2023

Qasas Rules Tarkeeb

JAME`A GIRLS SCHOOL LEICESTER
‫مركب توصيفي‬- Descriptive phrases

Recognise this rule by

1) Its translation 2) the same harakat 3) they are both ‫نكرة‬/‫ معرفة‬4) same gender 5) same number
(‫جمع‬/‫تثنية‬/‫)مفرد‬

‫مشهور‬
ٌ ‫رجل‬
ٌ
Famous Man
↓ ↓
‫صف ٌة‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫موصو‬
‫مركبٌتوصيفي‬

Note: “number” here refers to the form a noun can take which denotes its amount.

Case form Singular (1) - ‫مفر ٌد‬ Dual (2) - ‫تثنية‬ Plural (3 and more) - ‫جمع‬
‫ع‬
ٌ ‫مرفو‬ ‫ٌكا ِذ َب ٌة‬/ٌ‫كاذِب‬ ٌِ ‫ٌكا ِذ َبت‬/ٌ‫ِبان‬
‫ٌان‬ ِ ‫كاذ‬ ‫ٌات‬
ٌ ‫ٌكا ِذب‬/ٌٌَ‫كاذِبٌون‬
ٌ،‫منصوب‬ ‫ٌكاذِب ٌٍة‬/ٌ‫ب‬ٍ ‫ٌكا ِذ‬،ًٌ‫ٌكا ِذ َبة‬/ًٌ‫كاذِبا‬ ٌ‫ٌين‬
ِ ‫ٌكا ِذ َبت‬/ٌٌ‫ٌين‬
ِ ‫كا ِذ َب‬ ‫ت‬
ٌٍ ‫ٌكا ِذ َبٌا‬/ٌٌَ‫كا ِذ ِبٌين‬
‫مجرو ٌر‬
One Liar Two liars Three or more liars

‫ – إضافة‬Possession

This phrase comes with the meaning of [`s] and [of].

‫مضاف‬: This can’t have an ‫ ا ٌل‬or tanween. If you want to denote the meaning of ‫ معرفة‬or ‫نكرة‬, you
must give the ‫ مضافٌإلية‬the ‫ ال‬or tanween.

‫مضافٌإلٌيه‬: This must be in the state of ‫مجرور‬. For non-Arabic and female names, the sign of
‫ مجرور‬will be a fat’ha and not kasra/kasratayn. These can also be attached pronouns as they
denote possession.

ٌ‫ابراهيم‬
َ ‫ولد‬
ٌ ‫ه‬ ٌ‫ولد‬
The father of Ibrahim His Father
Ibrahim`s father ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ‫مضافٌإلي ٌه‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫مضا‬
‫مضافٌإلي ٌه‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫مضا‬ ‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإضاف‬
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإضاف‬
ٌ‫ت‬
ٍ ‫بن‬ ‫ولد‬
ٌ
The father of a girl
A girl`s father
↓ ↓
‫مضافٌإلٌي ٌه‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫مضا‬
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإضاف‬

Note: Words such as ‫ل‬ ٌَ ‫ٌقب‬، َ‫ٌتحت‬،َ‫ بعد‬are ‫ منصوب‬when they are ‫ مضاف‬but for anything other than this,
they are ‫( مبنيٌعلىٌرفع‬fixed on a dhumma) even as an ‫اسمٌمجرور‬.
‫ – إشارة‬Pointing/Indicating

‫رجل‬
ٌ ‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬
This man…
↓ ↓
‫مشارٌإلي ٌه‬ ‫اسمٌإشارٌة‬
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإشار‬

Other ‫اسمٌإشارة‬: ‫ٌذلك‬،‫ٌتلك‬،‫هذه‬

‫ – جملة إسمية‬Nominal sentence

‫رج ٌل‬ ‫هذا‬

This is a man.
↓ ↓
‫خبر‬ ٌ‫مبتدأ‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
‫مبتدأ‬: The subject or the focus of the sentence. Is usually ‫“( معرفة‬Definite” meaning it is a name or
has ‫ال‬, etc)

‫جالس‬
ٌ ‫الولد‬
ٌ
The boy is sitting.
↓ ↓
‫خبر‬ ٌ‫مبتدأ‬

‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
‫خبر‬: The information about subject. Is usually ‫( نكرة‬has tanween).

