Chapter 8

Techniques of Integration
1
Chapter 8
Techniques of Integration
1
 * +(8)
= + (x)f(x) + (x)g'(x)
+

8.1 Integration by Parts

Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

• What can we do with ∫ f(x)g(x)dx?

2
 Ling-Hua

Integration by Parts Chang,

YZU

• Supposing h(x) = f(x)g(x), we have seen that the derivative

of h(x) can be obtained as
d
h′(x) = h(x) = +=x)8() + f(x)g'(x)
dx
• Therefore ∫ h′(x)dx = h(x) + C = f(x)g(x) + C and

∫ ∫( )
h′(x)dx = f′(x)g(x) + f(x)g′(x) dx

∫ ∫
+ (xg(x) + L = f′(x)g(x)dx + f(x)g′(x)dx 2

gives I 3
2
f (x) g(x)

∫ ∫
f(x)g′(x)dx = f(x)g(x) − f′(x)g(x)dx + C
g′(x) f′(x)
& I
3
3
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

• Exercise. Obtain ∫ 2x cos xdx

Solution: Let f(x) = x and g′(x) = cos x. Then
f′(x) = 1 and g(x) = sin x. Apply the integration
by part formula to obtain
o f (x)

g′(x)
g(x)

f′(x)

∫
2x cos xdx = Lxsinx-Sasinxdx I
-

=2 (xinx ( cux) + 2
= 2(x sin x + cos x) + C
=
-

2x sin X

crix 2

4
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

• Exercise. What is ∫ ln xdx ? f (x) g(x)

Solution: Let f(x) = ln x and g′(x) = 1. Then
1
f′(x) = and g(x) = x. Apply the integration by g′(x) f′(x)
x
part formula to obtain ①
In X X

∫
dx
ln xdx = x(nx (x +
-

1
②
= x ln x − x + C I

In X G

5
 Ling-Hua
Integration by Parts Formula Chang,
YZU

Integration by parts formula for definite integrals

b b b

∫a ∫a
f(x)g′(x)dx = f(x)g(x) − f′(x)g(x)dx
a
3

• Exercise. Evaluate ∫ xe dx.

−x f (x) g(x)

0
g′(x) f′(x)
Solution: Let f(x) = x and g′(x) = e −x. Then
f′(x) = 1 and g(x) = − e −x. Integration by part gives
*
3
ex
∫0 ex pe
−x ex x
xe dx =
-

+
X -

e-x I

6
Sections 8.2-8.3
Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Substitutions
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

7
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

∫
Evaluate tan2
(x)sec2
(x)dx d
• tan(x) = sec2(x)
dx
Solution: Let u = tan x. Then in the integral = sec
du
∫
du = dx = sec2 xdx, and thus tan2 x sec2 xdx = -tanx + <
dx
(u'x
/n'du
=

=
-N +
= tanx +L

8
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

1 + cos 2θ
• Evaluate ∫
2
1 + cos 4xdx. cos θ =
2

Solution: Because

∫ ∫
1 + cos 4xdx =Ja cos2(2x)dx

∫
= EacusaX &*

= Esinax + C

9
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

1 + cos 2θ
• Evaluate ∫ cos xdx.
2 cos2 θ =
2
Solution: Because
1 + cos(2x)
∫ ∫
2
cos xdx = dx
2

∫ ∫ ↓ caxdx
= [dx +

=
Ex +
A sinax + (

10
 Ling-Hua

Homework Chang,
YZU

• Evaluate ∫ sin xdx.

2 2 1 − cos 2θ
sin θ =
2
Solution: Because
1 − cos(2x)
∫ ∫
2
sin xdx = dx
2

∫ ∫
= ↓ do + - x

= Ex-E sinax.

=
EX -

+sinx + C

11
Section 8.4
Other Explorations
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

12
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

dy (x 2 + 1)(x + 3)1/2
• Compute dx given that y = (x − 1)·
5
when x > 1.

