From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

  



  
From the
Treasures
of
Arabic
Morphology

NOTE : Treasures of Arabic morphology has been

published by Zam zam Publishers
of Pakistan.
Unfortunately the quality of the print is poor and the
publishers have retyped the contents pages with
typing errors. If anyone is prepared to publish the
book in a quality format, kindly contact the author at
alinaam@alinaam.org.za. All comments and criticisms
are welcome. Post your comments to the above email
address.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Title

From the Treasures

Morphology

Author

Mouln Ebrhm Muhammad

First Edition

Safar 1427 A.H.

March 2006
Academy for Islamic Research
Madrasah Inmiyyah
P.O. Box 39
Camperdown
3720
South Africa

Published by

Tel

+27 031 785 1519

Fax

+27 031 785 1091

email

al_inaam@yahoo.com

of

Arabic

Copyright 2006 Madrasah Inmiyyah

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of Madrasah Inmiyyah, except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Typeset on Times New Roman 12 and Traditional Arabic 18 by

Academy for Islamic Research, Madrasah Inmiyyah, Camperdown,
KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Contents
Introduction
Some Useful Terms
Arabic Terms
The Types of Words
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Positive and Negative
Active and Passive
The Second Category of Verbs
Exercise 1
Types of Nouns
The Scales of Verbs
Exercise 2
The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
Exercise 3
The Perfect Active (  )
Exercise 4
The Perfect Passive ( )
Exercise 5
The Imperfect ()
Exercise 6
The Imperfect Passive ( )
Exercise 7
The ( !"# )
Exercise 8
The ( $ )
Exercise 9
The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis
Exercise 10
The Imperative (()
Exercise 11

10
11
12
14
15
15
15
16
17
18
20
22
23
25
26
28
29
33
35
38
39
40
41
44
45
49
50
55
56
61

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Prohibition ()
Exercise 12
The Derived Nouns ( )*+ ,-.)
The Active Participle (/01
2)
Exercise 13
The Passive Participle (1
2)
Exercise 14
The Elative (/1*
2)
Exercise 15
The ( !+ 1")
The Noun of the Instrument ( 3
2)
Exercise 16
The Adverb ( 4
2)
Exercise 17
The Intensive Adjective ( 5! 5")
Exercise 18
The Categories (6() of Verbs

61
65
66
66
68
69
70
71
73
74
76
78
79
81
82
84
85

The (6() of (78 9:9)

85

The First (6)

85

The Second (6)

86

The Third (6)

86

The Fourth (6)

87

The Fifth (6)

88

The Sixth (6)

Exercise 19
The (6() of (;< =>? 9:9)
Construction of the Derived Nouns
The Abbreviated Paradigm of each (6)

88

95
97

(<@ 6)

97

90
91

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 20
(/1A 6)
Exercise 21
( B01 6)
Exercise 22
(1#@ 6)
Exercise 23
(*<@ 6)
Exercise 24
(:<@ 6)
Exercise 25
(/C1A 6)
Exercise 26
(/01A 6)
Exercise 27
(1*2@ 6)
Exercise 28
(<@ 6)
Exercise 29
(:<@ 6)
Exercise 30
(C<@ 6)
Exercise 31
Four Root-Letter Verbs
Exercise 32
The Derived Forms
Verbs
(/BD1A 6)
Exercise 33
(EB< 6)
Exercise 34

99
99
101
101
103
103
105
105
110
110
112
112
114
114
117
117
119
119
121
121
123
123

of

Four

125
126
129
Root-Letter 130
130
132
132
134

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(:< 6)
Exercise 35
Other Derived Forms
Exercise 36
The Seven Categories
Exercise 37
The Rules of (F)
Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Rule 6
Rule 7
Rule 8
Rule 9
Rule 10
Exercise 38
The Orthography of the Hamzah
The Paradigms of (F)
Exercise 39
Exercise 40
Exercise 41
Discussion of (G F)
Discussion of (%: F)
Exercise 42
The Rules of (/*)
Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Rule 6

134
136
137
142
143
146
147
147
147
148
148
150
151
152
153
154
156
156
157
158
160
161
163
163
164
165
166
166
167
168
169
170
171

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 7
Rule 8
Rule 9
Rule 10
Exercise 43
Rule 11
Rule 12
Rule 13
Rule 14
Rule 15
Rule 16
Rule 17
Rule 18
Rule 19
Rule 20
Rule 21
Rule 22
Rule 23
Rule 24
Rule 25
Rule 26
Exercise 44
The Paradigms of (H)
Exercise 45
The Paradigms of ( $()
Exercise 46
The Paradigm of (I> $()
Exercise 47
The Paradigms of (JK#) and (L1)
Exercise 48
Exercise 49
Exercise 50
Combination of (F) and (/*)
Exercise 51

171
179
184
189
193
193
194
195
196
199
199
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
212
213
214
220
221
228
229
240
241
250
260
271
272
283

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Rules of (L0)
Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Exercise 52
Exercise 53
A Combination of (L0) , (F) and (/*)
Exercise 54
Special Meanings (N"M) of Each (6)

284
284
286
287
288
289
290
297
301
303
304

The (N"M) of (# 6)

304

The (N"M) of (6 6)

304

The (N"M) of (O- 6)

305

The (N"M) of (% 6)

The Derived Categories
The (N"M) of (<@ 6)

305
306
306

The (N"M) of (/1A 6)

309

The (N"M) of ( B01 6)

311

The (N"M) of (*<@ 6)

312

The (N"M) of (1#@ 6)

314

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6)

314

The (N"M) of (/1A 6)

315

The (N"M) of (/01A 6)

317

The (N"M) of (1*2@ 6)

318

The (N"M) of (<@ 6)

319

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6)

320

The (N"M) of (C<@ 6)

320

The (N"M) of ( BB< 6)

321

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (N"M) of (/B1A 6)

321

The (N"M) of (:<@ 6)

322

The (N"M) of (E:<@ 6)

Application of the Special Meanings
Challenging Words
Appendix A - Morphology or Etymology?
Bibliography

322
323
325
352
356

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

  


Introduction
Arabic Morphology ( P
P

P
PB0)

is a branch of Arabic

Grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns. It is

highly essential for the incumbent student of Arabic to
learn this science in order to be proficient in the language.
Acquiring an understanding of word patterns is of prime
importance in learning the language.
This is a comprehensive book dealing with all the
important aspects of the subject. If a student has to study
this book thoroughly, he would develop a very good
foundation in this science and it would absolve him of the
need to study any further books on the subject.
The Arabic names of morphologic terms have been
adopted instead of the Urdu forms commonly found in the
text books of Islamic seminaries. Thus I have used the

FBQ G0) instead of ( PFB GP0). Similarly, instead

of writing (RP
P), the correct Arabic form of ( P )
has been used while the term (P
P) is used instead of
(P
P) which is incorrect. This will enable the student to
term (

learn the correct Arabic terms from the initial stages of his
learning.
Included also is a collection of rules of word-changes
which affect many Arabic verbs and nouns. The rules have
been clearly explained with examples and a step by step

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

method as to how a word is changed from its original form
to its present one.
It is hoped that this book will be beneficial for the students
of Arabic Grammar and Morphology and simplify the path
to understanding the intricacies of the language. mn.
For a detailed discussion on the name of this subject,
whether it is called Morphology or Etymology, refer to
Appendix A at the end of this book.
Some Useful Terms
Conjugation: A paradigm, class, or table of verb forms in
such inflected languages as Latin and French, where
elements are distinguished from each other by patterns of
inflection relating to tense, person, number.1
Declension: A term used to describe the case system of
nouns and other words.2
Inflection: The variation or change of form that words
undergo to mark distinctions of case, gender, number,
tense, person, mood, voice, comparison.3
Linguistics and Philology: The study of language.
Paradigm: pronounced (pa-ra-dime), in grammar, a set of
all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (write, writes,
wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model
for all other words of the same type.4

The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 256, 1992.

Ibid, p. 281.
3
Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1160.
4
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 747, 1992.
2

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Arabic Terms
The following are some of the Arabic terms used
frequently in this book. It would be advisable to learn
them thoroughly as they are frequently used throughout
the book.
Term



Meaning
A diacritical point

SP denoting the sound

of a.



A diacritical point - TP denoting the sound

of u.

A diacritical point - UP denoting the sound

of i.

 

A diacritical point -



purpose of joining
pronunciation

VP

that serves the

two

letters



A letter having a fathah, e.g. (

W )



X )
A letter having a dammah, e.g. (Y




A letter having a kasrah, e.g. (Z

U)

 

A letter having a sukn or jazm, e.g. (\

[ )

in



 

The three diacritical points, fathah

dammah and kasrah are each called a
harakah

 

A letter having a harakah, e.g. (

W )

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

 ! "

The first root letter of a word, also referred

to as consonant or radical, e.g. the ( ) of
(]
W *W<^)

 ! #$

The second root letter of a word, e.g. the

 ! %

The third root letter of a word, e.g. the (_)

(N) of (]
W *W<^)
of (]
W *W<^)

&'(

Word-form denoting the number, gender

and mood of the verb

)!*+

(6() is the plural of (6) which refers

to a category of verbs belonging to one
class. The first verb of the perfect tense
() and the imperfect tense (),
are used to indicate the diacritical points of
the alphabets of the verbs.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Types of Words
Meaning
word

Example

10 2 !-

noun

/a $X W

3/ 42 -

verb

/^ W <^

5
0 2 .

particle it is dependent on either

[ U

Term

/ . - ,

6
` W*U

an (
P2) or (/P<) in conveying its

meaning

With regards to meaning and tense, a verb is of three

types:
Term

67!
87!
9!

Meaning
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the past tense. It
is referred to as the perfect
tense in English.
Indicates the occurrence of
an action in the present or
future tense. It is referred to
as the imperfect tense in
English.
a command

Example

/^ PPW<^

He

did.

/D W 1b W> -

He is

doing or he
will do.

/b PPW<b U You
do.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Term

:; !

Meaning
Intransitive does
not require an object

Example

[ P PU+F[ W>

- He is

walking.

<=47!

Transitive - requires
an object

6
W PW!b ]X *W1b W> He is
opening the door.

Positive and Negative

Term

>?@A
6B

Meaning
positive
negative

Example

/D W 1b W> He is doing.
/D W 1b W> &^ He is not doing.

The terms (R!H) and (1) are also used.

Active and Passive
Term

5 4
CD

Meaning
active tense the doer
of the action is known
passive tense the doer
of the action is not
known

Example

/D W 1b W> He is doing.
/D W 1b W>

It is being

done.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Second Category of Verbs
With regard to the root letters (

B". c) of a verb, they

are of two types:

Term

9:9
0

Meaning
3 root letters or
triliteral
4 root letters or
quadriliteral

Example

W 
W #W
W H^[ W

Each of these two types is further divided into two categories:

(1) (78) the () consists of root letters only, without
any extra letters.
(2) (;<

=>?) - the () has root letters plus extra letters.

This results in the following four categories:

Term

78 9:9
;< =>? 9:9
78 0
;< =>? 0

Meaning
3 root letters only

Example

W 
W #W

3 root letters plus extra

letters
4 root letters only

d
W W*W$[ U

4 root letters plus extra

letters

/^ W[ 
W AW

W H^[ W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 1
(1) Determine whether the following verbs have 3 rootletters or 4 root-letters.
(a) /
^ ^ (^
(b) e
W W [ 7W
(c) e
W W MW
(d) W 1^ 0
[ W
(e) W f
^ [K^
(2) What do the following terms mean:
Term

Meaning



.
9:9
0
78
;< =>?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Types of Nouns
(1) There are three types of nouns - (,-):
[a] = , [b] g*+ and [c] =$ .
(2) The (=P verbal noun) is a word that indicates the
occurrence of an action and is free of tense e.g. (X P[h^)
to assist.
(3) The (g*P+) is a word derived from a verb e.g. (` PU"W#)
helper is derived from (W 
W #W).
(4) The (=P
P$) is neither a (=P
P) nor a (g*P+) e.g.
(/
a $X W ) man.
(5) The (=PP) and the (g*PP+) also fall under the
categories of (9:9), (0P), (7P8) and (;P<

=P>?) like

the (/P
P<). The categories mentioned under the verb like
(]i") etc. also apply to an (
2).
(6) The noun (=P
P$) with regard to its letters can either
have three root letters (triliteral), four root letters
(quadriliteral) or five root letters (quinquiliteral). It is
therefore of six types:
[1] (78

9:9) e.g. (/a $X W ) a man

[2] (;< =>? 9:9) e.g. (` WF
U ) a donkey

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[3] (78

0) e.g. (6
` W )b 0W ) scorpion
[4] (;< =>? 0) e.g. (\
` ^j[ KU) - paper
a $W [ 1^ 2W ) - quince
[5] (78 2k) e.g. (/
[6] (;< =>? 2k) e.g. (N
` [ !XQ^ [0W ) a

spider
(7) The scholars of morphology generally deal with the
(/P<) because most of the changes (N1>PA) occur in a
(/P<) while few changes occur in an (
P2) and none occur
in a ( ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Scales of Verbs
The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually
consists of three letters called consonants or radicals.
These consonants form a kind of skeleton which
constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes
may be added.
Arabic verbs are mostly triliteral, that is, they are
constructed of three root letters. The simplest form of the
verb is the third person masculine singular of the perfect
tense (P

/P1 P dPIl mP =P). In most

dictionaries, all the words derived from a triliteral root are

entered under the third person masculine singular form of
the verb.
In Arabic, there are two main tenses, the perfect or past
tense (P
P), denoting actions completed at the time to
which reference is made; and the imperfect (P
P), for
incompleted actions, referring to the present or future
tenses. The present and future tenses are thus expressed by
the imperfect form (P). The imperative (P.) may
be considered a modification of the imperfect.
To

indicate

patterns

or

type-forms

of

verbs,

the

grammarians use the three letters of the verb (/

^ PW <^), where
the ( ) represents the first radical of the verb, the ()
represents the second radical of the verb and the ()
represents the third radical of the verb. This is the scale

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

('W?P[U ) or standard by which the root letters of a verb are
determined. Accordingly, the word (d
W P
PW*^ ) is on the scale
of

^ W <^), (d
X PX*Qb W>) is on the scale of (/D PX1b W>) and (d
[ PX*b (D)
(/

is on the scale of (/
b X <b (D).
The letter that corresponds to the ( ) of the ('?P
P) is
called the ( PWFBUQ
^ b

,T P^<), that which corresponds to the () is

called the ( P F
W BUQ^ b X [P 0W ) while the letter corresponding to
the () is called the ( F
W BUQ^ b %X &^ ).
Example: the word (d
W *W^ ) is on the scale of (/^ W <^):
C

>

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 2
(1) Determine the scales of the following verbs and what
each letter represents. The first one has been done for you.
(a) (W 
W #W)

The (') is the (

FBQ ,<), the (n) is the ( PFBQ GP0), the

() is the ( FBQ %X &
^ ).
(b)
(O
[ FW 2[ @U)
(c)
(]
X *W1b AW)
(d)
(6
X U 
[ #W)
(e)
(/
D W o
[ W>)
(f)
(%W X 
^)
(g)
(d
X 
Ui
[ W>)
(h)
(d
X pW mb W>)
(i)
(
^ q^2W )
(j)
(r
W W 2W )
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Categories of Triliteral Verbs
(F G!

6@;H ! )!*+)

(1) The first and third letters of a simple triliteral verb in

PPi*<).
The second letter or radical may be vowelled by a ( Pi*<),
( F) or (sP). The active perfect tense ( P /P1
P) of triliteral verbs (7P8 P9:9) is used on three
the active tense is always vowelled with a fathah (

scales:
[a] /
^ W <^ e.g. (]W *W<^)
[b] /
^ U <^ e.g. (OW FU 2W )
[c] /
^ X <^ e.g. (%W X ^ )
(2) The conjugation of the (/
^ PU<^) and (/^ PX<^) forms is similar

^ W <^).
to the conjugation of (/
(3) The imperfect tense ( P
P

P
P) of (/^ P
PW<^) is
sometimes (/
D PW1b W>) e.g. (]X *WPb1W> ]W *WP^<) and sometimes (/D PX1b W>)
e.g. (X PX[ W> W PW#W) and sometimes (/
D PU1b W>) e.g. ( 6
W W PW
6
X U 
[ W>).
(4) The conjugation of the (/
D PX1b W>) and (/D PU1b W>) is similar to
the conjugation of (/
D W 1b W>).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(5) The ( P

) of (/^ PU<^) is sometimes (/D PW1b W>) e.g.

(O
X FW 
[ W> OW FU 2W ) and sometimes (/D U 1b W>) e.g. (d
X 
Ui
[ W> d
W 
U W ).
^ PX<^) is only (/D PX1b W>) e.g.
(6) The ( P P) of (/
(%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ ).
(7) The ( ) of all three scales is (/
^ U <D).
(8) The (8 ) of all three scales is (/
D W 1b X>).
(9) Based on the above-mentioned facts, there are six
categories (6() of (78

9:9) which are as follows:

(X 
X [W> W 
W #W)(1)
(6
X U 
[ W> 6
W W 
W ) (2)
(]
X *W1b W> ]W *W<^) (3)
(O
X FW 
[ W> OW FU 2W ) (4)
(%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ ) (5)
(d
X 
Ui
[ W> d
W 
U W ) (6)

(10) There is no rule to specify which verb belongs to

which category (6P
P). It is based on (P
P-) as heard
from the Arabs. One can also ascertain which
category a verb belongs to from a dictionary. There are
however certain guidelines which are as follows:
[a] If the verb belongs to the category of (

]W *WPP^<

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

]X *WPb1W>) the second or third letter will be from the ( P

)B)5, e.g. (d
X pW mb W> d
W pW v^ ), (D q^
[ W> ^ q^2W ), (OX FW o
[ W> OW FW $W ).
P /PP1) is of the form
[b] If the perfect (P
(/
^ PU<^), the imperfect (P /P1) is generally from the
category of (O
X FW 
[ W> OW FU 2W ).
[c] If the perfect (P /1) is of the form (/
^ PX<^),
the imperfect (PP /PP1) is generally from the
category of (%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ ).
Exercise 3

P) does each of the following verb

To which category (6P
belong:

D W ![W>
(1) (w

w
^ W W)
(2) (Z
X X *[W> ZW W AW)
(3) (

X W 1b W>
W U <^)
(4) (d
X BDfb W> d
W B^j^ )
(5) (r
X U 
[ W> r
W W 2W )

)B ) are the following six letters:

(x y z y _ y  y { y ,).

The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Perfect Active Tense (

(1) There are 14 word-forms (

(PP

/PP1).

 )

5PP")

of the perfect tense

All three diacritical points or vowels

(NP) can be used on the (

PFBQ GP0) as is apparent

from the above-mentioned six categories (6().
(2) The Arab Grammarians usually begin the Perfect (

/P1

P) and Imperfect (P /P1) conjugations with the

third person (dP
PPIl), followed by the second person
(dj|) and finally the first person (
BQ*).
(3) Unlike English, Arabic also has a dual form for the
second and third persons. As for the first person, the plural
form is used for both the dual and plural.
(4) Hereunder follow the paradigms of the perfect tense.
Note that the first three froms are for the masculine while
the second three are for the feminine of the third person.
The following six forms are for the second person, the first
three being for the masculine and the second three for the
feminine. The final two forms are for the first person.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! 5 47! 67! 34 !