‫ – عطف‬Conjunctions

Andٌ ‫ و‬So/Then ‫ف‬

ٌ Then/Later ٌ‫ثم‬
‫أو‬ ‫أم‬
Note: The ‫ ا ٌل‬with ‫ اسمٌإشارة‬gives the meaning of a phrase. Without it this will be a full sentence
Or Or Either ‫ا‬‫إم‬
Rather
with ‫ بل‬Nor
the translation of [is] between the two words. ‫ل‬
ٌ ‫ و‬Until (in some cases) ‫حتى‬

Note: If an ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ عط‬comes at the start of a sentence, call it ‫م ْستَأ ِنفَه‬.

‫ منادى‬- Calling out

ٌ‫حميرا َء‬ ‫يا‬

ٌٌ↓ ↓
‫منادى‬ ‫حرفٌندا ٌء‬
Note: The ‫ منادى‬is ‫ع‬ٌ ‫ مرفو‬however it will not take tanween, only a single dhamma. For non-Arabic
and female names, the ‫ منادى‬will take a fatha.
‫ جملة فعلية‬- Verbal sentence

This is a sentence which starts with a verb.

‫فعل‬: The verb/action.

‫فاعل‬: The doer of the action. This can sometimes be hidden in the ‫فعل‬. It is always ‫مرفوع‬.

‫ٌمفعو ٌل‬: The object or person the action is being done on. It is always ‫منصوب‬. Not all ‫ فعل‬need a
‫ مفعول‬to make sense so some ‫ جملةٌفعلية‬won`t have a ‫مفعول‬. On the other hand, some ‫ جملةٌفعلية‬can
have two ‫مفعول‬, where the second is called ‫المفعو ٌل الثاني‬.

ٌَ
‫الغالم‬ ٌ‫األم‬ ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫قبل‬
ٌ ‫حرقوٌه‬
َّ
The boy The (she) ‫ه‬ ‫حرقوٌا‬َّ
mother kissed It/him They burned
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫فاع ٌل‬ ‫فع ٌل‬ ‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫فعلٌ َبفاع ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬ ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
ٌ‫القمر‬ ‫يطلع‬
The moon rising
↓ ↓
‫فاع ٌل‬ ‫فع ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

When the ‫ فاع ٌل‬is unknown:

This type of ‫ فعل‬is calledٌ‫ ٌفع ٌلٌمجهول‬and the “doer” of the action is called the ‫نائبٌفاع ٌل‬.
َ‫الرسال ٌة‬ ‫أ ْر ِس ٌَل‬
The letter He was sent
↓ ↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫فعلٌمجهولٌمعٌنائبٌفاع ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
ٌ
‫احمد‬ ‫ب‬
ٌَ ‫ض ِر‬
Ahmed was hit
↓ ↓
‫نائبٌفاع ٌل‬ ٌ‫فعلٌمجهول‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

Note: If there is a name or object that comes before a ‫فعل‬, it is not the ‫فاعل‬. It becomes a ‫مبتدأ‬
instead. This is because an ‫(اسم‬noun) has come at the start of the sentence, not the ‫فعل‬.

ٌ‫الغالم‬
َ ‫ت‬
ٌ ‫قبل‬ٌ ٌ
‫األم‬
The boy (she) kissed The mother
↓ ↓ ↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫فعلٌ َبفاع ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
↓ ٌ‫مبتدأ‬
‫خبر‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
‫فعل نفي‬
Negative verbs. E.g., ٌ‫ لٌيسمع‬in tarkeeb isٌ‫فعلٌنفي بفاعل‬.
‫شبه الجملة‬- Prepositions in Phrase

Examples of Prepositions: ‫ٌب‬،‫ٌك‬،‫ٌمٌِن‬،‫ٌإلى‬،‫ٌعلى‬،‫ٌفي‬, etc

‫ت‬
ٌِ ‫ٌالبي‬/ٌ‫المساج ٌَد‬ ‫مٌِن‬
↓ ↓
‫مجرو ٌر‬ ‫حرفٌج ٌر‬
‫شبهٌالجمل ٌة‬
‫متعلقٌبالفع ٌل‬
ٌٌNote: both ‫ المساج ٌَد‬and ‫ت‬
ٌِ ‫ البي‬are in the state of ‫ جر‬however because ‫( المساج ٌَد‬masjids plural) isٌٌ
‫ممنوعٌمنٌالصرف‬, then it is in the state of ‫ جر‬without the harakat.

