Review Notes Advanced Eng’g Math Part 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEX NUMBERS Exponential Form of Complex Numbers

A complex number, z is an ordered pair (x, y) that can be written in In the case of multiplication and division of complex numbers, as
the form well as raising a complex number to a certain power or taking the
root of a complex number, the exponential form becomes more
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚 convenient to use. To derive the exponential form of z, the following
where Taylor series expansions are useful:
x = real part of z, Re (z)
𝑥2 𝑥3
y = imaginary part of z, Im (z) 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + +⋯
2! 3!
j = imaginary unit
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − +⋯
The Imaginary Unit 2! 4! 6!
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
The imaginary unit j is equal to the expression 𝒋 = √−𝟏. Thus, sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
3! 5! 7!
𝒋𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝒋𝟑 = −𝒋, 𝒋𝟒 = 𝟏
𝒆𝒋𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 → Euler’s identity
Example:
Simplify the expression 2𝑗1824 − 4𝑗1986 + 𝑗 2017 − 3𝑗 2499 Now, the complex number z can be represented as
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
The Complex Plane
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃)
The complex plane consists of a real and an imaginary axis It is
sometimes called Argand diagram. 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽 ≡ 𝒓𝒆𝒋(𝜽+𝟐𝒏𝝅) → exponential form of z

where r = absolute value or modulus of z

θ = argument of z, expressed in radians
principal argument: −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋

Example: Express the number –3 – j4 in exponential form.

COMPLEX NUMBER MANIPULATIONS

Complex Arithmetic

For addition/subtraction, use rectangular form:

𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
𝑧1 ± 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 ± 𝑥2) + 𝑗(𝑦1 ± 𝑦2 )
Polar Form of Complex Numbers Or multiplication and division, use polar or exponential form

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2𝑒 𝑗(𝜃1 +𝜃2 )

In polar form, a complex number is
represented as 𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑗(𝜃 −𝜃 )
= 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2
𝒛 = 𝒓∠𝜽
Example:
𝑟 = absolute value or modulus Given A = 2– j, B = –3+j4, C = –5 – j6, D = 2+j3, determine:
1. (𝐴 − 𝐵)(𝐶 + 𝐷)
𝜃 = argument of 𝑧, 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧)
𝑦 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) (𝐴 + 𝐷)(𝐵 − 𝐶)
𝜃 = tan−1 2. 3.
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑥 𝐵(𝐶 − 𝐷) (𝐴 − 𝐵)(𝐶 + 𝐷)
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 −180 < 𝜃 ≤ 180

Examples: Complex Number Representations

rectangular
1. Convert the complex number –2 + j4 into its polar form. of complex number 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
2. Convert 10∠75° into rectangular form polar 𝑟∠𝜃 𝜃 in degrees
trigonometric 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃) 𝜃 in rad
exponential 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
Negative and Conjugate of Complex Numbers

The negative of a complex number can be obtained by multiplying Powers of a Complex Number
both the real and the imaginary parts by -1.
In raising a complex number to a certain power n, it is convenient to
use the exponential form of the complex number.
The conjugate of z is obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary
part.
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)𝒏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽 de Moivre’s theorem

The theorem is valid whether n is real or complex. To get the value

of zn, use de Moivre’s theorem.
𝑛
𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 ) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝑛𝜃)

Example:
Evaluate (3 – j4)5. Express answer in both rectangular and
exponential forms

Evaluate the following expressions

negative of z conjugate of z 𝑎. 𝑗 𝑗 𝑏. (−6) 𝑗2 𝑐. (−𝑗2)−3 𝑑. (−4 − 𝑗3)5

Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2022)

Review Notes Advanced Eng’g Math Part 1

Roots of Complex Numbers INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX ALGEBRA

In obtaining the roots of a complex number, again, the exponential A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions enclosed in
form is much more convenient. First, get the root of the absolute brackets. The numbers (or functions) in a matrix are called entries or
value. Then divide the argument by the value of n. The root of a elements.
complex number is multivalued. ➢ horizontal entries: rows
➢ vertical entries: columns
Examples:
(a) Solve the equation z3 – 1 = 0  a11 a12 a13 
0.3 −5  a a23  ,
1/4
1
(b) Evaluate (40.5 + j70.148)  0 −0.2 16  , a22
 21
   a31 a32 a33 
Complex Logarithms
e − x 4
2x2  1
The natural logarithm of a complex number z can be obtained by  6x ,  a1 a2 a3  ,
e 4x   
expressing z in exponential form. 2
Indices are used to specify the location of the entries in a matrix.
𝐥𝐧 𝒛 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒓 + 𝒋(𝜽 + 𝟐𝒏𝝅) principal argument: −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
𝒂𝟐𝟑 → 2nd row, 3rd column

Complex Power Square matrix – same number of rows and columns

Vectors – matrix having a single row or column; can be a column
If a complex number z is raised to another complex number a, do vector or a row vector
the following steps:
𝑥 = 𝑧𝑎 Matrices are denoted by capital letters.

ln 𝑥 = 𝑎 ln 𝑧  a11 a12 a1n 

a a2 n 
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎 ln 𝑧 a22
A =  a jk  =  21 .
Evaluate the exponent, then raise the exponent to e.     
 