&'J ! (Word-form)

Verb

dIl m =

/^ W <^

dIl m HA

^BW <^

dIl m O}

[BDW <^

dIl w#~ =

R
[ B^W <^

dIl w#~ HA

W*B^W <^

dIl w#~ O}

W Bb W <^

 m =

R
W Bb W <^

 m HA

WF*XBb W <^

 m O}

[ *XBb W <^

 w#~ =

R
U Bb W <^

 w#~ HA

WF*XBb W <^

 w#~ O}

h *XBb W <^

BQ* =

R
X Bb W <^

BQ* O}

WBb W <^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 4
Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense (

P

) in table form :

X BU5[ W> d
W B^l^ )
(a) (d
(b) (]
Xo
W [W> ]W o
W #W)
(c) (/
D *X)b W> /^ *WK^)
(d) (w
D W ![W> w
^ W W)
(e) (/
D MX =[ W> /^ MW 7W )
(f) (d
X *XQb W> d
W *W^ )
(g) (

X B^[ W>
W BU0W )
(h) (

X U [W>
W U #W)
(i) (=
Xi
Wo
[ W> =W i
W $W )
(j) (/
D !W)b W> /^ !UK^)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Perfect Passive (
The (P
P

PP)

)

is constructed from the (

PP

P) in all triliteral verbs ( 7P8 P9:9). If we take the

first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/
^ P W <^), a
( FP) is rendered to the first letter, a (sP) is rendered
to the second letter while the third letter remains in its
original condition. The result is (/
^ PU<D). No matter what the
(

P
P)

of the second letter in the active tense is, in the

passive tense it will always be (Q). Examples:

Active (5 4)

Passive (CD)

W 
W #W

W 
U #X

OW FU 2W

OW FU 2X

%W X ^

%W U D

Note that the intransitive verbs can be used in the passive tense if
they are used with a particle ( ), e.g.
(U;U

d
W pU vD ) It was taken.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! CDG! 67! 34 !

Word-form

Verb

singular masculine 3rd person

/^ U <D

dual masculine 3rd person

:
^ U <D

rd

plural masculine 3 person

rd

singular feminine 3 person

rd

dual feminine 3 person

[BDU <D
R
[ B^U <D
W*B^U <D

plural feminine 3 person

W Bb U <D

singular masculine 2nd person

R
W Bb U <D

dual masculine 2nd person

WF*XBb U <D

plural masculine 2nd person

[ *XBb U <D

singular feminine 2nd person

R
U Bb U <D

dual feminine 2nd person

WF*XBb U <D

plural feminine 2nd person

h *XBb U <D

singular first person

R
X Bb U <D

dual and plural first person

WBb U <D

rd

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K7! 5 47! 67! 34 !

Verb

Pronoun

/^ W <^ W

W pX

^BW <^ W

WFpX

[BDW <^ W

[ pX

R
[ B^W <^ W

W pU

W*B^W <^ W

WFpX

W Bb W <^ W

h pX

R
W Bb W <^ W

R
W #[(^

WF*XBb W <^ W

WF*X#[(^

[ *XBb W <^ W

[ *X#[(^

R
U Bb W <^ W

R
U #[(^

WF*XBb W <^ W

WF*X#[(^

h *XBb W <^ W

h *X#[(^

R
X Bb W <^ W

W#(^

WBb W <^ W

X i
[ #W

The words (PW) or (&

^)
are
used
for
the
negative sense. To use
(&
^ ) with (P), the
condition

is

that

the

(&
^ ) must be repeated
eg.
(B"
W

&^ W r
W =h "
W :
^ <^).

The column on the

right indicates how the
pronouns (IFP
P) are
used with the verbs.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K7! CDG! 67! 34 !

Word-form

Verb

dI5

/^ U <D W

'!I5

^BU <D W

'!I5

[BDU <D W

!I5

R
[ B^U <D W

'*!I5

W*B^U <D W

N!I5

W Bb U <D W

dj

R
W Bb U <D W

'!j

WF*XBb U <D W

'!j

[ *XBb U <D W

!j

R
U Bb U <D W

'*!j

WF*XBb U <D W

N!j

h *XBb U <D W

BQ*

R
X Bb U <D W

5 O
BQ*

WBb U <D W

Note the Arabic terms used for the different word-forms in

this table.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 5
(a) Translate the following sentences:

'^ [)D b ^W K^ W pX

'D [)D b ,S U KD
U [W[ *XQb W W*!W*W^ WFpX
W*!WBUjD 'U W*[!Ub
1AX R
W Bb ^ (^ R
W #[(^
^ Q W ^@U
[ *XHbU X
[ *X#[(^

W Bb U b R
U ![B^j^ R
U #[(^
^1+
[ *W
[ FX b ^@U h *XHbU X h *X#[(^
!W^ W[U W X i
[ #W

[ QD ^[ K^ WF[ U <^ W
(b) What is the (
[1] (


5") of the following verbs:

'v sH < I

2 ?., L, BBK < 
)

[2] (1b #W

3, .M, )

[3] (N$

 !2N . O.
)

[4] ('=
[5] (;

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

. . O. )

)
. - P. F<)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[6] (;

!2 *R - Q
- , )

[7] (%

QB0 S
. -N )

[8] (I
2 , T-R

s7 v@)

[9] (I
2 , -MN

d#v
C q)

2 UR .KMV :. .
[10] (1

)

(c) Are the following verbs ( ) or (8)?

[1] ('
^ ?U W )

W Bb !UKD)
[2] (R
[3] (
h AX[ U D )
[4] (=
W X W)
[5] (W#=
[
U KD)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Imperfect (

)

The Imperfect () is formed by adding prefixes and/or

suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the

W [AW(^). The suffixes may either be ('), ('), (>) or just

letters (
(').
After adding the prefix, the first radical or letter of the verb has
('Q2), e.g. the ( ) of (/
D W 1b W>) has a sukn. The second letter
can have any of the three harakt, depending on which category
(6) the verb belongs to.
In the indicative case (O<

), the final vowel of the third

FBQ %&) is ( F) in the singular form of the verb, e.g.

(/
D W 1b W>), (/D W 1b AW), (/D W <b (^) and (/D W 1b #W). For the subjunctive case ( 
d), this ( F) is changed to ( i*<), e.g. (/^ W 1b W>), (/^ W 1b AW),
(/
^ W <b (^) and (/^ W 1b #W); while for the jussive case (%? ), it is
replaced by a ('Q2), e.g. (/
b W 1b W>), (/b W 1b AW), (/b W <b (^) and (/b W 1b #W). The
radical (

changes in the singular and dual forms will be discussed later.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! 5 47! 87! 34 !

Meaning

Verb

He is doing or he will do.

/D W 1b W>

They (2 males) are doing or they will do.

'U ^BW 1b W>

They (plural males) are doing or they will do.

'^ [ BDW 1b W>

She is doing or she will do.

/D W 1b AW

They (2 females) are doing or they will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

They (plural females) are doing or they will do.

W Bb W 1b W>

You (1 male) are doing or you will do.

/D W 1b AW

You (2 males) are doing or you will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

You (plural males) are doing or you will do.

'^ [ BDW 1b AW

You (1 female) are doing or you will do.

W [BUW 1b AW

You (2 females) are doing or you will do.

'U ^BW 1b AW

You (plural females) are doing or you will do.

W Bb W 1b AW

I am doing or will do.

/D W <b (^

We are doing or we will do.

/D W 1b #W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

I?H7! CDG! 87! 34 !

6K7! 5 47! 87! 34 !

6K7! CDG! 87! 34 !

/D W 1b X>

/D W 1b W> &^

/D W 1b X> &^

'U ^BW 1b X>

'U ^BW 1b W> &^

'U ^BW 1b X> &^

'^ [ BDW 1b X>

'^ [ BDW 1b W> &^

'^ [ BDW 1b X> &^

/D W 1b AX

/D W 1b AW &^

/D W 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b X>

W Bb W 1b W> &^

W Bb W 1b X> &^

/D W 1b AX

/D W 1b AW &^

/D W 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

'^ [ BDW 1b AX

'^ [ BDW 1b AW &^

'^ [ BDW 1b AX &^

W [BUW 1b AX

W [BUW 1b AW &^

W [BUW 1b AX &^

'U ^BW 1b AX

'U ^BW 1b AW &^

'U ^BW 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b AX

W Bb W 1b AW &^

W Bb W 1b AX &^

/D W <b (D

/D W <b (^ &^

/D W <b (D &^

/D W 1b #X

/D W 1b #W &^

/D W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 6
(1) To which category (6PP) do each of the following
verbs belong:
(a) (gDB

g^BM)
(b) (
UB4>
^B)
(c) (=X!> =W!0)
(d) (UB ^B)
(e) (D4> ^4#)
(2) What is the ( 5") of the following words:

, 2 R , 42 W. %, G)< Q (1)

, 2 N . 42 O.  > #( (2)

 \ 1R - XV W. %,
 '@ (3)
[ 
U 1b WU [
R - 2 +, %, (4)
, 2 N N \V W. >m (5)
f< m =R ?R$2 +, %, (6)
/ @ , 2 R XN K2 W. ;
, , +, (7)
'0 , 2 4R K.2 W.  (8)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Imperfect Passive Tense (
The (P
P

P)

P
P)

 )

is constructed from the (

in all triliteral verbs (7P8

P9:9).

P
P

If we take the

first verb, namely the third person singular form, (/

D PW1b W>), a

FP) is rendered to
PP) sign of

P:0
the imperfect tense. A ( PPi*<) is
rendered to the
( PFBQ GP0) while the ( PFBQ %&)
remains as it is. The result is (/
D P W 1b X>). No matter what the
( P) of the ( PFBQ GP0) in the active tense is, in the
passive tense, it will always be (_*1). Examples:
(

the first letter which is the (

Active (5 4)

Passive (CD)

X 
X [W>

X 
W [X>

OX FW 
[ W>

OX FW 
[ X>

6
X U 
[ W>

6
X W 
[ X>

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 7
(a) Translate the following into English:

'^ [ BD^
[ X>
p /D W 1b W> hF0W /D ^
[ X> &^
X !WB 6
X W +
[ X>
 X .S W
X FW 
h  %W [ Wb /D ^ ~[ X>
U WW WiFX b U<
U Q^ 
[ W b /D *W)b X>
^ Q C [ <U
=U [U  'D WB
X W 1b X> /b pW

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(b) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:

[1] The door of the school is being opened.
[2] He is being sent to Madnah.
[3] The disbelievers will be defeated.
[4] The car will be left on the road.
[5] The book will be read today.
(c) Conjugate the following verbs into the (

P
PP

8):
(5)
_
X W 1b W>

(4)
%X ?U [ W>

( 3)
X QD +
[ W>

( 2)
r
X X [ W>

( 1)
OX $U [ W>

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (

!"# )

!"# ) are: ('b (^), ([ ^), ([ ^ ) and ('b v^ @U). When they
precede the ( /<), they render (d#) to the following

The (

five words:

dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1)

dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2)
 m = y /D W 1b AW (3)

BQ* = y /D W <b (^ (4)

BQ* O} y /D W 1b #W (5)
The (60

'#) of the following seven words is deleted:

dIl m HA y 'U ^BW 1b W> (1)
dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2)
dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3)
 m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4)
 m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5)
 w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6)
 w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)

The following two words remain unchanged:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ ^) changes the

The word (

dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1)

 w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2)
positive imperfect tense ( 

R!H) to negative (1) with emphasis.

The paradigms of ( ) the active tense and (8) the
passive tense when used with the other particles, ('
b (^), ([ ^ ) and
('
b v^ @U) will be the same as was in the case of ([ ^).
Examples:

[BDW 1b W> 'b (^

:
^ W 1b W> 'b (^

/^ W 1b W> 'b (^

bDBW 1b W> [ ^

:
^ W 1b W> [ ^

/^ W 1b W> [ ^

[BDW 1b W> 'b v^ @U

:
^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U

/^ W 1b W> 'b v^ @U

Hereunder follow the paradigms of (

/<) when used with

the particle (
[ ^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

34 ! 6$  ] 6K ! ='\O

34 ! 6$  ] 6K ! ='\O

/^ W 1b W> [ ^

/^ W 1b X> [ ^

5 47! 3?^
7!

^BW 1b W> [ ^
[BDW 1b W> [ ^
/^ W 1b AW [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^
W Bb W 1b W> [ ^
/^ W 1b AW [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^
[BDW 1b AW [ ^
[ BUW 1b AW [ ^
^BW 1b AW [ ^
W Bb W 1b AW [ ^
/^ W <b (^ [ ^
/^ W 1b #W [ ^

CDG! 3?^
7!

^BW 1b X> [ ^
[BDW 1b X> [ ^
/^ W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b X> [ ^
/^ W 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AX [ ^
[BDW 1b AX [ ^
[ BUW 1b AX [ ^
^BW 1b AX [ ^
W Bb W 1b AX [ ^
/^ W <b (D [ ^
/^ W 1b #X [ ^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 8

b (^):
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using ('
/D 
Xi
[ W> (1)
Y
X W F[ W> (2)
X QD +
[ W> (3)
d
X W Bb W> (4)
6
X X )b W> (5)
(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (
[ ^ ):

X fD 1b W> (1)
OX <^[ W> (2)
=X !X[ W> (3)

X BUF[ W> (4)

/D FW [ W> (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (

,T &^
U [ h). When they precede the ( /<), they render (%?$)
The (

$ )

$ )

are ('
b @U), (
[ ^), (hF^), (U [ .S 

%X &^ )

and (

to the following five words:

dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1)

dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2)
 m = y /D W 1b AW (3)

BQ* = y /D W <b (^ (4)

BQ* O} y /D W 1b #W (5)
The (60

'#) of the following seven words is deleted:

dIl m HA y 'U B^W 1b W> (1)
dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2)
dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3)
 m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4)
 m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5)
 w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6)
 w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)

The following two words remain unchanged:

dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

 w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2)

The word (

[ ^) changes the positive imperfect tense ( 
R!H) to the negative perfect tense (1 ).
The paradigms of ( ) the active voice and (8) the
passive voice when used with ('
b @U), (hF^), (U [ .S 

%X &^ ) and ( ,T &^

U [ h), will be the same as was in the case of (
[ ^).

Examples:

[BDW 1b W> 'b @U

:
^ W 1b W> 'b @U

/b W 1b W> 'b @U

bDBW 1b W> hF^

:
^ W 1b W> hF^

/b W 1b W> hF^

[BDW 1b WU

:
^ W 1b WU

/b W 1b WU

[BDW 1b W> &^

:
^ W 1b W> &^

/b W 1b W> &^

The word (hF^) means not as yet. Thus (/

b W 1b W>

hF^) will mean he

did not do as yet.

The (U [ .
S

%X &^ )

enters all the word-forms of the passive tense

(8). In the active tense ( ), it is only used in the third

person (dIl) and first person (
BQ*) word-forms.
If any of the (

$ ) precede a ( /<) whose ( %&

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FBQ) is a ( B ), the ( B ) is deleted.

Examples:

5 

Example of

Example of

Example of

()

(<)

(!)

[ ^


X =[ W>
[ ^

%U [ W>
[ ^

W
[ W>
[ ^

hF^


X =[ W> hF^

%U [ W> hF^

W
[ W> hF^

. %&


X =[ WU

%U [ WU

W
[ WU

 ,&


X =[ W> &^

%U [ W> &^

W
[ W> &^

:)

Hereunder follow the paradigms of (

/<) when used with

the particle (

[ ^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

87! 6$ 12 , ] 6K !

87! 6$ 12 , ] 6K ! ='\O

/b W 1b W>
[ ^

/b W 1b X>
[ ^

^BW 1b W>
[ ^

^BW 1b X>
[ ^

[BDW 1b W>
[ ^

[BDW 1b X>
[ ^

/b W 1b AW
[ ^

/b W 1b AX
[ ^

^BW 1b AW
[ ^

^BW 1b AX
[ ^

W Bb W 1b W>
[ ^

W Bb W 1b X>
[ ^

/b W 1b AW
[ ^

/b W 1b AX
[ ^

^BW 1b AW
[ ^

^BW 1b AX
[ ^

[BDW 1b AW
[ ^

[BDW 1b AX
[ ^

[ BUW 1b AW
[ ^

[ BUW 1b AX
[ ^

^BW 1b AW
[ ^

^BW 1b AX
[ ^

W Bb W 1b AW
[ ^

W Bb W 1b AX
[ ^

/b W <b (^
[ ^

/b W <b (D
[ ^

/b W 1b #W
[ ^

/b W 1b #X
[ ^

5 47!

CDG!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 9

[ ^):
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (

%X X Qb W>
OX WF[ W>
X QD +
[ W>
d
X W Bb W>
6
X X )b W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (.

X o
X 1b W>
OX ^ [ W>
=X !X[ W>

X BUF[ W>
/D FW [ W>

%&):

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (%&) and ('#) of Emphasis
(;##

=[U qb *h %X &^ ) The Energetic Forms

(1) To create emphasis in the meaning of (

/<), the ( %X &^

=[U qb *h) is prefixed to it and ( B)9 '#) or ( 11M '#) suffixed to
it. The ( B)9 '#) is (7h=+
W X ) and is suffixed to all the word-forms
(W"
U ). The ( 11M '#) is (2) and is not suffixed to the
( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms.
(2) The letter prededing the ( B)9 '#) is (_*1) in the
following word-forms:

h B^W 1b W^ P dIl m = y /D W 1b W> (1)

h B^W 1b *W^ P dIl w#~ = y /D W 1b AW (2)
h B^W 1b *W^ P  m = y /D W 1b AW (3)
h B^W <b q^^ P
BQ* = y /D W <b (^ (4)
h B^W 1b W^ P
BQ* O} y /D W 1b #W (5)
(3) The (60

'#) is deleted in the following words before

attaching the (=q* '#):
' ^BW 1b W^ P dIl m HA y 'U ^BW 1b W> (1)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

h BDW 1b W^ P dIl m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b W> (2)

' ^BW 1b *W^ P dIl w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (3)
' ^BW 1b *W^ P  m HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (4)
h BDW 1b *W^ P  m O} y '^ [ BDW 1b AW (5)
h BUW 1b *W^ P  w#~ = y W [BUW 1b AW (6)
' ^BW 1b *W^ _  w#~ HA y 'U ^BW 1b AW (7)
(4) The (L) of the (

HA) is retained while the ( B)9 '#) itself

becomes (Q), e.g. ('
^BW 1b W^).
(5) The () of (m O}) and the () of (w#~ =) are also
deleted. The ( F) before the () and the (s) before the
() are retained, e.g. (
h BDW 1b W^) and (h BUW 1b *W^).
(6)In the (w#~ O}) word-forms, an (L) is inserted between
the ('#) of (O}) and the ( B)9 '#) so that three nns do not
occur in one place. This will occur in the following two wordforms:

' WBb W 1b W^ P dIl w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b W> (1)

' WBb W 1b *W^ P  w#~ O} y W Bb W 1b AW (2)
(7) The (

B)9 '#) itself is (Q) in these two words. In short,

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

the (

B)9 '#) is (Q) after (L) and (_*1) in the other

instances.

11M '#) is similar to the ( B)9 '#) except in the

( HA) and (w#~ O}) word-forms. The ( 11M '#) is only used
in those words where there is no (L) before ( B)9 '#) and

(8) The (

these are eight word-forms.