Lastly, say ٌ"‫ ”متعلقٌبالفع ٌل‬after saying ‫ شبهٌالجملة‬which means “connected to the verb”.

Comparison “like”

When the ‫ "كَ " حرفٌجر‬comes, it is called ‫( حرفٌتشبيح‬tashbeeh). If is prefixed to ‫( ما‬for example),
ٰ
the entire word ‫ كما‬is called ‫حرفٌتشبيح‬. Another example is ‫كذلك‬.

‫ – فعل امر‬Command Verbs (difficult)ٌٌٌٌٌ

Note: For singular masculine scales, the verb will end in a sakin. Eg, ٌْ‫ إذهب‬in tarkeeb is ‫فعلٌامرٌبفاعل‬.
The answer/action to the ‫ فعلٌامر‬is called ‫جوابٌطلب‬. It is a normal verb in the state of ‫( جزم‬with a
sukoon).

)ٌ )‫إليك‬ ‫أ ْنظ ٌْر‬ ‫أرني‬

ِ ‫((رب‬
ٌِ
(("My Lord, show me [Yourself] that I may look at You."))

Musa (as)`s story from the Quran

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫شبهٌالجمل ٌة‬ ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬ ‫ٌمفعو ٌل‬+ٌ‫فعلٌامر‬ )ٌ ‫منادىٌ(مركبٌإضافي‬
‫متعلقٌبالفع ٌل‬ ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
↓
‫ب‬
ٌ ‫جوابٌطل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
‫ – فعل نهي‬Negative Commands

Eg, ‫ لٌتسم ٌْع‬in tarkeeb is ‫فعلٌنهيٌبفاعل‬.

‫ – مستقبل‬Future tense

‫ مستقبل‬is the "‫( "س‬near future) or "‫ٌ"سوف‬which precedes a verb giving it the meaning of future.

‫ – ضمير فاصل‬Separate Pronoun

Used for emphasis.

‫الصعب‬
ٌ ‫أنت‬ ‫إنك‬
↓ ↓ ↓
ٌَّ ‫خبرٌإ‬
‫ن‬ ‫ضميرٌفاص ٌل‬ ٌَّ ‫اسمٌإ‬
‫ن‬ ٌَ‫ش َّبه‬
َ ‫حروفٌم‬
‫بالفعل‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
‫حرف ناصبة‬
These are the ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ حر‬that give the word after it a fatha or fathatayn.

Some include: ‫ٌحتّٰى‬،‫ٌلكن‬،

ْ ْ (these have a sakin)
‫أن‬

ٌ‫يفت َح‬ ْ
ٌ‫أن‬ ٌ‫الباب‬
َ ْ
ٌ‫أن‬
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬ ‫حرفٌناصب ٌة‬ ‫( مبتدا‬for example) ‫حرفٌناصب ٌة‬

Note: ‫ حتّٰى‬is ‫ حرفٌناصبة‬after a ‫ فعل‬and it is a ‫ حرفٌجر‬after an ‫اسم‬.

‫شبَّهَ بالفعل‬
َ ‫حروف ُم‬
These ‫ حرف‬are a type of ‫ حرفٌناصب ٌة‬however it comes joined with its own ‫ اسم‬and ‫خبر‬. The ‫ اسم‬is
always in the state of ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ نص‬and the ‫ خبر‬is always in the state of ‫رفع‬. A useful sign to differentiate it
in tarkeeb from a ‫ حرفٌناصبة‬is when it has a tashdeed.

ٌَّ
Eg, ‫ٌلكن‬، َّ
‫أن‬.

ٌ‫لمفتوح‬ ٌ‫الباب‬
َ َّ
ٌ‫أن‬
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
ٌَّ ٌ‫خبر‬
‫أن‬ ‫لمٌزائدٌة‬ ٌَّ ٌ‫اسم‬
‫أن‬ ‫ش َّبهٌَبالفع ٌل‬َ ‫حروفٌم‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬

ٌ‫ذاهب‬ َّ
ٌ‫أن‬
Certainly, he is going.
↓ ↓
ٌَّ ٌ‫خبر‬
‫أن‬ ‫ش َّبهٌَبالفع ٌلٌمعٌاسمٌمستتر‬
َ ‫حروفٌم‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
ٌَّ
Note: The ‫ خبر‬may also be preceded by a ‫ٌمزحلقة‬/ٌ‫لمٌزائدة‬. This is to emphasise the ‫أن‬.

