Name: _______________________
Student ID: ___________________
Signature: ____________________
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
FINAL EXAMINATION
Session 1 2017
ELEC9713
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
TIME ALLOWED: 2 hours
TOTAL MARKS: 100
TOTAL NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 4
THIS EXAM CONTRIBUTES 60% TO THE TOTAL COURSE ASSESSMENT.
Reading Time: 10 minutes.
This paper contains 6 pages.
Candidates must ATTEMPT ALL questions.
Answer each question in a separate answer book.
Marks for each question are indicated beside the question.
This paper MAY NOT be retained by the candidate.
Print your name, student ID and question number on the front page of each answer book.
Authorised examination materials:
Drawing instruments may be brought into the examination room.
Candidates should use their own UNSW-approved electronic calculators.
This is a closed book examination.
Assumptions made in answering the questions should be stated explicitly.
All answers must be written in ink. Except where they are expressly required, pencils may only be
used for drawing, sketching or graphical work.
1
QUESTION 1 [25 marks]
The single line diagram of a three-phase power system supplying power to a number of groups of loads is
shown in Fig. 1.1. Information on utility, local generator and two transformers T1 and T2 is shown as follows
Utility:
a fault level of 20MVA;
a rated line-line voltage of 11kV and negligible resistance.
Local generator:
a power rating of 500kVA;
a rated line-line voltage of 2.2kV;
a sub-transient reactance of 8.5% on its own base and negligible resistance.
Step-down transformer T1:
voltage ratings of 11kV/2.2kV;
a power rating of 2MVA;
a total leakage reactance of 4.6% on its own base and negligible copper resistance.
Step-down transformer T2:
voltage ratings of 2.2kV/400V;
a power rating of 2.5MVA;
a total leakage reactance of 5.4% on its own base and negligible copper resistance.
Information on three cables in the system is shown in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.
Table 1.1 Information on cables
Cables Size(mm2) Length(m)
Cable 1 400 50
Cable 2 400 60
Cable 3 500 50
Table 1.2 Per-meter impedance of the cables referred to each phase
Values in mΩ/m (Referred to one phase)
Cable rpm xpm
4X 400 mm2 0.0606 0.0808
4X 500 mm2 0.0497 0.0779
400V 4
Load 1
MCCB1 Cable 1 MCCB2
Induction
Motor group
Utility 1 T1 2 T2 M1: 350 kVA
~ 5
Load 2
MCCB3 Cable 2 MCCB4 Induction
11kV
Motor group
M2: 400 kVA
~ 6
MCCB5 Cable 3 MCCB6
Local 2.2kV Load 3
generator
3
Figure 1.1 Single-line diagram of the power system under study
The induction motors in group M1 (load 1) are identical and have a total power rating of 350kVA, while the
motors in group M2 (load 2) are identical and have a total power rating of 400kVA. Line-to-line voltage
ratings of two groups of motor loads are the same and equal to 400V.
2
Assume that the reactance of each of the motor groups M1 and M2 for fault calculation is X”=25% on their
respective impedance base and their copper resistance are negligible.
Choose a system power base of 2 MVA and a voltage base of 400 V at bus 3 to carry out the following
calculation.
a) Convert old per-unit values of impedances for each device in the system to new per-unit values with the
S B ( New ) VB2( old )
chosen bases using formula Z pu ( new ) Z pu (old ) . Also work out the per-unit value of the
S B (Old ) VB2( new )
impedances for each cable in the system.
(6 marks)
b) Draw per-unit one-phase equivalent circuit for three-phase fault analysis.
(4 marks)
c) Assume that a bolted three-phase fault occurs on bus 3. Calculate total fault current in amperes at the
faulty bus with consideration of contributions by Motor groups M1 and M2 and also contribution by the
local generator.
(12 marks)
d) For the fault in c), calculate contribution in amperes by the local generator to the fault current (referred to
local generator side).
(3 marks)
Use exact method to carry out your fault current calculation.
3
QUESTION 2 [25 marks]
The single line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Fig. 2.1, where the information on each
device is as follows:
Source:
a fault level of 5MVA and negligible resistance;
a voltage rating of 11kV.
Step-down transformer:
a power rating of 400kVA;
voltage ratings of 11kV ∆/400V Y;
a copper resistance R=1.2% and leakage reactance X=4.6% on its own base.
Ratings of each of the four identical loads L1, L2, L3 and L4:
a power rating of 100kVA;
a voltage rating of 400V.
