Module 1
Complex Numbers
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
Definition of a Complex Number
A complex number z is an ordered pair (x,y) of real
numbers x and y written as
z = (x,y)
Where:
x = the real part of z written as x = Re z
y = the imaginary part of z written as y = Im z
Geometrical Representation
of a Complex Number
A complex number z can be plot as
a point (x,y) in the xy plane, now
called the complex plane or
sometimes called as the Argand
diagram named after Jean-Robert
Argand.
Illustration
Plot the following:
z1 = 4 + j3 z3 = 5 – j
z2 = -2 + j2 z4 = -3 – j2
Forms of Complex Numbers
1. Rectangular Form
z = x + jy j = −1
Where:
x = real part y = imaginary part j = j-operator
2. Trigonometric Form
z = r(cosθ + jsinθ) z = rcisθ
3. Polar Form
y
z = r∠θ r= x2 + y2 θ = tan−1
x
Where:
r is the absolute value, amplitude or modulus (mod) of z
θ is the argument (arg) or phase of z
4.Exponential Form
z = rejθ Where: θ = argument in radians
The j-Operator
The j-operator is an operator used to indicate the counter-clockwise
rotation of a vector through 90°.
Powers of j
j = −1 j4 = (j2)2 = 1
j2 = -1 j5 = (j4)j = j
j3 = (j2)j = -j
Illustration:
Evaluate the following:
1. j9 4. j15
2. j20 5. j42
3. j30 6. j11
Operations on Complex Numbers
1. Equality of Two Complex Numbers
Let: z1 = x1 + jy1
z2 = x2 + jy2
Then z1 = z2
If x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
Sample Problems
1. If 10∠0° + R∠θ = 5∠30°, find R and θ.
2. If (a + b) + j(a – b) = (2 + j5)2 + j(2 – j3), find the values of
a and b
3. If x and y are real, solve the equation
jx 3x + j4
=
1 + jy x + 3y
Operations on Complex Numbers
2. Addition/Subtraction of Complex Numbers
let z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2
then
z1 ± z2 = (x1 + jy1) ± (x2 + jy2)
z1 ± z2 = (x1 +x2) ± j(y1 + y2)
Note:
Add/subtract real part to real part and imaginary part
to imaginary part.
Illustration
(5 + j7) + (3 – j4) – (6 – j3) = ???
Operations on Complex Numbers
3. Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
let z1 = r1 ∠θ1 = r1 ejθ1 and z2 = r2 ∠θ2 = r2 ejθ2
then
z1 × z2 = r1∠θ1 r2∠θ2 = r1 × r2∠(θ1 + θ2)
z1 × z2 = r1 × r2ej(θ1+θ2)
and
z1 r1∠θ1 r
= = 1 ∠θ1 − θ2
z2 r2∠θ2 r2
z1 r1 j(θ −θ )
= e 1 2
z2 r2
Sample Problems
π
j2 AB
1. If A = 10∠180° , B = e and C = 2 + j2, find + BC
C
2. Simplify:
a. (5 + j4)(3 + j7)(2 – j3)
2+j3 2
b. +
j(4−j5) j
2+𝑗
3. If 𝑧 = , find the real and imaginary parts of the complex
1−𝑗
1
number 𝑧 + .
𝑧
4. Find the modulus and argument of
(2 – j)(5 + j12)/(1 + j2)3
Operations on Complex Numbers
4. Rationalization of a Complex Number
let z = x ± jy z = r∠ ± θ
then zത = x ∓ jy zത = r∠ ∓ θ
where: zത is the complex conjugate of z
Illustration:
2+j3
Rationalize
3−j5
5. Logarithm of a Complex Number
let z = rejθ
then ln z = ln r + jθ
Illustration: Evaluate ln (2 + j3)
Operations on Complex Numbers
6. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
let z = r(cosθ + jsinθ) and z = r∠θ
then zn = rn(cos nθ + jsin nθ) De Moivre’s Formula
z n = r n ∠nθ
n n θ+2πk θ+2πk
also z= r cos + j sin
n n
where: k = 0, 1, 2, 3, n – 1
n n θ+2πk
z= r∠
n
Illustration
Find the roots of the following
3
1. −7 − j24 2. −j8 3. 1+j
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions of Complex Numbers
1. Euler’s Formula
ejθ −e−jθ
sin θ =
j2
ejθ +e−jθ
cos θ =
2
1 ejθ −e−jθ
tan θ =
j ejθ +e−jθ
2. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions and Hyperbolic
Functions
sin jθ = jsinh θ
cos jθ = cosh θ
tan jθ = j tanh θ
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions of Complex Numbers
3. Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers
sin x ± jy = sin x cosh y ± j cos x sinh y
cos(x ± jy) = cos x cosh y ∓ jsin x sinh y
tan x±j tanh y
tan x ± jy =
1∓j tan x tanh y
4. Hyperbolic Functions
eθ −e−θ
sinh θ =
2
eθ +e−θ
cosh θ =
2
eθ −e−θ
tanh θ =
eθ +e−θ
Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sin (2 + j3)
2. cos (5π + j2)
Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions of Complex Numbers
5. Relationships Between Hyperbolic and Trigonometric
Functions
sinh jθ = j sin θ
cosh jθ = cos θ
tanh jθ = j tan θ
6. Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
sinh(x ± jy) = sinh x cos y ± j cosh x sin y
cosh(x ± jy) = cosh x cos y ± j sinh x sin y
tanh x±j tan y
tanh(x ± jy) =
1±j tanh x tan y
Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sinh (4 – j3)
2. cosh (2 + j)
Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions of Complex Numbers
1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers
sin−1 z = −jln jz ± 1 − z 2
cos −1 z = −jln z ± z 2 − 1
j j+z
tan−1 z = ln
2 j−z
2. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
sinh−1 z = ln z ± z 2 + 1
cosh−1 z = ln z ± z 2 − 1
1 1+z
tanh−1 z = ln
2 1−z
Sample Problems
Evaluate the following:
1. sinh-1 (2 + j)
Loci Problems
We are sometimes required to find the locus of a point which moves in
the Argand diagram according to some stated condition.
Sample Problems
If z = x + jy, find the equation of the locus defined by the following:
a. mod z = 5.
b. arg z = π/4.
z+1
c. 𝑚𝑜𝑑 =2
z−1
d. arg (z2) = - π/4