Note: The ‫ اسم‬has the ability to be hidden)‫ (مستتر‬in the ‫ش َّبهٌَبالفعل‬

َ ‫ حروفٌم‬so it may not be obvious.

‫فعل ناقص‬
Similar to the ‫ش َّبهٌَبالفعل‬
َ ‫حروفٌم‬, a ‫ فعلٌناقص‬also comes joined with its own ‫ اس ٌم‬and ‫خبر‬. Here, the ‫اسم‬
is always in the state of ‫ رفع‬and the ‫ خبر‬is always in the state of ‫نصب‬.

Examples: ‫ٌاصبح‬،‫ٌصار‬،‫ٌماٌزال‬،‫ٌليس‬،‫ كان‬and more.

ً‫نائم ٌة‬ ٌْ‫كانت‬
↓ ↓
ٌْ‫خبرٌكانت‬ ‫فعلٌناقصٌمعٌاس ٌم‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
Note: When the sign of the ‫ اسم‬is apparent on the ‫( فعلٌناقص‬through the ‫ت‬, or ‫ نا‬from ‫كنا‬, etc), it is
only ‫معٌاسم‬. However, if it is ‫ كان‬with an ‫ اسم‬inside it (or any ‫ فعلٌناقص‬on the singular masculine
scale), then it is ‫معٌاسمٌمستت ٌر‬.

‫ – فعل تام‬Complete verb

If ‫“( كان‬was”) or any other ‫ص‬

ٌ ‫ فعلٌناق‬comes without its ‫ اسم‬and ‫خبر‬, then it is a ‫فعلٌتام‬.

‫ كان؟‬/‫ن‬
ٌ ‫ٌيكو‬ ‫ماذا‬
What happened/is happening?
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬ ٌ‫اسمٌاستفهما‬
‫خبر‬ ٌ‫مبتدأ‬
‫ – ظرف‬Adverbs

There are two types: ‫( ظرفٌمكان‬Adverb for places) and ‫( ظرفٌزمان‬adverb for time).

They usually come at the end of a sentence however this is not always the case.

‫ه‬ ٌ‫عند‬
With him
↓ ↓
‫مضافٌإلٌي ٌه‬ ٌ‫مضاف‬
‫مركبٌتوصيفي‬
↓
‫ن‬
ٌ ‫ظرفٌمكا‬

ٌ‫اللي ِل‬ ‫ي‬

ٌ‫ف‬
↓ ↓
‫مجرو ٌر‬ ‫حرفٌج ٌر‬
‫شبهٌالجمل ٌة‬
↓
‫ن‬
ٌ ‫ظرفٌزما‬
Note: The scale ofٌ‫ٌاس ٌمٌظ ٌرف‬is ٌ‫ َم ْف َعل‬if the ‫ ع‬kalimah of the verb has a dhumma or fatha. If the ‫ع‬
ٌ
kalimah of the verb has a kasrah then the scale is ٌ‫ َم ْفعِل‬.

Combinable Tarkeeb

This is where two words or two phrases are both the same thing in tarkeeb, for example a ٌ‫حرف‬
‫ جر‬with two ‫ مجرور‬separated by an ‫عطف‬. The first is called ‫ َم ْعط ْوفٌعليه‬and the second is called
‫ َم ْعط ْوف‬.

ٌ‫اسمٰ عيل‬ ‫و‬ ٌ‫إبراهيم‬ ٌ‫َنقَ َل‬

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫ف‬
ٌ ‫َم ْعط ْو‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫عط‬ ‫َم ْعط ْوفٌعلي ٌه‬ ‫فع ٌل‬
↓ ↓ ↓
‫فاع ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

‫اسم موصول‬
Examples: ‫ي‬
ٌ ‫ٌالذ‬،‫ٌما‬،‫ٌالتي‬،‫َمن‬

The thing that comes after the ‫ موصو ٌل‬is the ‫صلَى‬. ٌ َ‫صل‬
ِ The ‫ اسمٌموصول‬and ‫ى‬ ِ will usually combine to
be the ‫ صف ٌة‬to a ‫ موصوف‬in the middle of a sentence but can also be a ‫خبر‬, etc.