Once (

B)9 '#)

and (

11M '#)

enter a (

/<),

its

meaning changes to the future tense.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6$
'^H ! K ! ] ='\ ! %

6$
'^H ! K ! ] ='\ ! %

h B^W 1b W^

h B^W 1b X^

' ^BW 1b W^

' ^BW 1b X^

h BDW 1b W^

h BDW 1b X^

h B^W 1b *W^

h B^W 1b *X^

' ^BW 1b *W^

' ^BW 1b *X^

' WBb W 1b W^

' WBb W 1b X^

h B^W 1b *W^

h B^W 1b *X^

' ^BW 1b *W^

' ^BW 1b *X^

h BDW 1b *W^

h BDW 1b *X^

h BUW 1b *W^

h BUW 1b *X^

' ^BW 1b *W^

' ^BW 1b *X^

' WBb W 1b *W^

' WBb W 1b *X^

h B^W <b q^^

h B^W <b qD^

h B^W 1b W^

h B^W 1b X^

5 47! 87!

CDG! 87!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6$
'_! K ! ] ='\ ! %

6$
'_! K ! ] ='\ ! %

[ B^W 1b W^

[ B^W 1b X^

[ BDW 1b W^

[ BDW 1b X^

[ B^W 1b *W^

[ B^W 1b *X^

[ B^W 1b *W^

[ B^W 1b *X^

[ BDW 1b *W^

[ BDW 1b *X^

[ BUW 1b *W^

[ BUW 1b *X^

[ B^W <b q^^

[ B^W <b qD^

[ B^W 1b W^

[ B^W 1b X^

5 47! 87!

CDG! 87!

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 10
(1) Conjugate the following verbs using (

PB)9 'P#) in the

active and passive tenses:

d
X BDi
[ W>
OX WF[ W>
X QD +
[ W>
d
X W Bb W>
6
X X )b W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(2) Conjugate the following verbs using (

P11M 'P#) in the

active and passive tenses:

X BUF[ W>
OX <^[ W>
=X !X[ W>

X BUo
[ W>
/D FW [ W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Imperative (()
The (P

P( imperative second person) is constructed

from the ( /<) in the following manner:
(1) The (P P:0) the sign of the imperfect tense is deleted.
(2) If the following letter is (ZP
Pi*), the final letter is
rendered (2). Example: the verb (=
X U AW) changes to (=[ 0U ).
(3) If the following letter is (P2), a (/P"

s?P) is
inserted at the beginning and the end is rendered (2).
(4) If the ( PFBQ G0) has a ( FP), the (/P" s?P) is
rendered a ( F). Example: (X 
X [AW) becomes ([ 
X #[(D).
(5) If the ( FBQ G0) has a ( Pi*<) or (sP), the ( s?P
/") is rendered a (s). Examples:
(]
X *W1b AW) becomes (][ *W<b @U).
(6
X U 
[ AW) becomes (6
[ U 
[ @U).
(6) The (6P0 '#) is deleted while the (sP 'P#)
the nn of the feminine plural - is retained. Examples:
('
U ^BW 1b AW) becomes (^BW <b @U).
(
W Bb W 1b AW) becomes (W Bb W <b @U).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

PPB PP)
(
[ 0X =[ AW) becomes (
X 7[ (D).
[ U [ AW) becomes (%U [ @U).
(
(W+
[ AW) becomes (
W M[ @U).

(7) The (

at the end is deleted. Examples:

(8) The imperative of the first and third persons (

PP(

BQ*PP dPPI5) is formed by adding a (%&) at the

beginning of (P /P<). This (%&) has the same effect
on the verbs as (

[ ^).
(9) The (=Pq*

%&) and (=Pq* 'P#) can also be attached

to the (() word-forms.

Hereunder follow the paradigms of

PP
imperative active) and (P

P
( P

P
PP. -

P
P.

- the

the imperative

passive).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

/b W 1b WU

/b W 1b XU

^BW 1b WU

^BW 1b XU

[BDW 1b WU

[BDW 1b XU

/b W 1b *WU

/b W 1b *XU

^BW 1b *WU

^BW 1b *XU

W Bb W 1b WU

W Bb W 1b XU

/b W <b @U

/b W 1b *XU

^BW <b @U

^BW 1b *XU

[BDW <b @U

[BDW 1b *XU

[ BUW <b @U

[ BUW 1b *XU

^BW <b @U

^BW 1b *XU

W Bb W <b @U

W Bb W 1b *XU

/b W <b q^U

/b W <b qDU

/b W 1b WU

/b W 1b XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'^H ! K ! ] 5 47! 9!

'^H ! K ! ] CDG! 9!

h B^W 1b WU

h B^W 1b XU

' :
^ W 1b WU

' :
^ W 1b XU

h BDW 1b WU

h BDW 1b XU

h B^W 1b *WU

h B^W 1b *XU

' :
^ W 1b *WU

' :
^ W 1b *XU

' WBb W 1b WU

' WBb W 1b XU

h B^W <b @U

h B^W 1b *XU

' :
^ W <b @U

' :
^ W 1b *XU

h BDW <b @U

h BDW 1b *XU

h BUW <b @U

h BUW 1b *XU

' :
^ W <b @U

' :
^ W 1b *XU

'S WBb W <b @U

' WBb W 1b *XU

h B^W <b q^U

h B^W <b qDU

h B^W 1b WU

h B^W 1b XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'_! K ! ] 5 47! 9!

'_! K ! ] CDG! 9!

[ B^W 1b WU

[ B^W 1b XU

[ BDW 1b WU

[ BDW 1b XU

[ B^W 1b *WU

[ B^W 1b *XU

[ B^W <b @U

[ BDW <b @U
[ BUW <b @U

[ B^W <b q^U
[ B^W 1b WU

[ B^W 1b *XU

[ BDW 1b *XU
[ BUW 1b *XU

[ B^W <b qDU
[ B^W 1b XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 11

P() of the following verbs in

Conjugate the imperative (P
the active and passive forms first and then conjugate them
using the (=q*

%&) and (=q* '#):

/D 
U 5[ W> (1)
/D MX =[ W> (2)
d
X 
Ui
[ W> (3)
/D W o
[ W> (4)
D !W
[ W> (5)

The Prohibition ()

(1) The particle (&
^ ) is used before (P

/P<) to denote

prohibition. It has the same effect as (

[ P ^) in changing the
different word-forms.

PB)9 '#) and ( P11M 'P#) can be attached to all

the forms of ().
(2) The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

/b W 1b W> &^

/b W 1b X> &^

:
^ W 1b W> &^

:
^ W 1b X> &^

[BDW 1b W> &^

[BDW 1b X> &^

/b W 1b AW &^

/b W 1b AX &^

:
^ W 1b AW &^

:
^ W 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b W> &^

W Bb W 1b X> &^

/b W 1b AW &^

/b W 1b AX &^

:
^ W 1b AW &^

:
^ W 1b AX &^

[BDW 1b AW &^

[BDW 1b AX &^

[ BUW 1b AW &^

[ BUW 1b AX &^

:
^ W 1b AW &^

:
^ W 1b AX &^

W Bb W 1b AW &^

W Bb W 1b AX &^

/b W <b (^ &^

/b W <b (D &^

/b W 1b #W &^

/b W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'^H ! K ! ] 5 47! 6DK !

'^H ! K ! ] CDG! 6DK !

h B^W 1b W> &^

h B^W 1b X> &^

' :
^ W 1b W> &^

' :
^ W 1b X> &^

h BDW 1b W> &^

h BDW 1b X> &^

h B^W 1b AW &^

h B^W 1b AX &^

' :
^ W 1b AW &^

' :
^ W 1b AX &^

' WBb W 1b W> &^

' WBb W 1b X> &^

h B^W 1b AW &^

h B^W 1b AX &^

' :
^ W 1b AW &^

' :
^ W 1b AX &^

h BDW 1b AW &^

h BDW 1b AX &^

h BUW 1b AW &^

h BUW 1b AX &^

' :
^ W 1b AW &^

' :
^ W 1b AX &^

' WBb W 1b AW &^

' WBb W 1b AX &^

h B^W <b (^ &^

h B^W <b (D &^

h B^W 1b #W &^

h B^W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'_! K ! ] 5 47! 6DK !

'_! K ! ] CDG! 6DK !

[ B^W 1b W> &^

[ B^W 1b X> &^

[ BDW 1b W> &^

[ BDW 1b X> &^

[ B^W 1b AW &^

[ B^W 1b AX &^







[ B^W 1b AW &^

[ B^W 1b AX &^

[ BDW 1b AW &^

[ BDW 1b AX &^

[ BUW 1b AW &^

[ BUW 1b AX &^







[ B^W <b (^ &^

[ B^W <b (D &^

[ B^W 1b #W &^

[ B^W 1b #X &^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 12
(1) Conjugate the prohibition (PP) of the following
verbs in the active and passive forms first and then
conjugate them using the (=q*

OX FW o
[ W>
e
X X
[ W>
d
X 
Ui
[ W>
/D W o
[ W>
D !W
[ W>
(2) What is the (

%&) and (=q* '#):

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

5") of the following verbs?

' WBb MX =[ W> &^
[ *W!X9b(^ &^
' =W 
X 1b #W &^
[ U WF[ AX &^
' W[ W o
[ AW &^
h XpW [ AW &^
' W#=[ W +
[ AW &^
h !X^ [ W> &^

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

THE DERIVED NOUNS (

)*+ ,-.)

The following six nouns are derived from the verb:

1 (4) /1*
2 (3) 1
2 (2) /01
2 (1)
4
2 (6) 3
2 (5) !+
The Active Participle (/01

2)

The active participle (/01

from whom the action

2) indicates the person or being

emanates, e.g. (O
` U W2) a person who

listens.
In 3-root letter verbs (78

9:9), the (/01
2) is formed by

adding an (L) after the first letter, rendering a (s) to the
second letter and (>A) to the final letter. Thus, (/
^ W <^) becomes
a 0U ^<). In the dual forms ( HA), (L) and ('#) are attached to
(/
the end, e.g. ('
U:
^ 0U ^<). For the feminine form, a round (s) is
inserted at the end. For the masculine plural (m O}), (') is
inserted, e.g. ('
^ [ BD0U ^<), while for the feminine plural (w#~ O}),
the syllable, (N) is attached, e.g. (N
` :
^ 0U ^<). There are three
scales for the masculine form and three for the feminine form of
the word.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

3$ ! 1!

m =

/a 0U ^<

m HA

'U :
^ 0U ^<

m O}

'^ [ BD0U ^<

w#~ =

a B^0U ^<

w#~ HA

'U W*B^0U ^<

w#~ O}

N
` :
^ 0U ^<

In the indicative case (O<

), the ( HA) is used with an (L)

while in the accusative and genative cases ( d ), it
is used with a () preceded by a ( i*<). The ('#) of the ( HA) is
(Q), e.g. ('
U:
^ 0U ^<) and (U [B^0U ^<).
For the masculine plural in (O<

), a () is used while in

( d ), a () preceded by a (s) is used. The
('#) of (O}) is (_*1), e.g. ('
^ [ BD0U ^<) and (W [ BU0U ^<).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 13
Conjugate the (/01

2) of the following verbs:

OX FW o
[ W>
e
X X
[ W>
d
X 
Ui
[ W>
/D W o
[ W>
OX WF[ W>
/D 
U 5[ W>
/D MX =[ W>
_
X W o
[ W>
=X 
X 1b W>
D !W
[ W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Passive Participle (1
The passive participle (1

2)

2) is that entity on which the

` [ *X1b W ) the thing which is opened. It is

action occurs, e.g. (_
formed by adding a (_*1 %) at the beginning, a () after the
second letter and (>A) at the end. The first root letter (


B"() becomes (2) while the second one becomes (%F).

The additions for the dual and plural forms are the same as the
(/01

2). Like the (/01
2), it also has six word-forms.

&'J !

C47! 1!

m =

a [ X 1b W

m HA

'U &
^ [ X 1b W

m O}

'^ [ D[ X 1b W

w#~ =

a ^[ X 1b W

w#~ HA

'U W*^[ X 1b W

w#~ O}

N
` &
^ [ X 1b W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 14
Conjugate the (1

2) of the following verbs:

X BU4b W>
6
X mU Qb W>

X B^[ W>
=X W +
[ W>
D !W
[ W>
/D 
U 5[ W>
/D MX =[ W>
d
X 
Ui
[ W>
/D W o
[ W>
OX WF[ W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Elative (/1*
The (/1*

2)

2) is a derived noun that indicates the comparative

D
W <b (^) more virtuous or most
or superlative degree e.g. (/
virtuous. The scale of (/
D W <b (^) is used for this purpose, except for
colours and defects. In the case of colours and defects, the scale
of (/
D W <b (^) is used for (

!+ 1) e.g. (X FW [ (^) red, (F0[ (^)

blind. Tanwn never enters the end of (/1*
2). The (
2
/1*) generally renders the meaning of the doer (/0<) but
sometimes it can render the meaning of the object (1), e.g.
(X 
W [ (^) - more famous.

Hereunder follows the paradigm of the (/1*

2):

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

3' ! 1!

m =

/D W <b (^

m HA

'U :W
S <b (^

m
P2 O}

'^ [ BDW <b (^

m Q O}

/D 0U ^<(^

w#~ =

^B[ <D

w#~ HA

'U WB^[ <D

w#~
P2 O}

N
` WB^[ <D

w#~ Q O}

/a W <D

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 15
Conjugate the (/1*

2) of the following verbs:

%X X Qb W>
/D FX o
[ W>
X 
Xi
[ W>
X X +
[ W>
D !W
[ W>
/D 
U 5[ W>
/D MX =[ W>
d
X 
Ui
[ W>
/D W o
[ W>
OX WF[ W>

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (

!+ 1")

The (

!+ 1")

is a derived noun referring to the permanent

a [FU $W ) beautiful. The (/01

quality of an entity, e.g. (/
the other hand describes a temporary quality e.g.

2) on
(O
` U W2)

listening at the moment. A person will only be referred to as

(6
` U W) if the quality of (6[
W ) emanates from him whereas the
attribute of (/
a [FU $W ) applies to a person all the time.The (

!+)

1"

is always intransitive (%&) even though it may be

constructed from a transitive verb (=*). Hence the difference

between (O
` U W2) and (O` [FU 2W ) is that (O` U W2) indicates a being
listening at the moment while (O
` [FU 2W ) indicates a being which
permanently has the quality of listening even though there may

W W ^B^
be no object. Therefore one can say (

O` U W2), but to say

(
W W ^B^

O` [FU 2W ) is incorrect. The ( !+ 1") has six word-forms

like the (/01
2). For the dual and plural forms, changes are
made to the end as in the (/01
2).
Hereunder follows the paradigm of the (

!+ 1"):

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

&'J !

D?Q
(

m =

` 
W W

m HA

'U W
W W

m O}

'^ [ X
W W

w#~ =

a W
W W

w#~ HA

'U W*W
W W

w#~ O}

N
` W
W W

!+ 1") is used on many scales for which there is no

rule. It is based on (-) as heard from the Arabs. Sometimes
a (), () or () is inserted after the second alphabet, e.g.
(
` WoX ), (` [ KDW ), (L
` [>U W ). Sometimes the root-form remains
intact but a change occurs in the harakt, e.g. (d
` [ "
W ), (d
` X$X ),
(` 1b "
U ). Some of the more common scales are listed hereunder.

The (

Scale

Example

Meaning
handsome

/a W <^

` 
W W

/a X <D

d
` X$X

impure

a W<D


` WoX

brave

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

a W<^

'a WW

chaste

/a [ <^

`
[
W

thick

/a [ <U

` 1b "
U

empty

/a [ <D

 X

free

/a U <^

_
` U <^

happy

/a 0U ^<

d
` U W"

companion

/a [U <^

` [>U ^

noble

/D W <b (^

X FW [ (^

red

'D ^B[ <^

'D +
W fb 0W

thirsty

The Noun of the Instrument (

3
2)

3
2) is a derived noun that indicates the instrument

used for the action. It is formed by adding a (Q %) at the

The (

beginning of the root letters. It has three scales.

Scales

/a W 1b U

a B^W 1b U

a W1b U

Examples

a W
[ U

a W W [ U

_
` W*1b U

Meanings

needle

fan

key

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The paradigm including the dual and plural cases is as follows:
Scales

Examples

/a W 1b U

` 
W [U

'U ^BW 1b U

'U W
W [U

/D 0U ^1W

X "
U WW

a B^W 1b U

sa W 
W [U

'U W*B^W 1b U

'U WAW 
W [U

/D 0U ^1W

X "
U WW

a W1b U

` W[U

'U ^W1b U

'U WW[U

/D [0U ^1W

X ["
U WW

Sometimes the underived noun (=$) is used to denote an

instrument. Different scales are used for this purpose but there is
no rule for arriving at a particular scale. Examples:
(\
` qb <^) - axe , (%` [ =X K^) adze6, (` [Q 2U ) - knife.

Adze: kind of axe with arched blade used for shaping wood.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 16
(a) Conjugate the (

3
2) of the following verbs:

W 4^ #W (5)

r
W W j^ (4)

7W W W (3)

W W^ (2)

]W *W<^ (1)

/^ ^ (^ (10)

OW W"
W (9 )

OW f^ K^(8)

/^ MW 7W (7)

/^ 
W l^ (6)

(b) Identify the derived nouns in the following sentences:

.  NFB4 /0$ Y. NF gM

 (1)
. F>=>( fK< K r (2)
. 0 6( 0< 2 < >$ G0 < (3)
. '? Q )A & (4)
. 6+ O< <
 (5)
. ]!
p=0 'E @ (6)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Adverb ( 4
The ( 4

2)

2) is a derived noun that indicates the place or

time of the action. If the word indicates the place of the action, it
is called ('Q

) and if it indicates the time of the action, it

is called ('? ). It is made by adding a (_*1 %) at the
beginning of the root letters. It has two scales, namely (/
a W 1b W ) and
(/
a U 1b W ). If the () is (G _*1) or (G %F) or
(JK#), the ( 4
2) will be on the scale of (/
a W 1b W ), e.g.
(]
` *W1b W ), (` 
W [W ) and ([ W ). If the () is (G Q) or
(H), the ( 4
2) will be on the scale of (/
a U 1b W ), e.g.
(6
` U 
[ W ) and (O` KU[ W ).

The paradigm including the dual and plural forms is as follows:

]`

'KHO

=!

/D 0U ^1W

'U :
^ W 1b W

/a W 1b W

scale

]X AU^1W

'U Wi*W1b W

]` *W1b W

example

The ( 4

2) is often constructed from the underived noun

(=$) on the scale of (a B^W 1b W ) to indicate an excess of that object

in that place, e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(sa =
W 2W b W ) a place of many lions - derived from (=` 2W (^) lion,
(a W !W
[ W ) a place of many predators - derived from (O` !X2W )
predator,

W f^ ![W ) a place of many ducks - derived from (` [f U) duck.

(a
There are certain words, which according to the rule should have
a(

i*<) on the ( FBQ G0), but have been used with a (s)

instead. These may be regarded as exceptions to the rule. The

scholars have written that it is permissible to pronounce these
words with a (
Word

=` o
U
[ W
O` BUfb W

i*<) as well. These words are:

Meaning
place of
prostration
place of rising

Word

` +
Ui
[ W

Meaning
place of assembly

a )U 
[ W

place of falling

` QU 
[ W

place of staying

r
` U 1b W

intersection

` 
U [W

place of
slaughtering
place of
germinating
place of resting
the elbow
nostril

` ?U o
[ W

place of slaughtering

r
` U +
[ W

east

6
` U 5[ W

west

a h4U W

place where one

expects something

R
` !U[W
g` <U[ W
`
U [W

Sometimes the ( 4

2) is used on the scale of (a B^W 1b X ), e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(a B^i
W Qb X ) antimony bottle, from (/a i
[ D ) - antimony.
The scale of (a ^W<D) indicates the place where a thing falls during
the action, e.g.

