = lim  f xk   x : Riemann Sum, xk*  xk −1 , xk 

n→  k =1 
a
 EXAMPLE
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 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
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FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS (FTC1): If f

is continuous on [a, b] then the function g define by:
x
g ( x ) =  f (t )dt , a  x  b is differentiable on (a, b) & g / ( x ) = f ( x )
a

THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS, PART

2 (Newton – Lebnitz formula): If f is continuous on [a, b] 

 f (t )dt = F (b ) − F (a ) = F (x)x=a
b
x =b

where F is any antiderivative of f, that means F’(x) = f(x)

 DIFFERENTIATE W. R. T UPPER & LOWER LIMIT
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d  x  d  b 
 f (t )dx  = f ( x ) &  f (t )dx  = − f ( x )
dx  a 
The FTC1 gives:
 dx 
 x 

If u(x), v(x) – 2 diffenrentiable functions & g(x) is defined by

v( x )
g (x) =  f (t )dt  g / ( x ) = f (v( x ))  v / ( x ) − f (u ( x ))  u / ( x )
u(x)

cos x e2 x
Example: Find g’(x) a/ g ( x ) = b/ g ( x ) =
 1 + sin 2 t dt  ln tdt
0 1− 4 x
 EVALUATE LIMIT BY DEFINITE INTEGRAL
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If f(x) is a continuous function in [0, 1], so by definition:

 n  k  1 1
lim  f    =  f ( x )dx
n→  k =1  n  n
0

Example 1: Find lim 1 sin 1 + sin 2 +  + sin n 

n→ n 
 n n n 
 COMMENTARY
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The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is unquestionably

the most important theorem in calculus and, indeed, it
ranks as one of the great accomplishments of the humand
mind. Before it was discovered, from the time of
Archimedes to the time of Galileo and Fermat, problems of
findng areas, volumes … were so difficult that only a
genius could meet the challenge. But now, armed with the
systematic method that Newton and Leibnitz pointed out
from The Fundamental Theorem, these difficult problems
become highchool problems!