ٌ‫قائم‬ ‫ي‬
ٌ ‫الذ‬ ‫رجل‬
ٌ ‫هذا‬
That is the man who is standing.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
ٌ َ‫صل‬
‫ى‬ ِ ‫سمٌموصو ٌل‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫موصو‬ ٌ‫اسمٌإِشارة‬
↓ ↓ ↓
‫صف ٌة‬
‫مركبٌتوصيفي‬
‫خبر‬ ٌ‫مبتدا‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬
‫خبر مقدم‬
This is where the ‫ خبر‬comes before the ‫اس ٌم‬/‫مبتدأ‬. This is usually in the form of a ‫ٌمجرور‬+‫ حرفٌجر‬or
a ‫مركبٌإضافي‬. The ‫ مبتدأ‬that comes thereafter is called the ‫مبتدأٌم َؤ َّكر‬. It is also identifiable through
the translation which uses the phrase “there is/are”.

ٌ‫عيون‬ ‫فيها‬
There are fountains/springs inside it.
↓ ↓
‫مبتدأٌم َؤ َّكر‬ ‫شبهٌالجمل ٌة‬
‫خبرٌمقد ٌم‬
‫جملةٌإسمي ٌة‬

Counting

‫عدَد‬
َ : the number ‫ َم ْعدود‬: the object being counted

‫رجا ٌل‬ ‫أربعة‬

↓ ↓
‫َم ْعدود‬ ‫عدَد‬
َ
‫( مبتدأ‬for example)

‫“ – تحقيق‬Certainly”

ٌ‫ َق ْد‬: This in tarkeeb is ‫تحقيق‬. It means “certainly”. A ‫ لم‬attached to it is called ‫لمٌتأكيد‬.

Speech

‫ٌقَو ٌل‬: this is the verb meaning he/she said, asked, etc.

‫ َموقولة‬: This is the speech, what they say.

"‫"نعم‬ :ٌ‫قال‬
↓ ↓
‫[ حرفٌإجاب‬for ‫( نعم‬yes) and ‫(ل‬no)]. ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬
‫َموقول ٌة‬ ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
‫قٌَو ٌل‬

Substitution

This is where a name or word or phrase comes after another name or word or phrase which both
mean the same thing. They could both be substituted for each other and if one is dropped out,
the sentence means the same thing.

‫م ْبدَلٌمِ نه‬: The first word ‫ َبدَل‬: The second word

‫فاطمة‬
ٌ ‫أمها‬ ٌْ‫قالت‬
Her Mother Fatimah Said:
(her mother is called Fatimah)
↓ ↓ ↓
‫َبدَل‬ )ٌ ‫بٌإضافي‬ ٌ ‫(مرك‬
‫م ْبدَلٌمِ ن ٌه‬ ٌ‫فعل‬
‫فاع ٌل‬
‫ٌقٌَ ٌول‬+ٌ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
‫حروف جازمة‬/ ‫حروف ناصبة‬

ٌ‫يسم َع‬ ‫لن‬ ٌ‫يسم ْع‬ ‫لم‬

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬ ‫حروفٌناصب ٌة‬ ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬ ‫حروفٌجازم ٌة‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬ ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

Questions

‫اسمٌاستفهام‬: The words that make the sentence a question e.g. ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ٌكي‬،‫لماذا‬

‫جملةٌإ ْنشا ِئيَّة‬: After saying ‫ جملةٌفعلية‬orٌ‫جملةٌإسمية‬, then say ‫ جملةٌإ ْنشا ِئيَّة‬for the sentence of a question.

Note: ‫ كَم‬can come in a sentence which is not a question. This is called ‫كمٌ َخ َبرية‬. (e.g. How happy
my mother was when she saw you!)

‫ال نفي الجنس‬

This ‫ لم‬is not simply ‫ نفي‬but is also joined with its own ‫( اسم‬which is mostly ‫ب‬
ٌ ‫ )منصو‬and‫( خبر‬which
is ‫مرفوع‬.

