1. Integration by a linear substitution : u = a x + b.
2. Trigonometric substitution: 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃), 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃) In the following table we list trigonometric substitutions that are effective for the given radical expressions because of the specified trigonometric identities. In each case the restriction on is imposed to ensure that the function that defines the substitution is one-to-one
Form of the radical expression (given Substitution
Note: we can use hyperbolic substitution instead of the trigonometric substitution
a sinh(𝜃), and a cosh(𝜃) are better substitutions than 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) and 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜃), respectively, as they are easier to differentiate and integrate, and have nicer principal domains. 𝑎 sin(𝜃) is a better substitution than 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝜃) as it is easier to differentiate and integrate. The following examples illustrate this: Integrand Substitution Result