D ) the water which falls during bathing,

(a ^Wl
(a 2
W WD ) the dirt which falls off the broom when sweeping.
Exercise 17
(a) Conjugate the ( 4

2) of the following verbs:

]W *W<^

W W^
7W W W
r
W W j^
W 4^ #W
/^ 
W l^
/^ MW 7W
OW f^ K^
OW W"
W
/^ ^ (^

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Intensive Adjective (

5! 5")

5! 5") is a noun that indicates excess in meaning of

` h
W ) one who hits a lot. The difference
the verbal noun e.g. (6
between ( 5! 5") and (/1*
2) is that in ( 5! 5"),
The (

the excess meaning is limited to itself without taking others into

consideration whereas in the (/1*

2), the excess in

meaning is in comparison to others. Hence (=
Fh i
W X [ U 6
X W 
[ (^) or
(%U 
[ )^ b 6
X W 
[ (^) is in comparison to others while (6
` h
W ) is not in
comparison to anyone.

5! 5"), there is no difference in gender. Sometimes

W /a $X W ) a very
a (s) is added for excess in meaning, e.g. (a W B0
learned man, (a W B0
W sa (^W [ U) - a very learned woman.
In the (

When (/
a [U <^) is in the meaning of (/a 0U ^<), or (a [ X <^) is in the
meaning of (
a [ X 1b W ), a differentiation is made between the
masculine and feminine forms. Examples:
(

` [BU0W

W pX ) , (a FW [BU0W W pU )
(
a [ FX W /a FW $W ) , (a ^[ FX W a K^W#).
The following scales are the ones most frequently used for

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(

5! 5"):
Scale

Example

Meaning
very cautious

/a U <^

` mU W

/a [U <^

` [BU0W

very knowledgeable

a [ ` <^

a [ D (^

big eater

a h<^

Z` 12W

shedder of blood

a h<D

` h!D

very great

/a [ <U

g` [>= "
U

very truthful

/a W 1b U

%` ?W o
[ U

one who cuts a lot

a W1b U

%` W[U

one who awards many prizes

/a [U 1b U

g` [fU [U

chatterbox

a W<D

6
` Wo0X

very strange

a [ 0X ^<

r
` [ X ^<

very decisive

a B^[ <D

a Q^ i
[
X

one who habitually laughs

a [  <^

%` [ K^

eternal

a [  <D

\
` [ = KD

most holy

/a h <D

d
` BKD

very agile

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 18
(A) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
(1)
He is very agile.
(2)
This book is very strange.
(3)
The principal awards many prizes.
(4)
Ab Bakr is very truthful.
(5)
She is a big eater.
(6)
Allh is very knowledgeable.
(7)
The king was a shedder of blood.
(8)
The student is very cautious.
(9)
His mother is very patient.
(10) The mujhid is extremely brave.
(B) What is the scale of the following (

5! "):
` h!$W
a W1b U
g` [>= "
U
a W h<^
` [QU 
[ U
6
` [ X X

` [BU0W
` mU W

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

` h!D (9)
\
` [ = KD (10)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Categories (
The (6() of (78

6() of Verbs

9:9)

You have already learnt that the verbs of (78

letter verbs have six

9:9) three rootcategories (6() plural of (6).

The First (6): (X 

X [W> W 
W #W)
(/
D X 1b W>

/^ W <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while
the () has a ( F), e.g. (X 
[ h) to help. The abbreviated
paradigm7 of this (6) is as follows:
W X <^ 
[ #W X 
W [X> W 
U #XW ` "
U W# W X <^  
[ #W X 
X [W> W 
W #W
;X [U
X [ 4  [ 
X [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ 
X #[(D ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ 
X [W
/U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W ` W[U W sa W 
W [U W ` 
W [U ;X [U D ^bW ` 
W [W
W
[ #X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW X 
W #[(^ ;X [U

The abbreviated paradigm is where the first (

5P
P") of each paradigm

of the active and passive tenses is used.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Second (6) : ( 6
X U 
[ W> 6
W W 
W)
(/
D U 1b W>

/^ W <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while
X [ 
h ) to hit. The abbreviated
the () has a (s), eg (6
paradigm of this (6) is as follows:
[ 
W 6
X W 
[ X> 6
W U 
X 6
` U W W X <^ [ 
W 6
X U 
[ W> 6
W W 
W
6
[ U 
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 6
[ U 
[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6
` [ X 
[ W W X <^
W a WW 
[ U W 6
` W 
[ U ;X [U D ^bW 6
` U 
[ W ;X [U
X [ 4 
W[ 
X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW 6
X W 
[ (^ ;X [U /U [ 
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W 6
` W
[ U

The Third (6) : (]

X *W1b W> ]W *W<^)

D W 1b W>
(/

/^ W <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( i*<) while
the () also has a ( i*<), e.g. (]
X *[1^ b) to open. The
condition for this (6) is that if the verb is (]i")8, the ( 
X [0W
FW BUQ^ b) or ( FW BUQ^ b %X &^ ) must be from the ( )B ). This
does not mean that every verb which is (]i") and whose ( 
X [0W

(]iP") is that word which has no (

PB P),

two letters of the

same type or (s?) as its root letter.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FW BUQ^ b) or ( FW BUQ^ b %X &^ ) is from the ( )B ), will be from
(]*< 6). The abbreviated paradigm of this (6) and the
remaining (6() is similar to the above-mentioned examples.
_
` [ *X1b W W X <^ i*[<^ ]X *W1b X> ]W *U<DW ]` AU^< W X <^ i*[<^ ]X *W1b W> ]W *W<^
]` *W1b W ;X [U
X [ 4  ][ *W1b AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ][ *W<b @U ;X [U X [ q^b^
;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W _
` W*1b U W a i
W *W1b U W ]` *W1b U ;X [U D ^bW
Wi*[<D ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW ]X *W<b (^
The Fourth (6) : (O
X FW 
[ W> OW FU 2W )
(/
D W 1b W>

/^ U <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a (s) while
X F[ 
h ) to listen.
the () has a ( i*<), e.g. (O
W X <^ F[ 2W OX FW 
[ X> OW FU 2X W O` U W2 W X <^ F[ 2W OX F[W> OW FU 2W
;X [U
X [ 4  O[ FW 
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW O[ FW 2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 
` [ FX 
[ W
/D W <b (^W 
` WF
[ U W a W FW 
[ U W O` FW 
[ U ;X [U D ^bW O` FW 
[ W
WF[ 2X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW OX FW 2[ (^ ;X [U /U [U1b *h

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Fifth (6) : (%X X Q
b W> %W X ^ )
(/
D X 1b W>

/^ X <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a ( F) while
^ b) to be noble. The
the () also has a ( F), e.g. (%X [ Q

verbs of this (6) are intransitive. In this (6), instead of the

(/01

2), the ( !+ 1") on the scale of (/a [U <^) has been
used, e.g. (

` [>U ^ ).
W X <^ W ^ %X W Qb X> %W U D W
` [>U ^ W X <^ W ^ %X X Qb W> %W X ^
;X [U
X [ 4  %[ X Qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ X b (D ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` [ X Qb W
/U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W %` WQb U W a W W Qb U W %` W Qb U ;X [U D ^bW %` W Qb W
W[ D ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW %X W b (^ ;X [U
The Sixth (6) : (d
X 
Ui
[ W> d
W 
U W )
(/
D U 1b W>

/^ U <^) the ( FW BUQ^ b X [0W ) of the () has a (s) while
the () also has a (s), e.g. (d
X 
[i
W b^) to ponder.
Besides (d
W 
U W ), no other (]i" /<) has been used in this
(6). Acccording to some scholars, the verb (

X U [W>
W U #W) is also

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

from this (6). However, verbs that are (H)9 or (L1)10 have
been used, e.g. (
D U W>

^ U W ) and ([ BUW> W UW ). The verb (d

W 
U W ) has
W BUQ^ b X [0W ) of (),
also been used with a ( i*<) on the ( F
that is (d
X 
Wi
[ W>).
d
X 
Wi
[ X> d
W 
U X W d
` 2U W W X <^ !
[ W d
X 
Ui
[ W> d
W 
U W
&^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
[ 
U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ 6
` [ 
Xi
[ W W X <^ !
[ W
W d
` 
Wi
[ U ;X [U D ^bW d
` 
Ui
[ W ;X [U
X [ 4  d
[ 
Ui
[ AW
w
D #h~W FX bW d
X 
W [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b ^(W 6
` Wi
[ U W a !W
Wi
[ U
W!
[ X ;X [U

9
10

A word having a () or () as the (

A word having two (

FBQ ,<).

B ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 19
Conjugate the following verbs as done above:

d
W *W^ (1)
]W !W2W (2)

W BU0W (3)

W U #W (4)
/^ FW W (5)
L
W X 
W (6)

W X W (7)
d
W B^l^ (8)
OW WW (9)
6
W W pW (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The (

6() of (;< =>? 9:9)

The Derived Forms of the Triliteral Verb

Arabic is extremely rich and copious in derived forms
which extend or modify the meaning of the root form of
the verb, giving many exact shades of meaning. This is a
common feature of Semitic languages and perhaps it
reaches its pinnacle in Arabic.
Derived forms are made by adding letters before or between the
root letters of the simple verb. Accordingly, (W 
W #W), which is the
root, means to help. From this verb the following verbs are
derived with differing meanings:
Verb

W "
W W#

Meaning
to support

W 
h WAW

to try to help

W "
W WAW

to render mutual assistance

W 
W *W#[(U

to come to someones aid

W 
W [*W2[ (U

to ask for assistance

Another example of derived verbs is (/

^ *WK^) which means to kill.
When extra letters are added to this root, the following meanings
are achieved.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Verb

Meaning
to massacre

/^ *hK^
/^ AW^K

to combat, battle

/^ *W*WKb (U

to fight with one another

/^ *W)b *W2[ (U

to risk ones life

Very few verb roots have all the other derived forms. Some have
only one (like 6
h v^ to drive away) or two (like L
W 
W MW to sink),
while others have four or five as in the above examples. There is
often a good deal of overlapping of meaning between the forms.
Sometimes the root form is not in use while the derived forms
are used, e.g. ( d
W AhW - to arrange).
The (6() of (;<

=>? 9:9)

are twelve in total. They are

formed by adding extra letters to the (

/1) of ( 9:9

78). Upto a maximum of three extra letters can be added to a

verb, thus bringing the maximum number of letters of a verb to
six (root letters plus extra letters).
Seven of these (6() have (/"

s?) at the beginning while

five do not have. Besides (78 9:9), every letter with a ( )
will become (%F) in the ( ) except for the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

penultimate letter which will be (Q). The (2) will
remain as it is,
e.g. (d
W U*X$[ (D), (W 
U [*X2[ (D).

^ ) are used in the (1

When (W) or (&

), the (/" s?)

will not be pronounced as will the (L) of the (W) and (&
^ ), e.g.
(d
W W*W$[  W), (W fU 1D #[ &^ ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The 12 (6() of (;<

=>? 9:9) are as follows:

)*

Example

Extra Letters

3( ! a

C/ .4V A-

%W W b (^

Of) s?

3/ '2 4- V O.

W h "
W


C

no hamza

/ , $. ,R

/^ AW^K

no hamza

C/ .4-V A-

d
W W*W$[ @U

Ny(

/" s?

C/ .4- B2A-

W f^ 1^ #[@U

'y(

/" s?

C/ ,4- V A-

h FW [ @U

E y (

/" s?

3/ b4, O.

/^ !h)^ AW


C yN

no hamza

3/ $R ,O.

/^ W^)AW

yN

no hamza

C/ .4V -2 A-

W 
W [*W2[ @U

Ny\y(

/" s?

C/ .4'2 4- V A-

W W [ +
W M[ @U

y(

/" s?

C/ ,'2 4- V A-

%h Wp7[ @U

E y  y (

/" s?

C/ !c4- V A-

v^ h B^$[ @U

C y (

/" s?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Construction of the Derived Nouns
To construct the (/01

2) of any (6) besides (78 9:9),

the (  ) is modified by adding a (%F %) at the
beginning and making the penultimate letter (Q) if it is not
already (Q).
Examples:

%X U Qb X>

X  
W X>
/D AU^)X>

The (1

2)

%` U Qb X

`  
W X
/a AU^)X
is like the (/01

2)

except that the

penultimate letter is (_*1).

Examples:

%X U Qb X>

X  
W X>
/D AU^)X>

%` W Qb X

` h 
W X
/a AW^)X

The ( 4

2) of these (6() is used on the scale of the

(1
2). There is neither ( 3
2) nor (/1*
2) in
these (6(). In ordert to express the meaning of the ( 3
2),

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

the words (;U UW) are added to the (=) for this purpose, e.g.
(6
X W*U$[ Ub

;U UW) the means of refraining.

To express the (/1*

2), the word (= W (^) is used before the

(6 =), e.g. (W*U$
[ @U = W (^) more refraining. Words like
(X H^
b (^), (/ K^(^) etc. can also be used.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Abbreviated Paradigm (5"

") of Each

(6)

C4A )*
X [ q^b^ %` W Qb X W X <^ Wb @U %X W Qb X> %W U b (DW `%U Qb X W X <^ Wb @U %X U Qb X> %W W b (^
%[ U Qb AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %[ U b (^ ;X [U
The sign of (P
P<@

6P
P) is a (OP
Pf) s?P
P) 11 in the
(P /P1) and (P() while the (P P:0) is
always (%FP
P). The (OP
Pf) s?P
P) of the (P
P) is
deleted from the (P). Thus (%X U 
b q^PX>) becomes (%X U PbQX>).

The remaining word-forms follow the same pattern.

The detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of

this

verb

are

provided

11

A hamzah that is not deleted in pronunciation when prefixed by any

letter.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

%[ U Qb X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

%[ U Qb XU

%X U Qb X>

%W W b (^

W U Qb X> &^

W U Qb XU

'U W U Qb X>

W W b (^

[ X U Qb X> &^

[ X U Qb XU

'^ [ X U Qb X> [X W b (^

%[ U Qb AX &^

%[ U Qb *XU

%X U Qb AX

R
[ W W b (^

W U Qb AX &^

W U Qb *XU

'U W U Qb AX

W*W W b (^

W [ U Qb X> &^

W [ U Qb XU

W [ U Qb X>

W [ W b (^

%[ U Qb AX &^

%[ U b (^

%X U Qb AX

R
W [ W b (^

W U Qb AX &^

W U b (^

'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^

[X U Qb AX &^

[ X U b (^

'^ [ X U Qb AX
[ *X[ W b (^

[ U U Qb AX &^

[ U U b (^

W [U U Qb AX R
U [ W b (^

WU Qb AX &^

W U b (^

'U W U Qb AX WF*X[ W b (^

W [ U Qb AX &^

W [ U b (^

W [ U Qb AX

h *X[ W b (^

%[ U b (DT &^

%[ U b qDTU

%X U b (DT

R
X [ W b (^

%[ U Qb #X &^

%[ U Qb XU

%X U Qb #X

W[ W b (^

y a P W U Qb X y '^ [ P X U Qb X y 'U P
PW U Qb X y %` U P Qb X :/P
P01
P
P2
. N
` WU Qb X y 'U W*W U Qb X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 20
Conjugate the following verbs:

W !WM[ (^ (5) /^ 2W [ (^ (4) W 

W [ (^ (3) =W W [(^ (2)
W B^$[ (^ (1)
3'4O )*
W X <^ 1[>U 
[ AW
X h 
W X>
W  "
X W
`  
W X W X <^ 1[>U 
[ AW
X  
W X>
W h "
W

[  
W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
[  "
W ;X [U X [ q^b^
` h 
W X
The sign of (/1A

6) is the tashdd of the ( FBQ G0) in the

() and ( () without a (N) preceding the ( ,<
FBQ). The ( :0) of this (6) is also always
(%F).
The (=) of this (6) is also used on the following scales:
(
a W<^) e.g. (%` ^B2W y %` ^B^ );
(
a h<U) e.g. (6
` mU );
(a B^U 1b AW) e.g. (a W
U ?[ AW);
(
a W1b AW) e.g. (` WQb AW).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

[  
W X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

[  
W XU

X  
W X>

W h "
W

<^ 
W X> &^

<^ 
W XU

'U <^ 
W X>

<^h "
W

[ <D 
W X> &^

[ <D 
W XU

'^ [ <D 
W X>

[<Dh "
W

[  
W AX &^

[  
W *XU

X  
W AX

R
[ <^h "
W

<^ 
W AX &^

<^ 
W *XU

'U <^ 
W AX

W*<^h "
W

W <b  
W X> &^

W <b  
W XU

W <b  
W X>

W <b h "
W

[  
W AX &^

[  "
W

X  
W AX

R
W <b h "
W

<^ 
W AX &^

<^ "
W

'U <^ 
W AX WF*X<b h "
W

[<D 
W AX &^

[ <D "

W

'^ [ <D 
W AX
[ *X<b h "
W

[ <U 
W AX &^

[ <U "
W

W [<U 
W AX R
U <b h "
W

<^ 
W AX &^

<^ "
W

'U <^ 
W AX WF*X<b h "
W

W <b  
W AX &^

W <b  "
W

W <b  
W AX

h *X<b h "
W

[  "
W (DT &^

[  "
W qDTU

X  "
W (DT

R
X <b h "
W

[  
W #X &^

[  
W XU

X  
W #X

W<b h "
W

y a <^ PWX y '^ [ <D PWX y 'U ^< PWX y

`  PWX :/P01
2
.N
` ^< 
W X y 'U W*<^ 
W X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 21
Conjugate the following verbs:

r
W =h "
W (5) W =h K^ (4) W +
h W (3) /^ !hK^ (2)
W B2W (1)

$ )*
;X [U X [ q^b^ /a AW^)X W X <^ B^AW^)X /D AW^)X> /^ AU[ KDW /a AU^)X W X <^ B^AW^)X /D AU^)X> /^ AW^K
/b AU^)AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /b AU^K
B01 6) is the (s=I L) after the ( FBQ ,<)
in the ( /1) and (c . /<) without a (N)
preceding it. The ( :0) of this (6) is always
(%F).
The (=) of ( B01 6) is also used on the following scales:
(
a W<U) e.g. (a W*KU);
(
a W[<U) e.g. (a W*[KU).