ٌ‫لٌب َّد‬
↓ ↓
‫ل‬
ٌ ٌ‫خبر‬ ‫لٌنفيٌالجٌنسٌمعٌاسمٌمستتر‬

Exclusion

This is where everything is included in something except for one or a few.

‫سٌتٌَْثناء‬ ٌَّ (which means “except”).

ٌْ ٌِ‫ا‬: ‫إل‬

ٌَّ with a fatha on the alif is something else. It is ‫ٌل‬+ٌ‫]أن‬

[Note: ‫أل‬

‫م ْست َْث َنىٌمِ ْنه‬: The things being included before the ‫إل‬.ٌ
ٌَّ ٌ

‫م ْست َْثنَى‬: The things being excluded after the ‫إل‬.

ٌَّ

Exception

ٌَّ
This is where everything is excluded except for one included thing. The same ‫ حرف‬is used: ‫إل‬.

In tarkeeb it is called ‫ َك ِل َمةٌالحِ صْر‬.

)ٌ )‫إيَّاه‬ ٌ‫َّإل‬ ٌَّ ))

‫ألٌتعبدوا‬
…that you do not worship except Him… (from a Quran Ayat)
↓ ↓ ↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫ص ٌر‬ْ ِ‫َك ِل َمةٌالح‬ ٌ‫فعلٌنفي‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
‫كَي‬
ٌ‫ لمٌ َك ْي‬and the word “ٌ‫ ” َك ْي‬mean “so that”.

The ‫ لم‬is distinguished by:

1. its meaning of so that

2. it being attached to a ‫)مضارع( فعل‬

3. it has a kasrah.

4. It gives the ‫ فع ٌل‬a fatha

e.g. .ٌ..ٌ‫ماٌجئناٌ ِل َن ْف ِس َد‬

ِ (We did not come so that we would cause corruption)

Conditional sentence (difficult)ٌٌٌٌ

These sentences come with a condition at the start, then the result/action if the condition is met,
afterwards.

The first sentence will start with a ‫حرفٌشَرط‬, for example ‫ٌلَو‬،‫ أن‬both meaning “if”. The sentence
with the condition is called ‫جملةٌش َْرطِ يَّة‬.

The second sentence starts with a ‫ حرفٌ َجزاء‬, for example ‫ف‬,
ٌَ ‫ل‬
ٌَ meaning “then”. The sentence
with the result is called ‫جملةٌجزا ِئيَّة‬.

)ٌ )‫فٌَعليهٌت ََو َّكلوا‬ ٌّٰ ‫((إنٌك ْنتمٌآ َم ْنتمٌ ِب‬

‫اّلل‬
THEN place your trust in him IF you believe in Allah
(Quran Ayat)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬ ‫خبرٌمقد ٌم‬ ‫حرفٌ َجزا ٌء‬ ‫ط‬
ٌ ‫حرفٌشَر‬
‫اسمٌمؤك ٌر‬ ‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬
‫جملةٌاسمي ٌة‬ ‫جملة شَرطِ َّية‬
‫جملة جزائِ َّية‬

‫ اسم تفضيل‬- Superlative

These are the nouns that ore on the scale of ‫ اَفعَ ُل‬and give the meaning of “the most” of that
thing.

e.g. ٌ‫ اكبر‬meaning the biggest.

‫فجائية‬
ٌ‫ٌإ ْذ‬/ٌ‫إذًا‬: When these come with the meaning of “suddenly” it is called ‫فجائية‬. (otherwise, it is ‫)ظرف‬.

Note: If ‫ إذا‬comes with a ‫ فعلٌمضارع‬it will give it the meaning of ‫ي‬

ٌ ‫ماض‬

‫“ – إنَّما‬only”

ٌَّ or any ‫ش َّبهٌَبالفع ٌل‬

When ‫ ما‬comes attached to ‫إن‬ َ ‫ حروفٌم‬it cancels its ability to have a ‫ خبر‬or ‫اسم‬.
َّ in tarkeeb is ‫عداةٌالحصر‬
ٌ‫إن‬ َ and ‫ ما‬in tarkeeb is ‫ماٌكَافَة‬.
‫ تَمِ يز‬- Clarification

This comes (most of the time after a ‫ )مفعول‬to clarify what it means. It is usually ‫منصوب‬.

Example 1: ‫األرض‬
ِ َ‫َجعَلَهم ُملُوك‬

He made them the kings of the earth.

