HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
Hyperbolic cosine and sine
We shall define two new functions the hyperbolic cosine and the hyperbolic sine. They have
strong similarities between the functions and the familiar trigonometric function which are
referred to as the circular functions.
Definition
The hyperbolic cosine of x is denoted by cosh x and is defined as
cosh x e x e x
1
2
Similarly the hyperbolic sine of x is denoted by sinh x is defined by
sinh x e x e x
1
2
HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES
1. cosh 2 x sinh 2 x 1
Proof
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
2
cosh x sinh x e x e x e x e x
1
4
1
e2 x 2 e 2 x e2 x 2 e 2 x 4 1
4
2. cosh x sinh x e x
Proof
cosh x sinh x
2
2
1 x x 1 x x 1
e e e e 2e x e x
2
3. cosh x sinh x e x
Proof
cosh x sinh x
1 x x 1 x x
2
e e e e
2
1
2e x e x
2
The hyperbolic tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant are defined as follows;
sinh x coth x 1 1
tanh x coth x sech x cos ec h x
cosh x sinh x cosh x sinh x
INDENTITIES
1. sech 2 x 1 tanh 2 x
Proof
1 cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
sech 2 x
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x
1
cosh 2 x
1 tanh 2 x
2. co sech 2 x coth 2 x 1
Proof
1 cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
co sech 2 x
sinh 2 x sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x
1
sinh 2 x
coth 2 x 1
Exercise
Prove that
a) sinh 2 x 2sinh x cosh x
b) cosh 2 x 1 2sinh 2 x
2 tanh x
c) tanh 2 x
1 tanh 2 x
DERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
The derivatives of cosh x and sinh x are most easily obtained by starting for the definition of
those function.
a)
d
dx
cosh x
d 1 x x
dx 2
e e
1 d x x
2 dx
1
e e e x e x
2
sinh x
d
cosh x sinh x
dx
b)
d
dx
sinh x
d 1 x x
dx 2
e e
1 d x x
2 dx
1
e e e x e x
2
cosh x
d
sinh x cosh x
dx
The derivatives of other hyperbolic function are easily obtained by first expressing them in terms
of cosh x and sinh x
Example
Find the derivatives
x
a) y cosh 2 x b) y tanh x c) y sinh 2 x d) y cosh
3
Solution
a) y cosh 2 x
Let t 2x y cosh t
dt dy
2 sinh t
dx dt
dy dy dt dy
sinh t 2 2sinh 2 x
dx dt dx dx
sinh x
b) y tanh x
cosh x
dy cosh x cosh x sinh x sinh x
dx cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
cosh 2 x
1
2
sec h 2 x
cosh x
d
tanh x sec h 2 x
dx
c) y sinh 2 x sinh x
2
Let t sinh x y t2
dt dy
cosh x 2t
dx dt
dy dy
2t cosh x 2sinh x cosh x
dx dx
x
d) y cos
3
x
Let t y cosh t
3
dt 1 dy
sinh t
dx 3 dt
dy 1 dy 1 x
sinh t sinh
dx 3 dx 3 3
Exercise
Find the derivatives of the following functions
x 1
a) y 4sinh b) y sinh 6 x
4 2
c) y cosh 3 2 x d) y 3tanh 2 x
e) y coth x f) y 5sech x
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Inverse trigonometric functions
These are sin 1 x , cos 1 x , tan 1 x e.t.c
a) Find f x given that f x sin 1 x
y sin 1 x sin y x
dy
cos y 1
dx
dy 1
dx cos y
Now
cos 2 y sin 2 y 1
cos y 1 sin 2 y 1 x 2
dy 1
dx 1 x2
dy
b) Find given that y cos 1 x
dx
y cos 1 x cos y x
dy
Let sin y 1
dx
dy 1
dx sin y
cos 2 y sin 2 y 1
Now sin y 1 cos 2 y
1 x2
dy 1
dx 1 x2
dy
c) Find given that y tan 1 x
dx
y tan 1 x tan y x
dy
Let sec 2 y 1
dx
dy 1
2
dx sec y
Now sec 2 y 1 tan 2 y
dy 1
dx 1 x 2
Exercise
Differentiate w.r.t. x
a) y sin 1 4 x
b) y sin 1 e3 x
c) y cos 1 3 x
d) y sin 1 x 2
e) y x cos 1 x f) y tan 1 x
Inverse hyperbolic functions
It is possible to express cosh 1 x , sinh 1 x in terms of logarithms
Given y cosh 1 x cosh y x
Now cosh 2 y sinh 2 y 1
sinh y cosh 2 y 1
x2 1
cosh y sinh y x x 2 1
But cosh y sinh y e y
e y x x2 1
y ln x x 2 1
cosh 1 x ln x x 2 1
Similarly for y sinh 1 x sinh y x
cosh y 1 sinh 2 y
1 x2
cosh y sinh y x 1 x 2 But cosh y sinh y e y
e y x 1 x2
y ln x 1 x 2
sinh 1 x ln x 1 x 2
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Differentiate the following w. r. t. x
a) y sinh 1 3 x b) y cosh 1 1 x 2
Solution
a) y sinh 1 3 x sinh y 3x
dy
cosh y 3
dx
dy 3
dx cosh y
cosh 2 y sinh 2 y 1
cosh y 1 sinh 2 y
1 9x2
dy 3
dx 1 9x2
1
b) y cosh 1 1 x 2 cosh y 1 x 2 2
1
sinh y
dy
dx
x 1 x2 2
dy x 1
dx 1 x 2 sinh y
But sinh y cosh 2 y 1 1 x 1 x
2
dy x 1 1
dx 1 x2 x 1 x2
Exercise
6 x
a) y sinh 1 3x 2 y
1 9x2
1
b) y tanh 1 x y
1 x2
1 2
c) y cosh 1 2 y
x x 1 x4