The sign of (

The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b AU^)X> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b AU^)XU

/D AU)^ X>

/^ AW^K

:
^ AU^)X> &^

:
^ AU^)XU

'U :
^ AU^)X>

:
^ AW^K

[BDAU^)X> &^

[ BDAU^)XU

'^ [ BDAU^)X>

[BDAW^K

/b AU^)AX &^

/b AU^)*XU

/D AU^)AX

R
[ B^AW^K

:
^ AU^)AX &^

:
^ AU^)*XU

'U :
^ AU^)AX

W*B^AW^K

W Bb AU^)X> &^

W Bb AU^)XU

W Bb AU^)X>

W Bb AW^K

/b AU^)AX &^

/b AU^K

/D AU^)AX

R
W Bb AW^K

:
^ AU^)AX &^

:
^ AU^K

'U :
^ AU^)AX

WF*XBb AW^K

[ BDAU^)AX &^

[ BDAU^K

'^ [ BDAU^)AX

[ *XBb AW^K

[ BUAU^)AX &^

[ BUAU^K

W [BUAU^)AX

R
U Bb AW^K

:
^ AU^)AX &^

:
^ AU^K

'U :
^ AU^)AX

WF*XBb AW^K

W Bb AU^)AX &^

W Bb AU^K

W Bb AU^)AX

h *XBb AW^K

/b AU^K(D &^

/b AU^KqDU

/D AU^K(D

R
X Bb AW^K

/b AU^)#X &^

/b AU^)XU

/D AU^)#X

WBb AW^K

'U PW*B^AU^)X y a P^BAU^)X y '^ [ BDAUP^)X y 'U :

^ AU^)X y /a AU^)X :/01
2
.N
` :
^ AU^)X y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 22
Conjugate the following verbs:

W $W Wp (5) W <^W2 (4) OW <^W7 (3) =W pW W (2) d

W K^W (1)
C4B! )*
` f^ 1^ [X W X <^ ^f1U #[@U X f^ 1^ [X> W fU 1D #[(DW ` fU 1^ [X W X <^ ^f1U #[@U X fU 1^ [W> W f^ 1^ #[@U
[ fU 1^ [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ fU 1^ #[@U ;X [U X [ q^b^
The sign of (1#

6) is the (') before the ( FBQ ,<). This

(6) is always intransitive (%&).
The detailed paradigms of this verb follow hereunder.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

[ fU 1^ [W> &^
W fU 1^ [W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

[ fU 1^ [WU

X fU 1^ [W>

W f^ 1^ #[@U

W fU 1^ [WU

'U W fU 1^ [W>

W f^ 1^ #[@U

[X fU 1^ [W> &^ [ X fU 1^ [WU '^ [ X fU 1^ [W> [X f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ [AW &^

[ fU 1^ [*WU

X fU 1^ [AW

N
[ W f^ 1^ #[@U

WfU 1^ [AW &^

WfU 1^ [*WU

'U W fU 1^ [AW

WAW f^ 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [W> &^

'^ [ fU 1^ [WU

'^ [ fU 1^ [W>

'^ [ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ [AW &^

[ fU 1^ #[@U

X fU 1^ [AW

N
W [ f^ 1^ #[@U

W fU 1^ [AW &^

W fU 1^ #[@U

'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ X fU 1^ [AW &^

[ X fU 1^ #[@U

'^ [ X fU 1^ [AW
[ AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ U fU 1^ [AW &^
[ U fU 1^ #[@U

W [>U fU 1^ [AW N
U [ f^ 1^ #[@U

WfU 1^ [AW &^

W fU 1^ #[@U

'U W fU 1^ [AW WFAX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [AW &^

'^ [ fU 1^ #[@U

'^ [ fU 1^ [AW

h AX[ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ #[(^S &^

[ fU 1^ #[q^SU

X fU 1^ #[(^S

N
X [ f^ 1^ #[@U

[ fU 1^ [#W &^

[ fU 1^ [WU

X fU 1^ [#W

W#[ f^ 1^ #[@U

y sa W PUf1^ [X y '^ [ X PUf1^ [X y 'U W PUf1^ [X y ` PUf1^ [X :/P01
2
.N
` W fU 1^ [X y 'U WAW fU 1^ [X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 23
Conjugate the following verbs:

W W 
W #[@U (5) =W )^ W #[@U (4) d
W B^)^ #[@U (3) L
W +
W Q^ #[@U (2) W 
W Q^ #[@U (1)
C4! )*
W X <^ W*U$[ @U d
X W*Wo
[ X> d
W U*X$[ (DW d
` U*Wo
[ X W X <^ W*U$[ @U d
X U*Wo
[ W> d
W W*W$[ @U
d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
[ U*W$[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ d
` W*Wo
[ X
The sign of (*<

6) is the (N) after the ( FBQ ,<).

Rule 1
If the (

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (7), (v), or (), the (N) of

(*<) is changed to (7). If the (

FBQ ,<) is a (7), then (%l7@ W W AW7[ @U) changes to (W07h @U).
assimilation) is compulsory, e.g. (
FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (v), then after changing the
(N) to (7), the following three changes are permissible:
(1) The (v) is changed to (7) and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (W Q
^ AWvb @U) changes to (W ^ 7h @U).

If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to (v) and then the rule of
(%l7@) is applied to the (

FBQ ,<),

e.g. (W Q
^ AWvb @U) changes to

^ v @U).
(W 
(3) Sometimes the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of
(%l7@), e.g. (W 
^ 7W vb @U).

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (), then after changing the

(N) to (7), the following two changes are permissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@),
e.g. (W $
W 7W [ @U).
(2) Sometimes the (7) is changed to () and then the rule of
(%l7@) is applied to the ( FBQ ,<), e.g. (W o
W AW[ @U) changes to
(W $
W h @U).
If the (

Rule 2

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (n), (Y), (), or (), the

(N) of (*<) is changed to (). If the ( FBQ ,<) is a (), then
it is compulsory to apply (%l7@) e.g. (d
W B^*Wjb @U) changes to (d
W B^j @U).
If the ( FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (), then after changing the
(N) to (), the following three changes are permissible:

If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(1) The () is changed to () and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (

W B^*Wb @U) changes to (
W B^j @U).
(2) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@),
e.g. (

W B^f^ b @U).
(3) The () is changed to () and the rule of (%l7@) is applied,
e.g. (

W B^*Wb @U) changes to (
W B^ @U).

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (n) or (Y), then after

changing the (N) to (), the following two possibilities are

If the (

permissible:
(1) the verb is left as it is without applying the rule of (%l7@),
e.g. (W !Wf
^"
[ @U) and (6
W W f^ 
[ @U).
(2) Sometimes the () is changed to (n) or (Y) and then the
rule of (%l7@) is applied, e.g. (W !W*W"
[ @U) changes to (W !W"
h @U) and
(6
W W *W
[ @U) changes to (6
W W 
h @U).
Rule 3

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is (), then it is permissible to

change the (N) to () and apply the rule of (%l7@), e.g. (W W*9b @U)
changes to (W 9@U).
If the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 4

FBQ G0) of (*< 6) is (N), (), (e), (), (7),

(v), (\), (), (n), (Y), (), or (), then after changing the
(N) to the same letter as the ( FBQ G0), the ( ) of the (N)
is transferred to the preceding letter and the rule of (%l7@) is
applied. The (/" s?) is deleted, e.g. (

W
W *WM[ @U) changes to
(

W
h MW ) and (W=*Wp[ @U) changes to (h=pW ).

If the (

(4.2) The () of these verbs - (

W
h MW ) and (h=pW ) - will be
(

X

W W>) and (
[ = W W>).
(4.3) It is permissible to have a (s) on the (
(

X

U W>

W 
h MU )

and (
[ = U W>

h=pU ).

FBQ ,<), e.g.

The words ('

^ [ FX 

U W>) and

(
[ = U W>) which have appeared in the Qurn are from this (6).
(4.4) It is permissible to read a (

F) on the ( FBQ ,<) of the

(/01

2). Therefore all three harakats are permissible, e.g.

`

W X ), (
` 

U X ), (
` 

X X ).
(

Some of the detailed

hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

d
[ U*Wo
[ W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

d
[ U*Wo
[ WU

d
X U*Wo
[ W>

d
W W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo
[ W> &^

!WU*Wo
[ WU

'U !WU*Wo
[ W>

!WW*W$[ @U

[!XU*Wo
[ W> &^

[!XU*Wo
[ WU

'^ [ !XU*Wo
[ W>

[ !XW*W$[ @U

d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^

d
[ U*Wo
[ *WU

d
X U*Wo
[ AW

R
[ !WW*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo
[ AW &^

!WU*Wo
[ *WU

'U !WU*Wo
[ AW

W*!WW*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo
[ W> &^

W ![U*Wo
[ WU

W ![U*Wo
[ W>

W ![W*W$[ @U

d
[ U*Wo
[ AW &^

d
[ U*W$[ @U

d
X U*Wo
[ AW

R
W ![W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo
[ AW &^

!WU*W$[ @U

'U !WU*Wo
[ AW

WF*X![W*W$[ @U

[ !XU*Wo
[ AW &^

[ !XU*W$[ @U

'^ [ !XU*Wo
[ AW

[ *X![W*W$[ @U

[ !UU*Wo
[ AW &^

[ !UU*W$[ @U

W [!UU*Wo
[ AW

R
U ![W*W$[ @U

!WU*Wo
[ AW &^

!WU*W$[ @U

'U !WU*Wo
[ AW

WF*X![W*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo
[ AW &^

W ![U*W$[ @U

W ![U*Wo
[ AW

h *X![W*W$[ @U

d
[ U*W$[ (^ &^

d
[ U*W$[ q^U

d
X U*W$[ (^

R
X ![W*W$[ @U

d
[ U*Wo
[ #W &^

d
[ U*Wo
[ WU

d
X U*Wo
[ #W

W![W*W$[ @U

y a PW!U*Wo
[ X y '^ [ PX!U*Wo
[ X y 'U PW!U*Wo
[ X y d
` PU*Wo
[ X :/P01
2
.N
` !WU*Wo
[ X y 'U W*!WU*Wo
[ X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 24
Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ 5W *W[ @U (5) OW FW *W2[ @U (4) %W W *W[ @U (3) /^ FW *W[ @U (2) OW FW *W$[ @U (1)
C/ ,4- V A- )*
[ U FW [ @U  FW [ @U h FW [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^  WFi
[ X W X <^ WFU [ @U  FW i
[ W> h FW [ @U
[ U FW i
[ AW &^  FW i
[ AW &^ h FW i
[ AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW
The sign of (:<@

6) is the repetition of the ( FBQ %&) and

four letters after the (/" s?) in the ( /1). The ( %&
FBQ) of this (6) is always (7C=+) except in (JK#).12

Some of the detailed

hereunder.

12

paradigms

of this verb follow

The rules of (JK#) will be discussed later.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

h FW i
[ W> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

h FW i
[ WU

 FW i
[ W>

h FW [ @U

h FW i
[ W> &^

h FW i
[ WU

'U h FW i
[ W>

h FW [ @U

[ FW i
[ W> &^

[ FW i
[ WU '^ [  FW i
[ W>

[  FW [ @U

h FW i
[ AW &^

h FW i
[ *WU

 FW i
[ AW

N
[ h FW [ @U

h FW i
[ AW &^

h FW i
[ *WU

'U h FW i
[ AW

WAh FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW i
[ W> &^ '^ [ U FW i
[ WU '^ [ U FW i
[ W> '^ [ W FW [ @U
h FW i
[ AW &^

h FW [ @U

 FW i
[ AW

h FW i
[ AW &^

h FW [ @U

'U h FW i
[ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U

[ FW i
[ AW &^

[  FW [ @U

'^ [  FW i
[ AW
[ AX[ W FW [ @U

[  FW i
[ AW &^

[  FW [ @U

W [> FW i
[ AW N
U [ W FW [ @U

h FW i
[ AW &^

h FW [ @U

'U h FW i
[ AW WFAX[ W FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW i
[ AW &^

N
W [ W FW [ @U

'^ [ U FW [ @U '^ [ U FW i
[ AW h AX[ W FW [ @U

h FW [ (^ &^

h FW [ q^U

 FW [ (^

N
X [ W FW [ @U

h FW i
[ #W &^

h FW i
[ WU

 FW i
[ #W

W#[ W FW [ @U

y sa hS PWFi
[ X y '^ [ T PWFi
[ X y 'U h PWFi
[ X y  PWFi
[ X :/P01
2
.N
` h FW i
[ X y 'U WAh FW i
[ X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 25
Conjugate the following verbs:

h W[@U (5) h 1^ "

[ @U (4) h !Wlb @U (3) h 
W M[ @U (2) 7h W 2[ @U (1)
3/ b4, O. )*
;X [U X [ q^b^ /a !h)^ *WX W X <^ B!)^ AW /D !h)^ *WX> /^ !)D AXW /a !)^ *WX W X <^ B!)^ AW /D !h)^ *WW> /^ !h)^ AW
/b !h)^ *WAW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b !h)^ AW
The sign of (/C1A

6) is the tashdd of the ( FBQ G0) and (N)

precedes the ( FBQ ,<) in the ( /1).
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b !h)^ *WW> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b !h)^ *WWU

/D !h)^ *WW>

/^ !h)^ AW

:
^ !h)^ *WW> &^

:
^ !h)^ *WWU

'U :
^ !h)^ *WW>

:
^ !h)^ AW

[BD!h)^ *WW> &^

[BD!h)^ *WWU

'^ [ BD!h)^ *WW>

[ BD!h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *WAW &^

/b !h)^ *W*WU

/D !h)^ *WAW

R
[ B^!h)^ AW

:
^ !h)^ *WAW &^

:
^ !h)^ *W*WU

'U :
^ !h)^ *WAW

W*B^!h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WW> &^

W Bb !h)^ *WWU

W Bb !h)^ *WW>

W Bb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *WAW &^

/b !h)^ AW

/D !h)^ *WAW

R
W Bb !h)^ AW

:
^ !h)^ *WAW &^

:
^ !h)^ AW

'U :
^ !h)^ *WAW

WF*XBb !h)^ AW

[BD!h)^ *WAW &^

[ BD!h)^ AW

'^ [ BD!h)^ *WAW

[ *XBb !h)^ AW

[ BU!h)^ *WAW &^

[ BU!h)^ AW

W [BU!h)^ *WAW

R
U Bb !h)^ AW

:
^ !h)^ *WAW &^

:
^ !h)^ AW

'U :
^ !h)^ *WAW

WF*XBb !h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WAW &^

W Bb !h)^ AW

W Bb !h)^ *WAW

h *XBb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ AW(^ &^

/b !h)^ AWq^U

/D !h)^ AW(^

R
X Bb !h)^ AW

/b !h)^ *W#W &^

/b !h)^ *WWU

/D !h)^ *W#W

WBb !h)^ AW

y 'U PW*B^!)^ *WX y a P^B!)^ *WX y '^ [ BD!)^ *WX y 'U :

^ !)^ *WX y /a !)^ *WX :/01
2
.N
` :
^ !)^ *WX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 26
Conjugate the following verbs:

W BW AW (5) d
W o
h W AW (4)
W BQ^ AW (3) %W =h )^ AW (2)
W B
W AW (1)
3/ $R ,.O )*
/a W^)W*X W X <^ :
X^)WA /D W^)*WX> /^ U[ )D AXW /a U^)W*X W X <^ :
X^)WA /D W^)*WW> /^ W^)WA
/b W^)W*AW &^ ;X W0 X [ hW /b W^)WA ;X [U X [ q^b^
The sign of (/01A

6) is that the (N) precedes the ( FBQ ,<)

in the ( /1) and there is an extra (L) after the ( ,<
FBQ).

Rule 1
In (/C1A

6) and (/01A 6), when two (N)s are adjacent to

one another in the ( /<), it is permissible to delete one,

e.g.

D !h)^ *WAW)
(/

(/
D !h)^ AW)

('
^ [ X pW ^4*WAW)

('
^ [ X pW ^4AW).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 2

FBQ ,<) of (/C1A 6) and (/01A 6) is (N), (),

(e), (7) ,(v), (), (\), (), (n), (Y), () or (), it is
permissible to change the (N) into the ( FBQ ,<) and apply the
rule of (%l7@). In this case, the ( /1) and (() require a
(/" s?) at the beginning. The (/
a  <@U 6) and (/a 0X <@U 6)

If the (

have been created due to this rule.

Examples:

h f^ AW)
(W 

(W 
h f^ j)

(W 
h j @U)

(/
^ K^^HAW)

(/
^ K^^H9)

(/
^ K^9@U)

 [ h j @U ; . `  f X <  j @U Xh f W> W h j @U P 3/ b4dA- )*

[ h f AW &^ ;0

 /b K^9@U ; . /a KUHX < BKD9@U /D K^HW> /^ K^9@U _ 3/ $R dA- )*

/b K^HWA &^ ;0

Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

/b W^)*WW> &^

87!

67!

5 47!

5 47!

/b W^)*WWU

/D W^)*WW>

/^ W^)AW

:
^ W)^ *WW> &^

:
^ W^)*WWU

'U :
^ W^)*WW>

:
^ W^)AW

[BDW^)*WW> &^

[BDW^)*WWU

'^ [ BDW^)*WW>

[ BDW^)AW

/b W^)*WAW &^

/b W^)*W*WU

/D W^)*WAW

R
[ B^W^)AW

:
^ W^)*WAW &^

:
^ W^)*W*WU

'U :
^ W^)*WAW

W*B^W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WW> &^

W Bb W^)*WWU

W Bb W^)*WW>

W Bb W^)AW

/b W^)*WAW &^

/b W^)AW

/D W^)*WAW

R
W Bb !h)^ AW

:
^ W^)*WAW &^

:
^ W^)AW

'U :
^ W^)*WAW

WF*XBb W^)AW

[BDW^)*WAW &^

[ BDW^)AW

'^ [ BDW^)*WAW

[ *XBb W^)AW

[ BUW^)*WAW &^

[ BUW^)AW

W [BUW^)*WAW

R
U Bb !h)^ AW

:
^ W^)*WAW &^

:
^ W^)AW

'U :
^ W^)*WAW

WF*XBb W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WAW &^

W Bb W^)AW

W Bb W^)*WAW

h *XBb W^)AW

/b W^)AW(^ &^

/b W^)AWq^U

/D W^)AW(^

R
X Bb W^)AW

/b W^)*W#W &^

/b W^)*WWU

/D W^)*W#W

WBb W^)AW

y 'U W*B^U^)*WX y a B^U^)*WX y '^ [ BDU^)*WX y 'U :

^ U^)*WX y /a U^)*WX :/01
2
.N
` :
^ U^)*WX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 27
Conjugate the following verbs:

W "
W WAW (5) W pW ^4AW (4) r
W W ^1AW (3) /^ AW^)AW (2)
^ 7W WiAW (1)
C/ .4V -2 A- )*
W[*U2[ @U X 
W [*W
[ X> W 
U [*X2[ (DW ` 
U [W*
[ X W X <^ W[*U2[ @U X 
U [*W
[ W> W 
W [*W2[ @U
[ 
U [*W
[ AW &^ ;0  [ 
U [*W2[ @U ; . ` 
W [*W
[ X W X <^
The sign of (
a W1b *U2[ @U
(

6) is the extra (\) and (N) before the

FBQ ,<).