Overcurrent protection schemes are installed at each of the outgoing feeders as indicated by CB1 through
CB4 in Fig. 2.1. The relay of the protection scheme has the characteristics as shown in Fig. 2.2.
Source ~
1
2
CB1 CB2 CB3 CB4
L1 L2 L3 L4
Figure 2.1 Single line diagram of the power system
Table 2.1 Current transformer ratio
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5 250:5 300:5 400:5 450:5
500:5 600:5 800:5 900:5 1000:5 1200:5 1500:5 1600:5
2000:5 2400:5 2500:5 3000:5 3200:5 4000:5 5000:5 6000:5
Figure 2.2 Relay curve
4
a) Calculate the rated current for each load out of L1, L2, L3 and L4. Choose a proper CT ratio from Table
2.1 for each of the protection located at each of the four outgoing feeders.
(4 marks)
b) With the chosen CT ratio in a), determine a current tap setting of the relay using a threshold of 150% of
the rated current of the load for each outgoing feeder.
(4 marks)
c) Assume that a bolted three-phase fault occurs at the side of load L1. Calculate the rms value of the ac
component of the fault current.
(8 marks)
d) Determine the clearing time by the overcurrent protection system for the fault in c). The rated
interrupting time of the breaker is 5 cycles and the system frequency is 50Hz. The time dial setting of the
relay is 1.0.
(9 marks)
Choose a power base of 400kVA and voltage base in bus 2 region of 400V to carry out computation. Ignore
load contribution to the fault current.
QUESTION 3 [25 marks]
A grounding system for an end user is formed by three identical rods E1, E2 and E3, planted in earth
vertically on the three vertices of a triangle with its cut cross section shown in Fig. 3.1. The distance between
E1 and E2 is the same as that between E1and E3 and equal to D1 (m), while distance between E2 and E3 is
equal to D2 (m). The diameter of each rod is d(m) or 2r(m) and effective grounding length of each rod is
l(m).
All three rods above ground are electrically connected and have the same potential rise due to currents into
the grounding system.
The effective resistance of one-rod grounding system is given by
8l 4l
RG ln 1 ln 1
2 l d 2 l r
2r
E1
D1 D1
E2 E3
D2
Figure 3.1 Cut cross section of three-rod system
a) Prove that currents into E2 and E3 are the same and different from that into E1. Derive the relationship
between current into E1 and current into E2.
(6 marks)
b) Derive a formula for calculating the effective resistance of such three-rod grounding system.
(8 marks)
c) Given that r=0.01(m), l=2.0(m), D1=4.2 (m), D2=6.1 (m) and ρ=100 (ohm·m), calculate the numerical
value of the resistance of the three-rod grounding system.
(6 marks)
5
d) Assume that a ground-fault current of 500A flows into the grounding system. A person walks towards
the grounding system at a distance of 50 meters away from the centre of the grounding system with a
step distance of 0.8m. How much step voltage does this person experience during the fault?
(5 marks)
QUESTION 4 [25 marks]
a) Consider a 6.35kV and 50Hz single-phase distribution network. The load power rating for 50Hz is
350kVA with a power factor of 0.85 lagging.
(1) A shunt capacitor is adopted to correct load power factor. Calculate the required capacitance of the
shunt capacitor for correcting the load power factor to 1 from 0.85.
(5 marks)
(2) A harmonic analysis shows that at the rated load, a fifth-order harmonic current is generated and its
value is 7% of the 50Hz rated current.
A shunt-type harmonic filter is often used to prevent such harmonic currents flowing in a distribution
network. This type of filter is a simple series-resonant circuit that consists of an inductor L in series
with a capacitor C as shown in Fig. 4.1.
With the chosen shunt capacitance in (1), determine the value of the inductance of the inductor L in
series with the capacitor in order to filter the fifth-order harmonic current.
(5 marks)
(3) Calculate new power factor with the resonant harmonic filter.
(5 marks)
Figure 4.1 Load with resonant harmonic filter
b) The current of a single phase supply circuit is as follows:
i t 2 50sin 314t 4.5sin 3 314t 20o 3.5sin 5 314t 20o 1.5sin 7 314t 20o (A)
Calculate total harmonic distortion (THD) for the given current.
(4 marks)
c) An earthing system at a consumer’s installation is TN-C. Explain its meaning and draw a figure to
illustrate your explanation.
(6 marks)
─ End of Paper ─
6
