Calculus and

Analytical
Geometry
Semester-1
Amna Tahir
11-12-2020
Today’s Outline
• Techniques of differentiation
✓Sum / difference rule
✓The power rule
✓The product rule
✓The quotient rule
• Derivatives of algebraic functions

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Derivatives of Sums and Differences
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions at 𝑥, then
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
• 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 − 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Note:
𝑑
• is the differential operator, it means taking derivative w.r.t x.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• When 𝑓 𝑥 is given, we have 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑦
• When 𝑦 is given, we have y = = 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Derivatives of Sums and Differences
• Example:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
6𝑥 11 − 9𝑥 + 5 = 6𝑥 11 − 9𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 11 𝑑 𝑑
=6 𝑥 −9 𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 6(11𝑥 11−1 ) − 9(1) + 0

𝑑
6𝑥 11 − 9𝑥 + 5 = 66𝑥 10 − 9
𝑑𝑥

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The Power Rule
𝑑
• If 𝑛 is any real number, then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 5 5−1
e.g. 𝑥 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑒
⟹ Can we apply the power rule on 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 ?, 𝑥 =?
𝑑𝑥

• In general,
𝑑
[𝑓 𝑥 ]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

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The Power Rule
• Example: If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 .
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥2 = (𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 )1/2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
′ 1 2 2 2−1 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑎 + 𝑥 ) . 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
2 𝑑𝑥

−1
1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥2 2 . [ (𝑎2 ) + (𝑥 2 )]
2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1 . 0 + 2𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
2 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 2 2 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 2 𝑎2 +𝑥 2

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The Product Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions at 𝑥, then

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
OR
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

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The Quotient Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions at 𝑥, then

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
[ ]= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)]2

OR

𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ (𝑥)

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The Quotient Rule
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑦
• Example: If 𝑦 = , find .
1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides,
𝑑 𝑑 1+𝑥 𝑑 1+𝑥 1
𝑦 = = [( )2 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥

1
𝑑𝑦 1 1+𝑥 2
−1 𝑑 1+𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 2 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥

−1 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 1 1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 1+𝑥 − 1+𝑥 (1−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= .
𝑑𝑥 2 1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)2

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The Quotient Rule
−1
𝑑𝑦 1 1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 0+1 − 1+𝑥 (0−1)
= .
𝑑𝑥 2 1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)2

1
𝑑𝑦 1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 − 1+𝑥 (−1)
= .
𝑑𝑥 2 1+𝑥 (1−𝑥)2

1 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥+1+𝑥 1 1−𝑥 2 2
= . = .
𝑑𝑥 2 1+𝑥 (1−𝑥)2 2 1+𝑥 (1−𝑥)2

𝑑𝑦 (1−𝑥)1/2 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= = ⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)1/2 .(1−𝑥)2 (1+𝑥)1/2 .(1−𝑥)2−1/2 𝑑𝑥 (1−𝑥)3/2 1+𝑥

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Practice Questions
3
•𝑓 𝑥 = , find 𝑓 ′ 1 .
2+ 𝑥

𝑑
• 2𝜋𝑟 =?
𝑑𝑟

𝑑 𝜆𝜆0 +𝜆6
• =?
𝑑𝜆 2−𝜆0

• 𝑦 = −3𝑥 −8 + 2 𝑥, find 𝑦 ′ .

• Exercise – 2.2

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