‫ٌاألرض‬
ٌِ َ‫ ملوك‬is the ‫تَمِ يز‬. The ‫ مفعول‬is the "‫ ضميرٌ“ه ٌم‬which isn’t enough the make us understand what
“he made them”.
ٰ ‫((إن هو َّإال رج ٌل اِفت َ ٰرى‬
Example 2: ))...‫على هللا َك ِذ ًبا‬

He is only a man who has slandered against Allah a lie.

‫ َك ِذبًا‬is the ‫تَمِ يز‬. The verb already means to lie/ slander but the word “lie” comes again to reclarify
it. It is not the ‫ مفعول‬even though there is no ‫ مفعو ٌل‬present.

“Only”
ٰ
ٌْ and ‫كلمةٌالصر‬
When a ‫( نفي‬e.g. ‫)إن‬ َّ come in the same word, they combine to give the
(ٌ‫)إل‬
translation of “only”.
ٰ
Example: )ٌ )...‫ىٌعلىٌهللاٌ َك ِذبًا‬‫ٌٌهوٌإلٌٌرجلٌاِ ْفت َٰر‬
َّ ْ
‫((إن‬

He is only a man who has slandered against Allah a lie.

‫ – حال‬State/Condition

Similar to ‫تَمِ يز‬, ‫ حال‬is usually in the state of ‫منصوب‬. It comes to describe the state of something or
someone.

e.g. ‫سا‬
ً ‫ أكلٌآدَمٌجا ِل‬Adam ate, (whilst) sitting.
‫سا‬
ً ‫ جا ِل‬is the ‫حال‬. Here, Adam is in the state of sitting down as he is eating.
‫ حال‬can also come in the form of ‫( فعلٌمضارع‬to show continuation).

ٌ ‫أكلواٌال َّناسٌ َيجْ ل‬

e.g. ٌَ‫ِسون‬ The people ate, (whilst) sitting.

ٌَ‫ َيجْ لِسون‬is the ‫حال‬.

‫ – تأكيد‬Emphasis

This is usually for words such as ‫ َجمي ًعا‬and its scales and ٌ‫كله‬, ‫كلهم‬, etc.

‫مؤ َّكد‬: The thing being emphasised

‫تأكيد‬: The emphasis

‫ َجمي ًعا‬/ٌ‫كله ْم‬ ِ ‫لل َّن‬

ٌ‫اس‬ ‫هو‬
It is for all the people together.
↓ ↓ ↓
ٌ‫تأكيد‬ ‫شبهٌالجمل ٌة‬ ٌ‫مبتدأ‬
‫مؤ َّكد‬
‫خبر‬
‫َمصد َِريَّة‬

ْ ‫ َم‬.ٌWhatever comes after ‫ أن‬is called ٌ‫ٌتَأ ِو ْي ِل‬

Although ‫ أن‬is a ‫حرفٌناصب ٌة‬, it can also be called ‫صد َِريَّة‬
‫صدَر‬
ْ ‫( َم‬implying the meaning of a ‫صدَر‬ ْ ‫) َم‬.

‫الط ْف ٌَل‬
ِ ٌ‫ض َع‬
ِ ‫ت ْر‬ ٌْ ‫أ‬
‫ن‬ ٌْ‫اِجْ تَ َهدَت‬
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬ ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬ ‫صد َِر َّي ٌة‬ ْ ‫َم‬
ٌ‫جملةٌفعلية‬ ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬
‫ص َد ٌر‬
ْ ‫تَأ ِو ْي ِلٌ َم‬
↓
‫مفعو ٌل‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

‫أفعال رجاء‬
‫ عسٰ ى‬in tarkeeb it is called ‫حرفٌرجاء‬. It is similar to ‫لٌنفيٌالجنس‬. It has its own ‫ خبر‬and ‫اسم‬. It comes
with the meaning of “hopefully/hope”.

ٌ ‫ حر‬include ‫( حٌ ٌٰرى‬free) and ٌَ‫خلٌوٌلَق‬

Other ‫فٌرجاء‬ ٌْ ِ‫( ٌا‬creative).

‫قاربَة‬
َ ‫أفعال ُم‬
These are the verbs which come with the meaning of “to come close”.

