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Urea Introduction Sections 4 5 Paraphrased

The production of urea involves two key reversible reactions, with the first reaction occurring under high temperature and pressure, while the second controls the overall rate. Ammonia and carbon dioxide are compressed and reacted in a high-pressure reactor, followed by a series of separation and purification steps to recover unreacted materials and minimize biuret formation. The final product is either an 80% urea solution or solid granules produced through a prilling tower process.

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12 views1 page

Urea Introduction Sections 4 5 Paraphrased

The production of urea involves two key reversible reactions, with the first reaction occurring under high temperature and pressure, while the second controls the overall rate. Ammonia and carbon dioxide are compressed and reacted in a high-pressure reactor, followed by a series of separation and purification steps to recover unreacted materials and minimize biuret formation. The final product is either an 80% urea solution or solid granules produced through a prilling tower process.

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Hoài Nguyễn Phan Vũ
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© © All Rights Reserved
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I.

Introduction (Extracted Sections)

4. Technological Process
The production of urea is fundamentally based on two reversible reactions, which form the
core of all industrial urea manufacturing processes. The first reaction proceeds almost
completely under elevated temperature and pressure, whereas the second—being slower—
controls the overall reaction rate. Unreacted ammonia and undecomposed ammonium
carbamate must be efficiently recovered and reused, posing technical and economic
challenges. Additionally, the synthesis process may lead to the formation of biuret, a dimeric
byproduct that must be minimized, as it can hinder plant growth if present in excess.

5. General Process
In the general industrial process, ammonia and carbon dioxide are separately compressed
and introduced into a high-pressure reactor operating at approximately 180 atm. Due to the
highly exothermic nature of the reactions, the reactor must be cooled using water. The
resulting mixture, containing urea, ammonium carbamate, water, and excess reactants,
undergoes a series of separation and purification steps. Initially, the solution is
depressurized to about 27 atm and fed into a flash evaporator with a gas–liquid separator
and condenser, allowing unreacted gases to be removed and recycled. The carbamate-urea
solution is further decomposed in an atmospheric flash drum. Gases from this stage are
either recycled or directed to ammonia production units. An 80% urea solution is obtained,
which can be used directly or concentrated under vacuum to produce molten urea with less
than 1% water. The molten product is then sprayed into a prilling tower to form solid
granules. To limit the formation of biuret to below 1%, the urea must be processed just
above its melting point for a very short residence time, typically 1–2 seconds.

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