It is permissible to delete the (N) from the verb (

OX [fU *W
[ W>). The verbs ([0X ^f2[  WF<^) and (O[ fU 
[ AW
[ ^ W)
in the Qurn are from this (6).
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms


W ^f*W2[ @U

mentioned

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

[ 
U [*W
[ W> &^

[ 
U [*W
[ WU

X 
U [*W
[ W>

W 
W [*W2[ @U

W 
U [*W
[ W> &^

W 
U [*W
[ WU

'U W 
U [*W
[ W>

W 
W [*W2[ @U

[X 
U [*W
[ W> &^ [ X 
U [*W
[ WU '^ [ X 
U [*W
[ W>

[ X 
W [*W2[ @U

[ 
U [*W
[ AW &^

[ 
U [*W
[ *WU

X 
U [*W
[ AW

N
[ W 
W [*W2[ @U

W 
U [*W
[ AW &^

W 
U [*W
[ *WU

'U W 
U [*W
[ AW

WAW 
W [*W2[ @U

'^ [ 
U [*W
[ W> &^

'^ [ 
U [*W
[ WU

'^ [ 
U [*W
[ W>

'^ [ 
W [*W2[ @U

[ 
U [*W
[ AW &^

[ 
U [*W2[ @U

X 
U [*W
[ AW

N
W [ 
W [*W2[ @U

W 
U [*W
[ AW &^

^U[*W2[ @U

'U W 
U [*W
[ AW

WFAX[ 
W [*W2[ @U

[ X 
U [*W
[ AW &^

[ X 
U [*W2[ @U

'^ [ X 
U [*W
[ AW

[ AX[ 
W [*W2[ @U

[ U 
U [*W
[ AW &^
[ U[*W2[ @U

W [>U 
U [*W
[ AW

N
U [ 
W [*W2[ @U

W 
U [*W
[ AW &^

^U[*W2[ @U

'U W 
U [*W
[ AW

WFAX[ 
W [*W2[ @U

'^ [ 
U [*W
[ AW &^

'^ [ 
U [*W2[ @U

'^ [ 
U [*W
[ AW

h AX[ 
W [*W2[ @U

[ 
U [*W2[ (^ &^

[ 
U [*W2[ q^U

X 
U [*W2[ (^

N
X [ 
W [*W2[ @U

[ 
U [*W
[ #W &^

[ 
U [*W
[ WU

X 
U [*W
[ #W

W#[ 
W [*W2[ @U

y sa W 
U [*W
[ X y '^ [ X 
U [*W
[ X y 'U ^U[*W
[ X y ` 
U [*W
[ X :/01
2
.N
` ^U[*W
[ X y 'U WAW 
U [*W
[ X
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 28
Conjugate the following verbs:

%W =W
[ *W2[ @U (5) =W W +
[ *W2[ @U (4)
W B^[ *W2[ @U (3) /^ !W)b *W2[ @U (2) W 
Wi
[ *W2[ @U (1)
C/ .4'2 4- V A- )*
[ U [ +
W M[ @U ; . ` U [ +
W
[ X W X <^ #W+[+
U M[ @U X U [ +
W
[ W> WW [ +
W M[ @U
[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ ;0 
The sign of (
a W[U <b @U

6) is the repetition of the () and the

appearance of a () between the two ()s. This () has changed
to a () in the (=) due to the preceding (s). This (6)
is mostly intransitive (%&).
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

X U [ +
W
[ W>

W W [ +
W M[ @U

WU [ +
W
[ W> &^ WU [ +
W
[ WU 'U WU [ +
W
[ W>

WW [ +
W M[ @U

[XU [ +
W
[ W> &^ [XU [ +
W
[ WU '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ W>

[ XW [ +
W M[ @U

[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ U [ +
W
[ *WU

X U [ +
W
[ AW

R
[ WW [ +
W M[ @U

WU [ +
W
[ AW &^ WU [ +
W
[ *WU 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW

W*WW [ +
W M[ @U

h U [ +
W
[ W> &^ h U [ +
W
[ WU

h U [ +
W
[ W>

h W [ +
W M[ @U

[ U [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ U [ +
W M[ @U

X U [ +
W
[ AW

R
W [W [ +
W M[ @U

^U[ +
W M[ @U 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW

WF*X[W [ +
W M[ @U

[ XU [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ XU [ +
W M[ @U '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ AW

[ *X[W [ +
W M[ @U

[ UU [ +
W
[ AW &^ [ UU [ +
W M[ @U W [UU [ +
W
[ AW

R
U [W [ +
W M[ @U

WU [ +
W
[ AW &^

^U[ +
W M[ @U 'U WU [ +
W
[ AW

WFAX[ 
W [*W2[ @U

h U [ +
W
[ AW &^

h U [ +
W M[ @U

h U [ +
W
[ AW

h *X[W [ +
W M[ @U

[ U [ +
W M[ (^ &^ [ U [ +
W M[ q^U

X U [ +
W M[ (^

R
X [W [ +
W M[ @U

[ U [ +
W
[ #W &^ [ U [ +
W
[ WU

X U [ +
W
[ #W

hW [ +
W M[ @U

[ U [ +
W
[ W> &^ [ U [ +
W
[ WU

WU [ +
W
[ AW &^

a WU [ +
W
[ X y '^ [ XU [ +
W
[ X y 'U WU [ +
W
[ X y ` U [ +
W
[ X :/01
2
.N
` ^U[ +
W
[ X y 'U W*WU [ +
W
[ X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 29
Conjugate the following verbs:

gW ^[ B^M[ @U (3) ]W ^[ B^[ @U (2) 6

W 7W [ =W [ @U (1)
C/ ,'2 4- V A- )*

[ U Wp7[ @U % Wp7[ @U %h Wp7[ @U ; . % Wp=[ X W X <^ WF[pU 7[ @U % Wp=[ W> %h Wp7[ @U

[ U Wp=[ AW &^ % Wp=[ AW &^ %h Wp=[ AW &^ ;0 
The sign of (
a ^B[U <b @U

6) is the repetition of the () and the

appearance of an extra (L) before the first () in the ( /1
). This (L) changes to a () in the (=).
The (%l7@) in this (6) is similar to the (%l7@) of (^BU <b @U
The verbs of (^BU <b @U

6)

and (
a ^B[U <b @U

6)

6).

mostly have the

meanings of colours and defects and they are intransitive (%&).

Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

%h Wp=[ W> &^

%h Wp=[ WU

% Wp=[ W>

%h Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ W> &^

h Wp=[ WU

'U h Wp=[ W>

h Wp7[ @U

[ Wp=[ W> &^

[ Wp=[ WU

'^ [  Wp=[ W>

[  Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ AW &^

%h Wp=[ *WU

% Wp=[ AW

R
[ h Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

h Wp=[ *WU

'U h Wp=[ AW

W*h Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ W> &^

W F[ U Wp=[ WU

W F[ U Wp=[ W>

W F[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ AW &^

%h Wp7[ @U

% Wp=[ AW

R
W F[ W Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

hWp7[ @U

'U h Wp=[ AW

WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U

[ Wp=[ AW &^

[  Wp7[ @U

'^ [  Wp=[ AW

[ *XF[ W Wp7[ @U

[  Wp=[ AW &^

[  Wp7[ @U

W [ Wp=[ AW

R
U F[ W Wp7[ @U

h Wp=[ AW &^

hWp7[ @U

'U h Wp=[ AW

WF*XF[ W Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ AW &^

W F[ U Wp7[ @U

W F[ U Wp=[ AW

h *XF[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp7[ (^ &^

%h Wp7[ q^U

% Wp7[ (^

R
X F[ W Wp7[ @U

%h Wp=[ #W &^

%h Wp=[ WU

% Wp=[ #W

WF[ W Wp7[ @U

y 'U W*h Wp=[ X y a h Wp=[ X y '^ [  Wp=[ X y 'U h Wp=[ X y % Wp=[ X :/01
2
.N
` h Wp=[ X

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 30
Conjugate the following verbs:

h WF[ @U (4) h WF2[ @U (3) N

h WFb @U (2) 6
h W[ @U (1)

C/ !c4- V A- )*
&^ ;0  vb  B^$[ @U ; . va  B^8[ W X <^ vhBU$[ @U vD  B^o
[ W> v^ h B^$[ @U
vb  B^o
[ AW
The sign of (
a hU <b @U

6) is the (C ) after the ( FBQ G0).

Some of the detailed

hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

vb  B^o
[ W> &^

vb  B^o
[ WU

vD  B^o
[ W>

v^ h B^$[ @U

v^  B^o
[ W> &^

v^  B^o
[ WU

'U v^  B^o

[ W>

v^ h B^$[ @U

[vD  B^o
[ W> &^

[ vD  B^o
[ WU

'^ [ vD  B^o
[ W>

[ vD h B^$[ @U

vb  B^o
[ AW &^

vb  B^o
[ *WU

vD  B^o
[ AW

N
[ v^ h B^$[ @U

v^  B^o
[ AW &^

v^  B^o
[ *WU

'U v^  B^o

[ AW

WAv^ h B^$[ @U

'^ vb  B^o
[ W> &^

'^ vb  B^o
[ WU

'^ vb  B^o
[ W>

'^ vb h B^$[ @U

vb  B^o
[ AW &^

vb  B^$[ @U

vD  B^o
[ AW

N
W vb h B^$[ @U

v^  B^o
[ AW &^

^vB^$[ @U

'U v^  B^o

[ AW

WFAXvb h B^$[ @U

[vD  B^o
[ AW &^

[ vD  B^$[ @U

'^ [ vDT  B^o

[ AW

[ AXvb h B^$[ @U

[ vU  B^o
[ AW &^

[ vU  B^$[ @U

W [>vU  B^o
[ AW

N
U vb h B^$[ @U

v^  B^o
[ AW &^

^vB^$[ @U

'U v^  B^o

[ AW

WFAXvb h B^$[ @U

'^ vb  B^o
[ AW &^

'^ vb  B^$[ @U

'^ vb  B^o
[ AW

h AXvb h B^$[ @U

vb  B^$[ (^ &^

vb  B^$[ q^U

vD  B^$[ (^

N
X vb h B^$[ @U

vb  B^o
[ #W &^

vb  B^o
[ WU

vD  B^o
[ #W

W#vb h B^$[ @U

'U WAv^  B^o

[ X y sa v^  B^o
[ X y '^ [ vD  B^o
[ X y 'U v^  B^o
[ X y va  B^o
[ X :/01
2
.N
` ^vB^o
[ X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 31
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:

^ h W M[ @U (1)

^ h B^0[ @U (2)
(B) What is the (

5") of the following words:

'^ [ vD  B^o
[ X (1)
' v^  B^o
[ WU (2)
[ jU  B^[ AW &^ (3)
a j^ h W
[ X (4)
^vB^$[ @U (5)
h *Xjb h W M[ @U (6)
Wjb h B^0[ @U (7)
N
X [ W WF[ @U (8)
'U hAWFQb W> (9)
'^ [ U WF
[ AW &^ (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Four-Root letter Verbs
The (6() of (0)

/ , , 42 , )* e F  6$*
; . ` H^[ !WX W X <^ s W H^[ W X H^[ !WX> W HU[ X W ` HU[ !WX W X <^ s W H^[ W X HU[ !WX> W H^[ W
[ HU[ !WAX &^ ;0  [ HU[ W
The sign of (a B^B^[ <^

6) is the presence of four root letters in the

( /1). The ( :0) of this (6) is (%F).
The rule for the (

) of the ( :0) is that if the ( /1

) has four letters, whether root letters or extra letters, the
( :0) will be (%F) even in the active tense
( ), e.g. (%X U Q
b X>), (
X  
W X>), (/D AU^)X>), (X HU[ !WX>). If the ( /1
) has less than or more than four letters, the ( :0
) will be (_*1), e.g. (X 
X [W>), (d
X U*Wo
[ W>), (/D W^)*WW>).
Four-root letter verbs are of three types:

W $W [ AW) to translate.
(1) those of genuine four-radical origin, e.g. (

(2) verbs formed by the doubling of a biliteral root, e.g. (W l
^ [ l^ )

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

to gargle, (

W *WF[ AW) to stammer.
(3) composite roots taken from a familiar phrase or combination
of roots, e.g. (
^ =W F[ W ) to say Al-hamdulillh, (/^ FW 
[ W) to say
Bismillh.
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

[ HU[ !WX> &^

[ HU[ !WXU

X HU[ !WX>

W H^[ W

W HU[ !WX> &^

W HU[ !WXU

'U W HU[ !WX>

W H^[ W

[X HU[ !WX> &^

[ X HU[ !WXU

'^ [ X HU[ !WX>

[ X H^[ W

[ HU[ !WAX &^

[ HU[ !W*X

X HU[ !WAX

N
[ W H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

W HU[ !W*XU

'U W HU[ !WAX

WAW H^[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WX> &^

'^ [ HU[ !WXU

'^ [ HU[ !WX>

'^ [ H^[ W

[ HU[ !WAX &^

[ HU[ W

X HU[ !WAX

N
W [ H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

^UH[ W

'U W HU[ !WAX

WFAX[ H^[ W

[ X HU[ !WAX &^

[ X HU[ W

'^ [ X HU[ !WAX

[ AX[ H^[ W

[ U HU[ !WAX &^

[ U HU[ W

W [>U HU[ !WAX

N
U [ H^[ W

W HU[ !WAX &^

^UH[ W

'U W HU[ !WAX

WFAX[ H^[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WAX &^

'^ [ HU[ W

'^ [ HU[ !WAX

h AX[ H^[ W

[ HU[ W(D &^

[ HU[ WqDU

X HU[ W(D

N
X [ H^[ W

[ HU[ !W#X &^

[ HU[ !WXU

X HU[ !W#X

W#[ H^[ W

y 'U WAW HU[ !WX y sa W HU[ !WX y '^ [ X HU[ !WX y 'U W HU[ !WX y ` HU[ !WX :/01
2
.N
` ^UH[ !WX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 32
Conjugate the following verbs:

e
W W [ 7W (1)
W Q^ 
[ 0W (2)

W W M[ W (3)
\
W =W [pW (4)
W f^ [K^ (5)
(B) What is the (

5") of the following words:

e
[ U [ =W AX &^ (1)
` Q^ 
[ W X (2)
[ U =U [ =W AX &^ (3)
b ?U bW (4)
\
` =U [W X (5)
'^ [ X fU [)^ X> (6)

[ *X[ K^[ <^ (7)
[BD
U Bb MW (8)
a <^U <b W X (9)
W <b U M[ ?W AX &^ (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Derived Forms of Four-Root Letter Verbs

f' =W 6$*

3/ N 42 , O. )*
&^ ;0  /b W[ 
W AW ; . /a U[ 
W *WX W X<^ BX[ 
W AW /D W[ 
W *WW> /^ W[ 
W AW
/b W[ 
W *WAW
The sign of (/
a BD[ 1^ AW

6) is the extra (N) before the four root

letters.
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

/b W[ 
W *WW> &^

/b W[ 
W *WWU

/D W[ 
W *WW>

/^ W[ 
W AW

:
^ W[ 
W *WW> &^

:
^ W[ 
W *WWU

'U :
^ W[ 
W *WW>

:
^ W[ 
W AW

[BDW[ 
W *WW> &^

[BDW[ 
W *WWU

'^ [ BDW[ 
W *WW>

[ BDW[ 
W AW

/b W[ 
W *WAW &^

/b W[ 
W *W*WU

/D W[ 
W *WAW

R
[ B^W[ 
W AW

:
^ W[ 
W *WAW &^

:
^ W[ 
W *W*WU

'U :
^ W[ 
W *WAW

W*B^W[ 
W AW

W Bb W[ 
W *WW> &^

W Bb W[ 
W *WWU

W Bb W[ 
W *WW>

W Bb W[ 
W AW

/b W[ 
W *WAW &^

/b W[ 
W AW

/D W[ 
W *WAW

R
W Bb W[ 
W AW

:
^ W[ 
W *WAW &^

:
^ W[ 
W AW

'U :
^ W[ 
W *WAW

WF*XBb W[ 
W AW

[ BDTW[ 

W *WAW &^

[ BDW[ 
W AW

'^ [ BDTW[ 

W *WAW

[ *XBb W[ 
W AW

[ BUW[ 
W *WAW &^

[ BUW[ 
W AW

W [BUW[ 
W *WAW

R
U Bb W[ 
W AW

:
^ W[ 
W *WAW &^

:
^ W[ 
W AW

'U :
^ W[ 
W *WAW

WF*XBb W[ 
W AW

W Bb W[ 
W *WAW &^

W Bb W[ 
W AW

W Bb W[ 
W *WAW

h *XBb W[ 
W AW

/b W[ 
W AW(^ &^

/b W[ 
W AWq^U

/DT W[ 
W AW(^

R
X Bb W[ 
W AW

/b W[ 
W *W#W &^

/b W[ 
W *WWU

/D W[ 
W *W#W

WBb W[ 
W AW

y a B^U[ 
W *WX y '^ [ BDU[ 
W *WX y 'U :
^ U[ 
W *WX y /a U[ 
W *WX :/01
2
.N
` :
^ U[ 
W *WX y 'U W*B^U[ 
W *WX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 33
Conjugate the following verbs:

W B^
[ FW AW (5) W *W
[ !WAW (4) r
W =W #[?W AW (3) /^ W[ 
W AW (2) d
W pW mb FW AW (1)
C/ d4- V A- )*
[ U [ +
W Kb @U  U +
W Kb @U h U +
W Kb @U ; .  U +
W )b X W X <^ W[ +
U Kb @U  U +
W )b W> h W +
W Kb @U
[ U [ +
W )b AW &^  U +
W )b AW &^ h U +
W )b AW &^ ;0 
The sign of (
a BU <b @U

6) is having four root letters, the repetition

of the second () and the inclusion of (/" s?) in the ( /1
) and (().
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

h U +
W )b W> &^

h U +
W )b WU

 U +
W )b W>

h W +
W Kb @U

hU +
W )b W> &^

hU +
W )b WU

'U hU +
W )b W>

hW +
W Kb @U

[ U +
W )b W> &^

[  U +
W )b WU

'^ [  U +
W )b W>

[  W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b AW &^

h U +
W )b *WU

 U +
W )b AW

N
[ h W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b AW &^

h U +
W )b *WU

'U h U +
W )b AW

WAh W +
W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ +
W )b W> &^

'^ [ U [ +
W )b WU

'^ [ U [ +
W )b W>

'^ [ W W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b AW &^

h U +
W Kb @U

 U +
W )b AW

N
W [ W W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b AW &^

h U +
W Kb @U

'U h U +
W )b AW

WFAX[ W W +
W Kb @U

[  U +
W )b AW &^

[  U +
W Kb @U

'^ [  U +
W )b AW

[ AX[ W W +
W Kb @U

[  U +
W )b AW &^

[  U +
W Kb @U

W [> U +
W )b AW

N
U [ W W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b AW &^

h U +
W Kb @U

'U h U +
W )b AW

WFAX[ W W +
W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ +
W )b AW &^

'^ [ U [ +
W Kb @U

'^ [ U [ +
W )b AW

h AX[ W W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W Kb (^ &^

h U +
W Kb q^U

 U +
W Kb (^

N
X [ W W +
W Kb @U

h U +
W )b #W &^

h U +
W )b WU

 U +
W )b #W

W#[ W W +
W Kb @U

'U WAh U +
W )b X y sa h U +
W )b X y '^ [  U +
W )b X y 'U h U +
W )b X y  U +
W )b X :/01
2
.N
` h U +
W )b X y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 34
Conjugate the following verbs:

h W W [ @U (5) h *W1^ [ @U (4) h f^ FW Kb @U (3) ' q^FW jb @U (2) / i

W FW 
[ @U (1)
C/ ,K2 4- V A- )*
;0  g[ +
U #[W [@U ; . g` +
U #[W ![X W X <^ KW+#[U [@U gX +
U #[W ![W> gW +
W #[W [@U
g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^
The sign of (
a ^B[U <b @U

6) is the inclusion of (/" s?) in the

( /1) and (() and the extra (') after the ().
Some of the detailed
hereunder.

paradigms

of this verb follow

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 6DK !

5 47! 9!

5 47! 87!