• Solution: We can take the logarithm of both sides as

(x 2 + 1)(x + 3)1/2
ln y = ln
x−1
2 1
= ln(x + 1) + ln(x + 3) − ln(x − 1)
2
• Next, we take the derivatives of both sides to obtain

( )
dy 2x 1 1
which leads to =y 2 + − =
dx x + 1 2x + 6 x − 1

13
 Ling-Hua

Homework Chang,
YZU

• Can we obtain the derivative of y = x x?

Solution: We observe that x = e ln x, and rewrite
y = x x = (e ln x)x = excuy
By this expression, it is much easier to derive
dy d x ln x
= (e ) = e ". (Mnx + x ) * = e
+

14.1nx exey
dx dx +

X + x(nx e" =
y

14
 Ling-Hua

Exercise Chang,
YZU

• Exercise. Applying L’Hopital’s rule to prove that

1
lim (1 + x) x = e.
x→0+
1
Solution: Let f(x) = (1 + x) and take the logarithms at both sides
x

to obtain
ln f(x) = * Mn(1 + x)
According to L’Hopital’s rule, we have H
d ln(1 + x)

x→0
1
lim+ ln f(x) = lim+ ln(1 + x) = lim+
x→0 x x→0
dx
dx
dx
=
=

1
As a result, lim+ (1 + x) = lim+ f(x) = lim+ e ln f(x) = e limx→0+ ln f(x) = C
x
x→0 x→0 x→0

15
 Ling-Hua
Integration of Rational Functions Chang,

A
YZU

x 2 + 4x + 1
• Exercise. Evaluate ∫ (x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 3) dx.

Solution: Observe that we have a partial fraction decomposition

x 2 + 4x + 1 a b c
= + +
(x − 1)(x + 1)(x + 3) x − 1 x + 1 x + 3
In particular, -x2xb 4 -

L
2
-

x +(24x + 1 = a(x + 1)(x + 3) + b(x − 1)(x + 3) + c(x − 1)(x + 1)

a
1
-

We note that if x = 1, this equation becomes

+
2=
2

6=a⋅2⋅4 ⟺ a= ↑
By similarly procedure, we can find the explicit values
b-11
x= *
= y
, and c= t
The remaining integral would be much easier to be computed

↑ ((X-1) + ((X+ 1) =

-+(x b)
+

16
 Ling-Hua
Integration of Rational Functions Chang,
YZU

x3 + x2
• Exercise. Evaluate ∫ x 2 + x − 2 dx.

Solution: Observe that

x3 + x2 x(x 2 + x − 2) + 2x
∫ x +x−2 ∫
dx = dx
2 x +x−2
2

2x
∫
= x+ 2 dx
x +x−2
2x
∫ ∫ x +x−2
= xdx + 2
dx
2 a
= j4
b-
-

+ x+
#
a
ya
-
=

∫ ∫x+2 x−1
3
= xdx + + dx
-

c(x y = x+x + 1
-

b(x+2) = x) +x+ 2

* j(n(x + ) + Y
= Ex
jb =
-
Mn(x +2) +
biy 17
 Ling-Hua
Integration of Rational Functions Chang,
YZU

1 d 1
• Exercise. Evaluate ∫ 1 + 4x 2 dx.
−1
(tan x) =
dx 1 + x2
du
Solution: Let u = 2x. Then = 2. Therefore,
dx
1 1 1
∫ 1 + 4x ∫ 1 + 4x 2
2
dx = 2
⋅ ⋅ 2dx

1 1
∫ 1 + u2 2
= ⋅ du

= # funtu + c FCER

= ↓ tan" 2x + 2 FCER

18
 Ling-Hua
Integration of Rational Functions Chang,
YZU

1 d 1
∫
Exercise. Evaluate dx. (sin−1 x) =
• dx
4 − 2x 2 1 − x2
1 1 1
∫ 4∫
Solution: Rewrite dx = dx.
4 − 2x 2 2
1 − 4 x2