Examples:  am1 am 2 amn 
Evaluate: (–3 + j4)2 – j Vectors are denoted by lowercase letters. Entries in a vector are
Solve the equation (x – 2jy) – (y – jx) = 2 + j called components. A single index is used for vectors.
Express the principal root of (–14 + j3)–2/5 in polar form.
Row vector:

Trigonometric Functions in Terms of Complex Exponentials aa==aa11 aa22 aann.. For instance, a =a=−2 −25 50.8 0.8
Forinstance, 0 10 . 1 .

Using Euler’s identity, it can be shown the following relations Column vector:

𝑒 𝑗𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑥  b1 
cos 𝑥 = b  4
2 b =  2 . For instance, b =  0  .
 
𝑒 𝑗𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑥    −7 
sin 𝑥 = bm 
𝑗2
Two matrices are equal if and only if (1) they have the same size and
Hyperbolic Functions (2) the corresponding entries are equal. Matrices that are not equal
are called different. Thus, matrices of different sizes are always
The two fundamental hyperbolic functions are defined as different.
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 =
2 Matrix Operations: Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 Two matrices can be added only if they have the same size. The sum
sinh 𝑥 = of two matrices A and B (written A + B) has the entries obtained by
2
adding the corresponding entries of A and B.
Trigonometric-Hyperbolic Relations
The product of m × n matrix A and a scalar k is a matrix written as kA
cos 𝑥 = cosh 𝑗𝑥 sin 𝑗𝑥 = 𝑗 sinh 𝑥 having the same size, obtained by multiplying each entry of A by k.

cosh 𝑥 = cos 𝑗𝑥 sinh 𝑗𝑥 = 𝑗 sin 𝑥 ➢ Rules for Matrix Addition

Trigonometric/Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers (a) A+B = B+A

(b) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (written A + B + C)
cos 𝑧 = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 − 𝑗 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
(c) A+0 = A
sin 𝑧 = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + 𝑗 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 (d) A + ( − A ) = 0. → zero matrix

cosh 𝑧 = cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑗 sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦 ➢ Rules for Scalar Multiplication

sinh 𝑧 = sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑗 cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑦 (a) c( A + B) = cA + cB

(b) (c + k )A = cA + kA
Inverse Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers
(c) c( kA ) = (ck )A (written ckA )
cos−1 𝑧 = −𝑗 ln (𝑧 + √𝑧 2 − 1) (d) 1A = A.

sin−1 𝑧 = −𝑗 ln (𝑗𝑧 + √1 − 𝑧 2) Matrix Multiplication

Two matrices A and B can be multiplied iff the number of columns of

A equals the number of rows of B. The product of two matrices A (m
× r) and B (r × n) are is an m × n matrix whose entries are obtained
Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2022)
 Review Notes Advanced Eng’g Math Part 1

by multiplying each entry in the rows of matrix A by the

corresponding entry in the columns of matrix B.

𝐌 = 𝐀 × 𝐁
[𝒎 × 𝒏] [𝒎 × 𝒓] [𝒓 × 𝒏]

➢ Upper triangular Matrix – square matrix whose elements

below the main diagonal are zeros
➢ Lower triangular matrix – square matrix whose entries
below the main diagonal are nonzeros
➢ The entries on the main diagonal of a triangular matrix may
be zero or not

Matrix multiplication is not commutative. If AB = 0, it does not

necessarily imply BA = 0 or A = 0 or B = 0.

Example:
Determine the product of the two matrices A and B

 3 5 −1  2 −2 3 1   22 −2 43 42 
➢ Diagonal matrix – square matrix all of whose entries are
AB =  4 0 2   5 0 7 8  =  26 −16 14 6  zero except the main diagonal
 −6 −3 2   9 −4 1 1   −9 4 −37 −28  ➢ Scalar matrix – a diagonal matrix whose main diagonal
entries are all the same
Answer: 𝐀𝐒 = 𝐒𝐀 = 𝑐𝐀
−2 3 1   22 −2 43 42  ➢ Identity matrix – scalar matrix whose main diagonal entries
  are all 1.
0 7 8  =  26 −16 14 6 
𝐀𝐈 = 𝐈𝐀 = 𝐀
−4 1 1   −9 4 −37 −28 

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(a) ( kA )B = k( AB) = A( kB) written kAB or AkB
(b) A(BC) = ( AB)C → associative law ABC
written
(c) (A + B)C = AC + BC
→ distributive law
(d) C(A + B) = CA + CB ➢ The trace of a square matrix is the sum of all the elements
in the main diagonal
Commutator
Find the trace of matrix B, tr(B)
The commutator of two matrices A and B denoted by [A, B] and is
computed

[A, B] = AB – BA
Example
Find the commutator [A, B]

Inverse Matrix
➢ The inverse of a square matrix denoted by A-1 satisfies the
relation AA-1 = I
Transposition
➢ Not all square matrices have an inverse
➢ Obtained by writing the rows as columns and vice versa ➢ A matrix that has an inverse is called nonsingular.
➢ The transpose of matrix A is AT
➢ Can be used to convert row vectors to column vectors and
conversely

Example:

Rules for Matrix Transposition

(𝑎) (𝐀𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝑨
(𝑏) (𝑨 + 𝑩)𝑇 = 𝑨𝑇 + 𝑩𝑇
(𝑐) 𝑐𝐀)𝑇 = 𝑐𝑨𝑇
(𝑑) (𝐀𝐁)𝑇 = 𝑩𝑇 𝑨𝑇 .
Special Matrices

➢ Symmetric matrices – square matrices whose transpose is

equal to the original matrix
➢ Skew-symmetric – square matrices whose transpose quals
the negative of the original matrix

Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2022)