5 47! 67!

g[ +
U #[W ![W> &^

g[ +
U #[W ![WU

gX +
U #[W ![W>

gW +
W #[W [@U

^)+
U #[W ![W> &^

^)+
U #[W ![WU

'U )^ +
U #[W ![W>

)^ +
W #[W [@U

[)D +
U #[W ![W> &^

[ )D +
U #[W ![WU

'^ [ )D +
U #[W ![W>

[ )^T +
W #[W [@U

g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^

g[ +
U #[W ![*WU

gX +
U #[W ![AW

R
[ )^ +
W #[W [@U

)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^

)^ +
U #[W ![*WU

'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW

W*)^ +
W #[W [@U

W )b +
U #[W ![W> &^

W )b +
U #[W ![WU

W )b +
U #[W ![W>

W )b +
W #[W [@U

g[ +
U #[W ![AW &^

g[ +
U #[W [@U

gX +
U #[W ![AW

R
W )b +
W #[W [@U

)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^

)^ +
U #[W [@U

'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW

WF*X)b +
W #[W [@U

[ )D +
U #[W ![AW &^

[ )D +
U #[W [@U

'^ [ )D +
U #[W ![AW

[ *X)b +
W #[W [@U

[ )U +
U #[W ![AW &^

[ )U +
U #[W [@U

W [)U +
U #[W ![AW

R
U )b +
W #[W [@U

)^ +
U #[W ![AW &^

)^ +
U #[W [@U

'U )^ +
U #[W ![AW

WF*X)b +
W #[W [@U

W )b +
U #[W ![AW &^

W )b +
U #[W [@U

W )b +
U #[W ![AW

h *X)b +
W #[W [@U

g[ +
U #[W [(^ &^

g[ +
U #[W [q^U

gX +
U #[W [(^

R
X )b +
W #[W [@U

g[ +
U #[W ![#W &^

g[ +
U #[W ![WU

gX +
U #[W ![#W

W)b +
W #[W [@U

y a )^ +
U #[W ![X y '^ [ )D +
U #[W ![X y 'U )^ +
U #[W ![X y g` +
U #[W ![X :/01
2
.N
` )^ +
U #[W ![X y 'U W*)^ +
U #[W ![X

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 35
(A) Conjugate the following verbs:

W f^ #[W M[ @U (1)
_
W =W [B^[@U (2)

W Q^ #[W 0[ @U (3)
]W f^ [B^2[ @U (4)
/^ 
W #[W [ @U (5)
(B) What is the (

5") of the following words:

/b 
U #[W i
[ AW &^ (1)
'U WifU [B^
[ X (2)

[ QU #[W 0[ q^U (3)

N
` W=W [B^![X (4)
WF[ f^ #[W M[ U (5)
[ U =U [B^[@U (6)
'U W*B^
U #[W i
[ X (7)
[ X )^ #[W <b U (8)
'U W*
W Q^ #[W [ X (9)
W F[ fU #[W
[ AW &^ (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Other Derived Forms
The ()!*+) of (g

f' =W 6@;@)

There are two categories of (6() here:

(1) (78

0 giB)
(2) (=>? 0 giB)
The first category (78

0 giB) has seven (6():

(1) (
/ e,, 42 , ) the () is repeated, e.g. (a PW!!WBb $

W ) to don a
shawl.

 d
[ !UBb $W ; . d
` !UBb o
W X W X <^ !W!WbB$W d
X !UBb o
W X> d
W !WBb $W : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
d
[ !UBb o
W AX &^ ;0
. 42 , ) there is an extra () after the (), e.g.
(2) (
/ ee,
(a ^
W [ 2W ) to don a trouser.

b U [ 2W ; . a U [ 
W X W X <^ ^W [ 2W D U [ 
W X> ^ W [ 2W : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
b U [ 
W AX &^ ;0 
(3) (
/ , 4. '2 , ) there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g.
(sa W f
^ ["
W ) to command. This word can be used as (W f^ [2W ) as well.
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[ fU ["
W ; . ` fU [
W X W X <^ s W f^ ["
W X fU [
W X> W f^ ["
W : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
[ fU [
W AX &^ ;0 
(4) (
/ , '.42 , ) there is an extra () after the (), e.g.
(a 1^ W>[
W ) to trim the extra leaves of a plant.

L
[ U>[ W ; . L
` U>[ +
W X W X <^ 1^ W>[ W L
X U>[ +
W X> L
W W>[ W : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
L
[ U>[ +
W AX &^ ;0 
(5) (
/ , $
. 2 , ) there is an extra () after the ( ), e.g.
(a WW 
[ $W ) to make someone don socks.

6
[ U [ $W ; . 6
` U [ o
W X W X <^ WW [ $W 6
X U[ o
W X> 6
W W [ $W : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
6
[ U [ o
W AX &^ ;0 
(6) (
/ , K.42 , ) there is an extra (') after the (), e.g. (a 
W WBb K^) to
make someone don a hat.


[ UBb K^ ; .
` UBb )^ X W X <^ 
W WbBK^
X UBb )^ X>
W WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW

[ UBb )^ AX &^ ;0

(7) (/ ,42 , ) there is an extra () after the (), e.g. (sa WBb K^ ) to

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

make someone don a hat.

W X <^ s WBb K^ WBb )^ X> W 
U Bb KDW
Bb )^ X W X<^ s WBb K^ [ 
U Bb )^ X> WBb K^ : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW

U Bb )^ AX &^ ;0 

U Bb K^ ; . Bb )^ X
(WBb K^ )

was

originally

(
W
W Bb K^).

(
[
U Bb )^ X>)

was

originally

(
X
U Bb )^ X>). (s WBb K^) was originally ( W
W Bb K^). These changes will be
discussed later.
The second category - (=>?

0 giB) has three groups:

(1) (/
a BD[ 1W*

giB)
(2) (
a ^B[U <b U giB)
(3) (
a BU <b U giB)
a BD[ 1W*
The first group (/

giB) has 8 (6():

(1) (3
/ N 42 .O) the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and the ()
is repeated, e.g. (d
` !XBb o
W AW) to don a shawl.

(2) (C
/ R 42 .O) the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and the ()
between the () and the (), e.g. (
a X [ 
W AW) to don a trouser.
(3) (3
/ 4R '2 , O.) the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a ()

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

after the ( ), e.g. (
` fD [+
W AW) to be a satan.
(4) (3
/ $R 2 , O.) the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a ()
after the ( ), e.g. (6
` X [ o
W AW) to don socks.
(5) (3
/ KR42 , O.) the extra letters are (N) before the ( ) and a (')

` XBb )^ AW) to don a trouser.

after the (), e.g. (
(6) (3
/ 4R V . O.) the extra letters are a (N) and a (%) before the ( ),

` QD 
[ FW AW) to be poor.
e.g. (
(7) (I
0 N 42 , O.) the extra letters are a (N) before the ( ) and a
(N) after the (), e.g. (N
` X 1b W AW) to behave like a devil.

h 42 , O.) the extra letters are a (N) before the ( ) and a ()

(8) (3
after the (), e.g. (
Bb )^ AW) to don a hat.
The conjugation of these (6() should be done like
(/
^ W[ 
W AW), while the last one, namely, (/ [ 1^ AW) is like ([ 
U Bb )^ X>
The second group, (
a ^B[U <b U

Bb K^).

giB) has two (6():

(1) (C
/ ,K2 4- V A-) The second (), the (') after the () and the (

s?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

/") are extra, e.g. (\

` W[U Kb @U) to walk with the chest and
neck protruding out.

; .
` 
U [W )b X W X <^ 2W[U Kb @U
X 
U [W )b W>
W 
W [W Kb @U : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW

[ 
U [W )b AW &^ ;0 
[ 
U [W Kb @U
(2) ("i ,K2 4- V A-) The () after the (), the (') after the () and the
(/"

s?) are extra, e.g. (, ^)[BU2[ @U) to lie on ones back.

gU [B^2[ @U ; . g [B^

[ X W X <^ , ^)[BU2[ U@ [ )U [B^
[ W> )[B^2[ @U : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
gU [B^
[ AW &^ ;0 
[ @U) was originally
The (=) of this (6) (, ^)[ BU2
(
` ^)[BU2[ @U). The () was changed to a (s?).
The third group - (
a BU <b U

giB) has one (6):

(C
/ ,$2 - V A-) The () after the ( ) and one () is extra, e.g.

W p[ U b @U) to strive.
(7` =
=h pU W b @U ; . = pU W Qb X W X <^ 7W=p[ U b @U = pU W Qb W> =h pW W b @U : ;X 1D [>U 
[ AW
7[ =U p[ W Qb AW &^ = pU W Qb AW &^ =h pU W Qb AW &^ ;0  7[ =U p[ W b @U = pU W b @U
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

In all the word-forms of this (6), (%l7@) has been applied and
the changes are similar to those of (h W +
W Kb @U).

Exercise 36
What is the word-form (

5") of the following words and which

(6) are they from:

'^ [ BDU[ 
W *WX (1)
'^ 7[ =U p[ W Qb AW &^ (2)
L
X W>[ +
W *WAW (3)
W [U [ o
W AX (4)
X f^ [+
W *W#W (5)
[ )U [B^2[ (^ (6)
[ 
U
U [W Kb @U (7)
W A[W 1b W AW (8)
[
W Bb )^ AW (9)
R
[ Wf^ [+
W AW (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Seven Categories
With regards to the letters of verbs, they fall into seven
categories, namely:

L1 y L0 y F y JK# y $( y H y ]i"

Definitions
Term

]i"

Meaning
Example
A word whose root letters do
not have a (s?), (

PB P)13

W 
W #W

or two letters of the same type

PB P)

=W 0W W

PB P)

^ ^K

PB P)

W07W

F

A word having a (s?P

P) as a

W W (^

L0

root letter a hamzated verb

A word having, as its root
letters, two letters of the same
type

=h W

P
P

^KW

H

A word having a (
in the (

$(

A word having a (
in the (

JK#

13

FBQ G0)

A word having a (
in the (

L1

FBQ ,<)

FBQ %&)

A word having two

B) as the root letters

The ( B0 ) are (), (L) and ().

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

1) The term (/PP*) refers to any verb that contains a
(

B ).

PB ) in the ( PFBQ ,P<), it is called

(^1b /
*W[ X ) or (H), eg (=W 0W W ).
3) If there is a ( PB ) in the ( PFBQ GP0), it is called
([W b /
*W[ X ) or ( $(), e.g. (^ ^K).
4) If there is a ( PB P) in the ( PFBQ %&), it is called
(%U B /
*W[ X ) or (JK#), e.g. (W07W ).
2) If there is a (

5) If the (

PFBQ ,P<) has a (), it is called ( PH) eg

(=
W 0W W ).
6) If the (

PFBQ ,<) has a (), it is called (IP> PH). eg

(W 
W W>).
7) If the (

PFBQ GP0) has a (), it is called ( P$( )

eg (
^ ^K).
8) If the (

PFBQ G0) has a (), it is called (IP> P$()

eg (
W W).
9) If the (

PFBQ %&) has a (), it is called ( JKP#) eg

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(W07W ).
10) If the (

FBQ %&) has a (), it is called (IP> JKP#) eg

(WW ).
11) If the (

FBQ ,<) has a (s?P), it is called (P1 PF)

eg (W W (^).

PFBQ GP0) has a (s?P), it is called ( PF

G) eg (^ q^2W ).
13) If the ( FBQ %&) has a (s?), it is called (%:P PF)
eg ((^W K^ ).
12) If the (

14) (LP1) is of two types: (rP1

LP1) and ( LP1

')).
15) (rP
P1 LP
P1) is when the two ( PB P
P) are
separate, e.g. (^K
W ).
16) ('P
P) LP
P1) is when the two ( P B P
P) are
adjacent to one another, e.g. (Wj
^ ).
17) If the ( PFBQ GP0) and ( PFBQ %&) are the same, it is
called (9:9 L0) e.g. (=
h W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

18) If the ( ) and the first () and the () and the second
() are the same letters, it is called (0P

L0P)

e.g.

^ ?W bW ).
(
Exercise 37
Classify the following verbs according to the seven categories:


X [ o
X W> (1)
W UW (2)
h <^ (3)
%W =W [ 7W (4)
Wj^ (5)
X [>=U W> (6)
m^ MW (^ (7)
%W U W (8)
W FX W> (9)

W U2W (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Rules of (

F)

Rule 1:
It is permissible to change a (s?PP), that is alone and
(2) to correspond to the previous (

).

That is,
(a) after a (;i*<), change the (s?) into an (L).
Example
(\
` (VW )(head) becomes( \
` W. )
(b) after a (

F), change the (s?) into a ().

Example

\
` ~[ X

(destitute) becomes (\
` [ X).

(c) after a (s), change the (s?) into a ().

Example

d
` IbUv (wolf) becomes (d
` [>vU ).
nnnnn
Rule 2
If a hamzah mutaharrik (ZP
Pi*

s?PP)

appears before a

(s?P) that is (P2), it becomes necessary to change the

(2) letter to the corresponding (

B ).

Examples
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

W W (^ becomes W W
W U bD becomes W U [ D
#WbU becomes #WF[>U .

nnnnn

Rule 3
(3.1) It is permissible to change a (s?P) that is (_P*1)
and is preceded by a (

F) to a ().

Example

'a ~W $X becomes 'a W $X

'a ~W $X is the plural of a #W~W $X which means a perfume holder.
(3.2) It is permissible to change a (s?P) that is (_P*1)
and is preceded by a (s) into a ().
Example

` ^U becomes ` WU

.
nnnnn

Rule 4
(4.1) If two (s?P
P)s are (ZPPi*) and one of them is
(PQ), then it is permissible to change the second (s?P)
into a ().
Example

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

a h @U^ can also be read as a Fh U>^ .

If there are two (s?P)'s which are (ZPi*) and none of
them are (PPQ), then it is necessary to change the
second (s?) into a ().
Examples
i)
ii)

%X 7U (^(^ will be read as %X 7U W^

/D  (^(D will be read as /D  W (D

(, W$) originally was (

a PU>$W ) (/P0<

P2 of ,S PW$). The

() which comes after (=PI LP) will change into a
(s?P). It becomes (
a PPUIW$). Now there are two ( s?P
ZPi*) and one of them is (PQ) . The second (s?P)
` IUPPW$) (according to the
changes into a () becoming (
rule of a P  U^ - rule 4.1). (
` IUP
P$W ) can also be written as
[ X>,U PPW$. The ( FPP) on the () is /PP)9 (difficult to
pronounce). Therefore it is removed and
(
[ [PP PUIW$)
remains. Now due to (GPP2 PPF*$@) (the coming
together of two [P2] letters), the (P2 ) is deleted.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

We are left with 
[ PIUW$ which can also be read as

, W$ .

Step by Step

a PU>$W

a IUW$
(
[ [> ,U W$)

(
` IUW$) ([ X>

,U W$)

[ IU W$ (, W$)
nnnnn

Rule 5
If a (s?P) comes after the () or () that are

s=P and
s=I or if a (s?P) comes after the () of (5PA
P2), it is
permissible to change the (s?P
PP) into the letter that
precedes it and then (%PPl7@) (incorporation of one letter
into another) is made.
Example of () s=I

s=

a I^[ X )b X

sa W [ X )b X

The word (a I^

[ X )b X ) is the (1
Example ()

a ^[fU MW

sa h X )b X

2) of ((DW )b W> (^W K^).

s=I s=
a W[fU MW

a hfU MW .

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Example of 5A

` U[<^(D

2

` U[<^(D

` <^(D .

` UP[<^(D) is the (5PA

The word (

P2) of (\
` X Pb<(^) which is

the (O}) of (\
` qb <^) - meaning axe.
nnnnn
Rule 6
If there occurs a (s?P) after the (LP) of /P01 and before
a (), the (s?P
P) changes to (

P*1 P
P> )

and the ()

changes to (L).
Example
The word (W>^fM
W ) is the plural of (a ^[fU MW ).
The word (PW>^fM
W ) was originally (a U>P^fMW ). The () which
comes after the (LP
P) of (OP
P}) as the second last letter,
changes into a (s?P
P).14

It becomes (, ,U P
Pf^ MW ).

Now we

have two (ZPi*

The rule of
changes into

14

s?P)s and one of them is (PQ).

(a P
PhFU>^) applies, whereby the second (s?PP)
a () and becomes 
` IUP^fMW . Now there is a

This refers to rule no. 18 which you will read under the rules of /* .

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(s?P) after the (LP) of

/P01 and it is before a (). It

changes to ( P*1 P>) and the () changes to (LP). The
W ).
word becomes (W>^fM

NOTE: This law is compulsory ($).

Step by Step

a U>f^ MW

, ,U ^fMW

` IU^fMW
nnnnn

W>^fMW

Rule 7
If a (s?P) is (ZPi*) and it comes after a (P2) that is
not a ({=PI

{=) nor is it (5PA ) , then the ( P) of

the (s?) is given to the letter preceding it.

This law is permissible ($).
Examples
1) In the word (/
D ^P[W>), the (

P) of the (s?P) is given to

the (\) and the (s?) is then deleted. It becomes

(/
D
W W>).
2) In the words ]
W P^B<b (^

=[ K^ the ( P) of the (s?P) is given to

the (7) and the (s?) is then deleted. It becomes

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(]
W B^<b

=W K^ ).

{X PWM(^ [ PU[ W> the ( P) of the (s?P) is

P) is then deleted. It
transferred to the () and the (s?P
becomes ({X WM 
W U [ W>).
3) In the words

nnnnn
Rule 8
The rule of (/
D ^PP[W>) is compulsorily applied to all the
(P<() (verbs) of (W PW>) and (W PX>) (

P P

8).
Example
In (
X (^[ W>) the (

Pi*<) of the (s?P) is given to the () and the

(s?) is deleted. It becomes (W W>).

NOTE:

P+
It is permissible to apply this rule to the (N)*P

,P-)

(derived nouns) too.

The (F

=) can be read as (

[ W ) or (
W).


2) can be read as (sa [U ) or (sa W U ).

The ( Pi*<) of the (s?P) of (sa ^([ PU) is given to the () and

The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

then the (s?) is removed leaving (sa W U ).
The (1

2) can be read as ( IU[ W ) or (

U W ).
nnnnn

Rule 9
If a (ZPi*
both

s?P) is preceded by a (ZPi*) letter, then

(dP >K GP
P GP
P) and (=P
P GP
P GP
P) are both

permissible.
9.1 (dP>K

G G) is to read the (s?P) between its (eP|)

and the (e|) of the ( B ) corresponding to its
(hamzas) .
9.2 (=P GP G) is to read a letter between its (eP|) and
P|) of the ( PPB PP) corresponding to the
the (eP
preceding ( ).
(G G) is also known as /A.
Examples
When (G

G) is made on the word (^ q^2W ), then in both

(d>K G G) and (=P) the (eP|) will be that of (s?P)
and (L).
In the word (

W UPW2) if (dP>K GP GP) is made, then the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(e|) will be between (s?) and (). If (=P

GP GP) is

made, then the (e|) will be between (s?) and

(L).
In the word (%W ~
X ^) if (d>K

G G) is made, then the

(e|) will be between (s?) and (). If (=P GP GP) is
made then the (e|) will be between (s?) and (L).

PPi* s?PP) after (LPP), it is

permissible to apply (d>K G G) only. (=P GP GP) is
(9.3) If there is a (

not permissible in this case.

Examples
[1] In the word (,S hKD ), the (s?) is (_*1). Therefore the
(s?) will be read between the (e|) of the (s?) and the
(L).
[2] If (,T hKD ) is read with a (

F), the (s?) will be read

between the (e|) of the (s?) and ().
[3] If (,U hKD ) is read with a (s), the (s?) will be read
between the (e|) of the (s?) and ().

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 10
If a (%1*2@

s?) comes before a (s?) as in the word

(

[ *X#[(^(^), then it is permissible to apply the rule of

[ *X#[(^(^) will be read as (
[ *X#[W (^) .