1 du 1
Let u = x. Then = . Therefore,
2 dx 2
1 1 1 1 1
4∫ ∫
dx = 2 dx
2 2
1− 4x 4 2
1 − 4 x2 2

1 1
4∫
= 2du = & sin" x +
L
1 − u2
19
 Ling-Hua
Integration of Rational Functions Chang,
YZU

7 d 1
∫ 5x 16x 2 − 9
Exercise. Evaluate dx. (sec−1 x) =
• dx x x2 − 1

7 7
∫ 5x 16x 2 − 9 ∫ 5x
Solution: Rewrite dx = 3 dx.
Ex −1
du
Let u = X . Then
dx
↑
= . Therefore,

7 7
∫ 5x 16x 2 − 9 ∫ 5x
dx = 3 dx
n' −1

=
/ Net =

= secu + 2
20
 Section 8.7
Improper Integrals
Ling-Hua Chang, YZU

• Can we compute ∫ f(x)dx?

y = f(x) b
b

∫0
lim+ f(x) = ∞, can we compute
• If x→0 f(x)dx?

b 21
 Ling-Hua
Improper Integrals of Type I Chang,
YZU

• Infinite interval
∞ a

∫a ∫−∞
1. f(x)dx, 2. f(x)dx,
∞ a ∞

∫−∞ ∫−∞ ∫a
3. f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx

• How to see if the integral is finite or not? If it it finite, how to

compute it?

lim P +x

22
 Ling-Hua
Improper Integrals of Type I Chang,
YZU

• Infinite interval
∞ a

∫a ∫−∞
1. f(x)dx, 2. f(x)dx,
∞ a ∞

∫−∞ ∫−∞ ∫a
3. f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx

• How to see if the integral is finite or not? If it it finite, how to

compute it?
b

• For 1., we may consider ∫ f(x)dx for some b > a and compute
a
∞ b

∫a b→∞ ∫a
f(x)dx = lim f(x)dx

23
 Ling-Hua
Exercise Chang,
YZU
∞
1
• Is ∫ x dx finite? If it is
y = f(x)
1
finite, please explicitly compute it.

Solution: We first pick arbitrary b, and compute 1

b
1 x"
∫1 x
dx = 1n = 1nb -

(n) = 1nb

me
lim s* x
=

• Since the limit is infinite, the integral diverges

24
 Ling-Hua
Homework Chang,
YZU

∞ y = f(x)
ln x
• Is ∫ x 2 dx finite? If it is
1
finite, please explicitly compute it.
1
-
2
-
y

Solution: We first pick arbitrary b, and compute

b
ln x 1 b

∫1 x Six
dx = − ⋅ ln x −
2 x 1 My -

*
-
=

*
*
+
x

=−
ln b
+( − ) 1 1-th ,

b
b
=

Elin
ln x
∫ 1-
As a result, lim dx =
b→∞ 1 x 2 In
25
 Ling-Hua
Improper Integrals of Type II Chang,
YZU

• Discontinuous integrands
b b

∫a ∫a
1. f(x)dx if lim f(x) = ∞ 2. f(x)dx if lim f(x) = ∞,
x→a x→b
b

∫a
3. f(x)dx if lim f(x) = ∞ for some c ∈ [a, b]
x→c

• How to see if the integral is finite or not? If it it finite, how to

compute it?
b

• For 1., we may consider ∫ f(x)dx for some c ∈ (a, b) and

c
b b

∫a ∫c
compute f(x)dx = lim+ f(x)dx
c→a

26
 Ling-Hua
Homework Chang,
YZU

1
1
• Exercise. Is ∫ 1 − x dx finite? If it is finite, please explicitly

!
0
compute it.
Solution:

Si La

-
fn(l-X) = -

fulles -As dr
lim-1n(l-c) = - -
x = x

Cf)

Since the limit is infinite, the integral diverges

27
 S. dx
Ill1,
=

- -x3/2
H
m x + x = A

=0 + 10 v
lim-5x31
=

ato-

=
-Ta (5 j)
-
-
-

= A