They are ‫( كا ٌَد‬almost), ‫شك‬

ٌَ ‫أو‬
ٌْ (to be near), ‫ب‬
ٌَ ‫( ك ََر‬to be distressed).

They each have their own ‫ خبر‬and ‫اسم‬.

‫أفعال الشروع‬
These indicate the initiation or beginning of something. They each have their own ‫ خبر‬and ‫اسم‬.ٌٌ
They include:

‫ِق‬ َ
ٌَ ‫طف‬ ٌَّ‫هب‬ ‫أنشأ‬ ‫جع ٌل‬ ‫أخ ٌذ‬ ‫بدأ‬ ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫شر‬
To erupt To bestow To grow To make To take To start To initiate
When used as ‫أفعالٌالشروع‬, all these verbs come with the meaning of “to begin/start” regardless of
their original meaning.

‫طفقٌالخوفٌينتهي‬
The fear began to end
↓ ↓ ↓
‫ق‬
ٌ ‫ٌخبرٌطٌف‬+ٌ‫جملةٌفعلية‬ ‫ق‬
ٌ ‫اسمٌطف‬ ‫ع‬
ٌ ‫أفعالٌالشرو‬

‫سبَبِيَّة‬
َ ‫فاء‬
Sometimes a "‫ "ف‬is ‫س َب ِبيَّة‬
َ when it:
1. Comes after a ‫ل‬.
2. It makes the ‫ع‬ٌ ‫ فعلٌمضار‬after it ‫منصوب‬.
3. It has a hidden ‫ أن‬which is in the translation.

‫فاء رابط‬
Comes with aٌٌ‫ فعلٌامر‬or ‫نهي‬.
‫مفعول مطلق‬
This is where a ‫ مفعو ٌل‬is given which has the same root letters as the verb. It is not literally
translated but with the words “a lot”, etc. ‫ مفعولٌمطلق‬is usedٌto:

1. emphasise the verb.

a. Example 1: ‫يَض ِربُهُ ض ََربًا شديدًا‬ He hit him severely.
‫ض َربًا‬
َ is the ‫مفعولٌمطلق‬.

2. State the number.

a. Example 1: ((‫الزانِي فَاج ِلدُوا ُك َّل َواحِ د ِمن ُه َما مِ ائ َةَ جَلدَة‬
َّ ‫))الزانِيَةُ َو‬
َّ The adulteress and the
adulterer, flog each of them with a hundred lashes.
ٌٍ‫ َج ْل َدة‬is the ‫مفعولٌمطلق‬.

3. State the type:

ً َ‫((و قل لهم ق‬
a. Example 2: ))‫وال كري ًما‬ And speak to them with honourable/kind words.
ً‫ول‬
ٌ َ‫ ق‬is the ‫مفعولٌمطلق‬.

Another example: (difficult)

‫هللا‬ ٌَ‫سبْحان‬
Glory be to Allah.
↓ ↓
‫ق‬
ٌ ‫مفعولٌمطل‬
‫مضافٌإلي ٌه‬ ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫مضا‬
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإضاف‬
Note: ٌَ‫ سبْحان‬is the ‫ مفعولٌمطلق‬to a ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫ فعلٌمحذو‬meaning that although the verb (ٌ‫حت‬
ٌْ ‫س َب‬
َ )is not there,
the translation uses the verbs meaning so the word ٌَ‫ سبْحان‬becomes the ‫ق‬ ٌ ‫مفعولٌمطل‬.

‫مفعول فيه‬
These are the ‫ مفعول‬which come with the meaning of a ‫ظرف‬.

Example:

‫أمامٌأحم ٌد‬
َ ‫جلست‬
ٌ
I sat in front of Ahmed
↓ ↓
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫مركبٌإضاف‬ ‫فعلٌبفاع ٌل‬
‫مفعولٌفي ٌه‬
‫جملةٌفعلي ٌة‬

‫ٌمفعول ألجلي‬/ ‫مفعول له‬

It comes to give reasoning behind the action of the verb.

Example:

ٌِ ‫ض َربْتهٌللتٌَأ ٌِدٌْي‬
‫ب‬ َ ‫ض َربْتهٌتٌَأ ٌِدٌْي ًبٌا‬
َ
I hit him as discipline
‫ي‬
ٌ ‫ٌمفعولٌألجل‬/ٌ‫مفعولٌله‬