Differentiation

Derivative

Def. The derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) at a point 𝑎 denoted by 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 , is

𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = lim ……. 1 , provided the limit exists.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

If we write 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ ⟹ ℎ = 𝑥 − 𝑎, when 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑎 then ℎ → 0 substituting these variables into the above

𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = lim (this looks like the slope of the line at a, f a .
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
So that the derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) by definition is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ
Geometric interpretation of the derivative:-

The tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at (𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 ) is the line passes through 𝑝 with slope.

𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑚 = lim , (this is exactly the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

Mathematicians use different notations for the derivative:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑓 ′, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′, , 𝐷𝑥 𝑓, 𝑓 𝑥 , …
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Theorem: If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then it is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎. This means (Every differentiable function is
continuous).

But the converse of the above theorem need not to be true.

Example: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 , is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑎)
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = lim 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

𝑥 −𝑓(0) 𝑥 −0 𝑥
= lim ⟹ lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥
lim = lim =1
𝑥→+0 𝑥 𝑥→+0 𝑥

𝑥 −𝑥
lim = lim = −1
𝑥→−0 𝑥 𝑥→−0 𝑥

⟹ lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥)

⟹ 𝑓(0) dose not exists

∴ 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0.
 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓(𝑥)
The derivative of a function 𝑓(𝑥) by definition is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ

Example: Find the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 by using definition:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥 + ℎ 2 − 𝑥2
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 𝑥 2
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

ℎ[2𝑥 + ℎ]
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

= lim [2𝑥 + ℎ]
ℎ→0
= 2𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥
Example: By using the definition of derivative find the derivative of the following function:
𝑦 = 2𝑥

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦′ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

2𝑥+ℎ − 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

2𝑥 . 2ℎ − 2𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

2ℎ−1
= 2𝑥 lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2
Example: Find the Derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 by using limit definition:

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦 ′ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑒 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑒 𝑥𝑒ℎ − 𝑒 𝑥
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

′ 𝑥 𝑒 ℎ −1
⟹𝑦 =𝑒 lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

∴ 𝑦′= 𝑒 𝑥
H.W: Find the Derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)=𝑒 2𝑥 by using limit definition.
1. Differentiation Rules: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two differentiable functions of 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅, then

𝑑 𝑑 1
1. 𝑐 = 0, = 𝑥 =1 7. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥

𝑑
2. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ≥ 0.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
(𝑓(𝑥))𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓(𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑓 ′ 8. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑓
3. 𝑐∙𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
4. 𝑓∓𝑔 = 𝑓 ∓ 𝑔 , 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑔 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
5. 𝑓 𝑥 ∙𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 +g 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔′ + 𝑔 ∙ 𝑓 ′

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔 𝑥 ∙ 𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)∙ (𝑔 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (𝑔 𝑥 )2

𝑔 ∙ 𝑓 ′ − 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔′
= , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔2
Example: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1, find 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ?

Solution:

1 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ∙ 2𝑥 =
2 𝑥2 +1 𝑥2 + 1

Example: find the derivative of

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)2

Solution: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 . (2(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 . 1

= 2𝑥 . (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 .

1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
1−𝑥 2

−1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
1−𝑥 2

1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
1+𝑥 2

−1
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 1+𝑥2

1
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = example:𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑥 find 𝑓 ′ ?
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1

−1
6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
4.Derivative of exponential functions:

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑥) ∙ 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥)

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) ln 𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)

1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
𝑥

1
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑔(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)

Example: if 𝑓 𝑥 = 3−2𝑥 then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3−2𝑥 ln 3 (−2)

5. Derivative of logarithmic functions

1 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = , 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 (𝑔 𝑥 ) ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛 𝑎
Example: Suppose 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 8𝑥 − 3 , Find 𝑓′(𝑥):
1 𝑑
Solution: 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 3
8𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥
1 8
= ⋅8 =
8𝑥−3 8𝑥−3

d
Example: Find and simplify (ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)):
dx
Solution:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) = ⋅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Example: Suppose 𝑓 𝑥 = log 6 (𝑥 3 + 9𝑥). Find 𝑓′(2).

1 3𝑥 2 + 9
= 3
⋅ 3𝑥 2 + 9 =
ln6 (𝑥 +9𝑥) (ln6)(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥)
6. Derivatives of hyperbolic functions:

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

4. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑥

5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥

6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥

1. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3

Solution: 𝑦 ′ = cos𝑥 3 ∙ 3𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 cos𝑥 3

Solution: 𝑦 ′ = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 2
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 ) ∙ (2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ = −6𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2

1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3. 𝑦 = , Solution: 𝑦′ = 2
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

4. 𝑦 = ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)

1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
Solution: 𝑦 ′ = ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 ′ = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