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Complex Numbers MATHEMATICAL 7. Exponential and Trigonometric

A complex number is any number that OPERATIONS OF Functions of a Complex Number
can be expressed in the standard form a + COMPLEX NUMBERS
bi or a + jb. The value “i” or “j” is the Excel Review Center ej = cos  + jsin 
imaginary unit or number. It is equal to
1. Addition and Subtraction of Complex e− j = cos  − jsin 
−1 .
Numbers
Different Forms of sin  =
ej − e− j
( a1 + jb1 ) + ( a2 + jb2 ) = (a1 + a2 ) + j(b1 + b2 ) 2
Complex Numbers ej + e− j
( a1 + jb1 ) − ( a2 + jb2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + j(b1 − b2 ) cos  =
1. Rectangular Form / Standard Form 2

2. Multiplication of Complex Numbers 8. Hyperbolic Functions of Complex

z = a +dsjb
V= Number
dt Use the polar form
where:
a = real part e − e−
sinh  =
b = imaginary part ( r1 1 )( r2 2 ) = r1 r2  ( 1 + 2 ) 2
e + e−
If the real part a = 0, the z = jb. It is cosh  =
2
called a pure imaginary number. 3. Division of Complex Numbers

2. Trigonometric Form Use the polar form Note:

sinh 
z = rcos  + jrsin  tanh  =
r1 1 r1 cosh 
z = rcis =  ( 1 + 2 )
r2 2 r2 cosh 
coth  =
Excel Review Center sinh 
3. Polar Form 1
4. Complex Numbers raised to sech  =
exponent “n” cosh 
z = r Excel Review Center
1
csch  =
where: Use the polar form sinh 
r = modulus or absolute value
θ = argument or amplitude (in °) ( r )
n
= r n (n) 9. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
of Complex Numbers
F = kx

( )
Imaginary axis
5. nth root of a Complex Number
arcsinz = − jln jz  1 − z2

arccosz = − jln ( z  z −1)

r Excel Review Center Use the polar form 2
b

 + k(360o )
( r)
1/n
Real axis = r1/n  − j  1 + jz 
a
n arctanz = ln  
2  1 − jz 
where:
r = a2 + b2 k = 0, first root or principal root
k = 1, second root 10. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of
Complex Numbers
b k = 2, third root
 = tan −1 k = n – 1, nth root
a

 dy   dx  6. Logarithm of a Complex Number (

arcsinhz = ln z  z2 + 1 )
 = −  dy 
arccoshz = ln ( z  −1)
4.  dx Form
Exponential
 t  g z2
Use the trigonometric form
z = rej 1 1+z 
arctanhz = ln 
lnz = rej = lnr + lnej 2  1 − z 
where: lnz = lnr + j
θ = argument in radians Excel Review Center
Excel Review Center