(%X 7U W(^) (Rule 4). Thus, (

It is also permissible to make (/PA), whether (dP>K) or
(=).
It is also permissible to bring an (L) between the two
(s?)s and read it as (

[ *X#[(^).
nnnnn
Exercise 38
(1) Apply rule no.1 to the following words:

` ~[ 2X (3) ` b<U (2) \

W qb W&^ (1)
(2) Which rule applies to the word (m
a MU ) and how?
(3)Analyse the changes to the word (, W).
(4) Apply the rule of (F) to the word (a I^
[ !X[W ).
(5) What can (R
W #[(^(^) also be read as?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Orthography15 of the Hamzah
The following rules are general guidelines with regards to
how a hamzah is written:
(a) Hamzah is invariably written over or under an alif at
the beginning of a word, e.g. (W W (^), (W U (D) and ('
a W#[@U).
(b) When the initial hamzah is followed by an alif of

LP ), the latter

madd over the initial alif, e.g. (` U ) for (` U ^().
prolongation (long vowel

is replaced by a

(c) The hamzah tends to be written over the semiconsonant (

(

PPB PP)

corresponding to the vowel

) of the preceding letter.

Examples:
(X X qb W>), (X W ~
[ X>), (~W fD W), (R
X bfU MW )
(d) Where the previous consonant has a ('QPP2), the
hamzah
(

tends

to

be

written

over

the

semi-consonant

B ) coinciding with its own vowel ( ).

Examples:
(
a [ ~X 
[ W ), (a B^U2[ (^), (%W q^W )
This rule is applied for (P
Thus, (\
W ~X PW) is written with

/P1) instead of (c) above.

a () and (

W UPW2) with a ()

without dots.

15

the correct spelling

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Paradigms of (

F)

jN k2 \,V! e . J
. B. )*  " ! :D
vD [ MX qb PW W PX<^ mP[M(^ mD PWM~[ X> m^ MU (DW ma MU W X <^ mM[ (^ mD MX qb W> m^ MW (^
'U ^mPWMqb W ma PWMqb W ;X P[U
X [ 4  mb MX qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW mb MX ;X [U X [ q^b^
'U WAm^ PW[U sa m^ PW[U W mD PUMW 'U ^mPW[U ma
W [U ;X [U D ^bW mD MU W
mD PWM ;X P[U /U [PU1b *h /D PW<b (^W mD [UMW 'U ^vW[U va W[U W mD MU W
W ma PWM(D 'U W>m^ P[M(D ^mM[ (D ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW mD MU W(^W '^ [ mD MW 'U ^mMW
N
` W>m^ M[ (D
Analysis of the changes
(1) The (P() of this (6P) is (m
b PXM) which is an exception

b PXM)
from the normal method of constructing the (P(). (m
was originally (m
b MX [ (D).
(2) Similarly, the (P
P() of (/D PD b W>

/^ P ^ (^)

is (/
b PD ). It is

necessary to delete the (s?) from both (m

b MX ) and (/b D ).
(3) In the verb, (X X qb PW>

W PW(^),

it is permissible to delete the

hamzas and to retain them. Therefore, both ([ PPX) and

([ PPX
[ (D) are correct to use. If the verb is used at the
beginning of the sentence, it is more eloquent to delete the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(s?), e.g. it is stated in a hadth, (sU ^B
h U

[ D 7W ^[ (^ [X X ).

(4) If the verb is used in the middle of the sentence, then

most often the hamzah is retained, e.g. The Qurnic verse,
(sU ^B
h U

W B^p[ (^ [ X (bW ).

(5) In the word-forms of ( P

P) of this (6P),

besides the singular first person (
BQ*P =P), the rule of
(\
` (bW ) has been applied. The same rule applies to the
(1
2) and ( 4
2).
(6) The rule of (` b U) applies in the ( 3
2).
(7) The rule of (\
` ~[ P X) applies in the (P
P P
P)
except for the singular first person (
BQ* =).
(8) In the singular first person (
BQ*P =P) of ( P
) and the (/1*
2), the rule of () applies.
(9) In the plural (OP}) of (/P1*
P2), the rule of (%X 7U W(^)
applies.
(10) In the singular first person of the (P
P

P
P),

the rule of (
W U [ (D) applies.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 39
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ ^ (^ (1)
W W (^ (2)
(b) What is the paradigm of the (PP8

PP)

of

(6
W 7W (^)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the ( PP

PP()

of

PP)

of

(W W (^)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( PP
(/
^S ^ (^)?

U W(^) changed from its original?

(e) How has the word (X 2
R 2 \,V! e )
. . 
. )*  " ! :D
X [ q^Pb^ ` [ PX2qb W W PX<^ 2[ (^ X 2W ~[ X> W 2U (DW ` 2U W X <^  2[ (^ X 2U qb W> W 2W (^
X PU2W 'U WPU2qb W ` 2U qb W ;X [U
X [ 4  [ 2U qb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ 
U [>@U ;X [U
` PW[U X PU2W 'U WAW PU[U sa W 
W [U X 2U W 'U W
U [U ` 
W [U ;X [U D ^bW
'^ [ X PW2 'U WPW2 X PW2 ;X P[U /U [PU1b *h /D W <b (^W X [2U W 'U WW[U
N
` W>W 2[ (D W ` 2W (D W 'U W>W 2[ (D W2[ (D ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW X 2U W(^W
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Analysis of the changes
(1) The changes of this (6P) are similar to those of (

mPM(

mPMq>) except for the imperative (P() ([ PU[>@U) where the
a WF[>@U) applies.
rule of ('
(2) The other (6P
P() of (7P
P8 P
P9:9) follow the same
pattern.

Exercise 40
Conjugate the following verbs:

W 9^(^ (1)
W U (^ (2)
(b) What is the paradigm of the (P
P

PP)

of

W U (^)?
(
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8

() of (;W ^(^)?

(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of (
W U (^)?
(e) How has the word ([X 
U [>@U) changed from its original?

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

R .-W2l-V!, e C4A )*  " ! :D

X [ q^b^ ` FW AW[ X W X <^ WF*U[>@U X FW AW[ X> W FU AX[ (DW ` FU AW[ X W X <^ WF*U[>@U X FU AWqb W> W FW *W[>@U
` FW AW[ X ;X [U
X [ 4  [ FU AWqb AW &^ ;X [0W X [hW [ FU *W[>@U ;X [U
Analysis of the changes

a PWF[>@U) applies in the ( P

(1) The rule of ('

P),

( 

() and (=).

(2) The rule of (
W U [ (D) applies in the ( ).
(3) The rule of (\
` (bW ) applies in the (  ).
(4) The rule of (\
` ~[ PX) applies in the (P
P P
P),
(/01
2), (1
2) and ( 4
2).
N !,j'2 -2 lV!, e C4A )*  " ! :D
W X <^ #^m[*U2[ @ 'D v^ qb *W
[ X> '^ vU qb *X2[ (DW a'vU qb *W
[ X W X <^ #^m[*U2[ @ 'D vU qb *W
[ W> '^ v^ bq*W2[ @U
'a v^ qb *W
[ X ;X [U
X [ 4  'b vU qb *W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW 'b vU qb *W2[ @U ;X [U X [q^b^ 'a v^ qb *W
[ X
Analysis of the changes
(1) Conjugate all the verbs of (;P<

=P>? P9:9 6() like

the conjugations of (m
^ MW (^) and (W FW *W[>@U).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 41
Conjugate the following verbs:

L
W #Wqb *W2[ @U (1)
W FW *WIb@U (2)
W j^ q^#[@U (3)
(b) What is the paradigm of the (P
P

PP)

of

(
W U (^)?
(c) What is the paradigm of the (8

() of (;W ^(^)?

W U (^)?
(d) What is the paradigm of the ( ) of (
(e) How has the word ([X 
U [>@U) changed from its original?

Discussion of (G F)

(1) The rule of (GP

GP) or (/PA) applies to all the verbs

of () of (7P8 P9:9 GP F). Note that this rule
is optional.
(2) The rule of (/
D ^P[W>) applies to the (P) and (P() of
(78

9:9 G F).

(3) (X IU?[ W> W (^W ) is from (6P 6P), (/
D ^P[W> ^ q^PW2) is from
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(]*< 6), (

X ^
[ W>

W U2W ) is from (O- 6), (%X ~X PbBW> %W ~X P^) is from

(% 6).
(4) In the imperative (PP(), after applying the rule of
(/
D ^P 
[ W>), the (/P
P"

s?P
P)

is deleted. Therefore ([ P IU[ @U)

becomes ([ U ), (/
b ^P
P[2@U) becomes (/b P
PW2), (
W ^P
P[2(U) becomes
(

[ 2W ) and (
[ Db(D) becomes (
[ D).
The conjugation of the imperative second person (

PP(

 ) form is as follows:

'^ [ U

WU

[ U U

[X U

WU

[ U

W Bb 2W

^B2W

[ BU2W

[BD2W

^B2W

/b 2W

W F[ 2W

WF2W

[ FU 2W

[ FX 2W

WF2W

[ 2W

W F[ D

WFD

[ FU D

[FX D

WFD

[ D

Discussion of (%: F)

(1) In most of the word-forms of (%:P

PF), the rule of

(G

G) or (/A) applies, e.g. ((DW )b W> (^W K^).

(2) The rule of (` WU ) applies to (P P =P), e.g.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(,S U KD).

P2 s7P1 s?P), that is the rule of

` (bW ) applies to all the word-forms of (P() and ( P
(\
%?8). Accordingly, in the words ((bW PbK@U) and ((bW Pb)W>
[ P^), the
hamzah can become (LP
P), in the words (,V 7X [ (D) and (
[ P^
,V 7X [ PW>), the hamzah can become () and in the words (b PU!#[(^)
and (
b !U[W>
[ ^), the hamzah can become ().
(3) The rule of (

Exercise 42
Conjugate the following verbs:

/^ ph q^AW (6)
q^j^ WAW (7)
q^1^ Q^ #[@U (8)
(^=W *W[@U (9)
L
W #Wqb *W2[ @U (10)

qDX[ W> q^WpW (1)

\
X @U[ W> \
W (^W (2)
W h (^ (3)
m^ MW (4)
\
W q^[(^ (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Rules Of (

/*)

Rule 1
(1.1) The () which appears between (

N:0)
which is (_*1) and the ( PFBQ GP0) which is (PQ),
16

falls off.
Example
The word =
X 0U [ W> becomes =X U W> .
Every () that comes between the
(_*1 

N:0) and the ( FB ) which is

(_PP*1), the () falls off, on condition that either
( FB ) or the ( FB ) is from the ()B ) .

the

17

Example
The word d
X pW [ W> becomes d
X W W>.
Note:
Every (

P
PH)

on the scale of (6P

P) follows this

rule.
nnnnn

16

17

 N:0 are the following letters ' N L

The

)B  are the following letters: x z _  { ,

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Rule 2
If a (=) is on the scale of (/
a [ <U) and its (
(), that () is deleted and the (

FBQ ,<) is a

FB ) is given a

(s). A (s) is then added at the end of the word.

Step by Step Example

=` 0[ W

=` 0[

=` 0U

sa =W 0U

Note:
If the (P) has a (

Pi*<) on its ( PFB ), for example

in the word (O
X
W W>), the ( PFBQ ,P<) of the (=P) can also
be given a ( i*<).
Step by Step Example
The word (

O` 2[ U

a W 2W ) the (=) of (OX 

W W> OW 2U W ).
O` 2[
O` 2W
a W 2W

Note:

W ) as (a W 2U ).
It is also permissible to read (a W 2
nnnnn

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Rule 3
(3.1) If a (2 ) is not (7C=+) and is preceded by a
(s), it changes into a ().
Example
The word 7` W0
[ U changes to 7` W[U .
Exception
The word (` hPBU$
[ @U) will remain unchanged, because the ()
is
l= (7C=+).
(3.2) If (P2

) is not (
l=P) and it is preceded by a

( F), the () changes into a ().
Example
The word (` 
U [X ) changes to (` 2U [ X ).
Exceptions
The word (?` X ) remains unchanged because the () is
(
l=).
(3.3) If an (LP) is preceded by a (

FP),

it will change

into a ().

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Step by Step Example

/^ AW^K

/^ AUDK

/^ AU[ KD
(3.4) If an (LP) is preceded by a (sP), it will change
into a ().
Example
The plural of (6
` Wi
[ U ) is (6
X UWiW ). This changes to
(d
X [>U WiW ) because the (L) is preceded by a (s).
nnnnn
Rule 4

FBQ ,<) of (*< 6) is a (B"( ) or

(B"( ), the () or () will change into a (N) and
(%PPl7) will be made, that is, both the (N)s

If the (

will be

assimilated.
Step by Step Example of (

=W )^ AW[ @U

=W )^ *WPA[@U

Step by Step Example of (I>

W 
W *WP[>U

H)

W 
W *WPA[U

=W )^ PAh@U

H)
W 
W AhU

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nnnnn
Rule 5
(5.1) If at the beginning of a word there is a (%FP ), it
is permissible to change it into a (s?).
Examples

[ PX$X plural of
({` 

;` P[$W )

changes to ({` 
[ PX$D). (This is an

example of an
2).
(R
[ *WPKX the [

] of R
` KA) changes to
(R
[ *WPKD). (This is an example of a /<).
PQ ) appears at the beginning of a word, it
(5.2) If (P
is permissible to change it to a (s?).
Example
(_
` WU swordbelt) can be read as (_
` W@U).
(5.3) If a (P< ) appears in the middle of a word, it is
permissible to change it into a (s?).
Example
(` 
X 7[ ^) can be read as (` X 7[ ^).

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Rarely is a (_*1 ) changed into a (s?).
Examples
(=
` W W - one) can be read as (=` W ^).
(sa W#
W a lazy woman) can be read as (sa W#^).
nnnnn
Rule 6
When two (ZP
Pi*

)

come together at the beginning of

P$) to change the first ()

a word, it is compulsory (dP
into a (s?).
Example
(/
D"
U WW ) is read as (/D "
U W^) (This is the plural of a B^"
U W).
(/
a
U [>W X ) is read as (/a PU[>W (D). This is the (PP5A

a"
U W).
(/

P2@) of

nnnnn

Rule 7
(7.1) If () or () (ZPi*) is preceded by a

Pi*<, the ()

or () is changed into an (L).

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Examples
Example of a (Zi* ) in the middle of a (/<):
(
^ W K^) changes to (^ ^K).
Example of a (Zi*

in the middle of a (/<):

(O
W WW) changes to (
W W).
Example of a (Zi*) at the end of a (/<):
(
W 0W 7W ) changes to (W07W ).
Example of a (Zi*

) at the end of a (/<):

(
W W W ) changes to (WW ).
Example of a (Zi*) in an (
2):
(6
` W W) changes to (6
` W).
Example of a (Zi*

in an (
2):

(d
` W#W) changes to (6
` W#).
Conditions for the above rule
This rule only applies if the following conditions are met:
[1] The () or (Zi*
(

PFBQ ,P<).

) must not be in the place of the

Therefore this rule will not apply to the word

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=W 0W W <^ - the () is in the place of the ( FBQ ,<) and the
( ) is a (Lf0 ). It will also not apply to (<
W AW)
because the () is in the place of the ( PFBQ ,P<) of ( 6P
/1A).
It will also not apply to W 
h WAW - () is in the place of the
( FBQ ,<) of (/1A 6).
[2] The () or () must not be in place of the (

PFB ) of

a word which is (LP1). (LP1 is that word which has two

PB P). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
(WP^j) . Here () is in the place of the ( PFB ). The
law will also not apply in the word (
W PUW ). Here () is in
the place of the ( FB ).
[3] The () or () must not come before the (LP
P) of

PP
PHPA). Therefore this law will not apply to the word
(WPW07W ), since there is a () before the (LP) of ( PPHPA)
and in the word (P
PWW), since there is a () before the
(L) of ( PHPA).

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[4] The () or () must not come before a ({=P
PI

{C=P).
Therefore this law will not apply to the word (/
a PP[>U j^ )
P
because the () is before a () which is not a ( P
BP"(). It will also not apply in the word (` [ PXl^ ) because
the () after the () is not a (BP" P). Also in the
word (a PWWl
^ ), the () is before an (LP
P) which is not a
(B" ).
Objection
In the words ([0
W 7W ), ('^ [ PW+
[ W>), ('^ [ PW+
[ AW) and (W [PW+
[ AW), the
() and () were not supposed to be changed to (LP
P)
because they came before a ({=PI

{C=P),

but yet this rule

has been applied.

Answer
The () in these words is a separate word and it is the
(/0<) of the (/P<), while the ({=P) is not (=PI), therefore
the () or () changes to (L) and then falls off due to
(G2

F*$@).

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Step by Step Examples

[X 0W 7W ([BDW <^)

[W07W

[0W 7W

'^ [ X+
W
[ W> ('^ [ BDW 1b W>)

'^ [ W+
[ W>

'^ [ +
W
[ W>

'^ [ X+
W
[ AW ('^ [ BDW 1b AW)

'^ [ W+
[ AW

'^ [ +
W
[ AW

W [U+
W
[ AW (W [BUW 1b AW)

W [>W+
[ AW

W [+
W
[ AW

[5] The (ZPi*

) or (ZPi*) must not be before (

7C=PP+), for example, the word (
U PP^B0W ). The () or
(ZPi*) must also not be before (=PA '), for example,
the word
(
h U+
W M[ @U).
[6] The word must not have the meaning of a colour or
defect, for example,

U 0W ) (to be one-eyed),
(W 
(=
W U"
W ) (to have a crooked neck).

a P^BW <^), (P^BW <^) or

[7] The word must not be on the scale of ('
(a B^W <^ ), for example
('
a WW 7W ) ('a ^BW <^) example of (). [meaning rotation]

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('
a ^BW2W ) ('a ^BW <^) example of (). [meaning flowing]
(W
W PW") (P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning name of a
spring of water]

WP
PWW ) (P
P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning to walk
(=
arrogantly from =

7]
and (a P^
W W ) (a P^BW <^) example of (). [meaning weaver
plural of
` IUW]
[8] The word must not be from (P
P*<@

6P
P) having the
meaning of (/01A 6P). For example, the word W 
W PW*$[ @U (in
the meaning of W 
W PPWoAW ) and W W PPW*0[ @U (in the meaning of
W W WAW). Both words mean to take in turns.
(7.2) If after such an (LP) (which has been changed from
a  or ), there is a (2) letter, the (L) falls off.
Examples
[1] In the word ([
X PW07W ), the first () changes to (LP). It
becomes ([W07W ). Here (LP) has come before a (P2 ).
The (L) falls off and it becomes ([0
W 7W ).

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[2] In the word (
W [UPW[ AW), the first () changes to an (LP).
Due to the (LP) coming before a (P2), it is deleted. It

W [
W [ AW).
becomes (
(7.3) If such an (LP
P) has come before a (wP
P#A

N) of
(P /P<), even if the (N) is (ZPi*), the (LP) is

deleted.
Examples

[ W PW07W ) changes to (N
[ PW07W ). Now we have an
1. The word (N
(LP) before (wP#A
deleted.

N) of (P /P<). Therefore it is

It becomes (R
[ 0W 7W ).

2. The word (WA

W 0W 7W ) changes to (WAW07W ). There is a (

wP#WA PA

ZPi*) after the (LP). Therefore the (LP) is deleted. It

becomes *W0
W 7W .
5" ) of (  ), from ( wP#~ OP}
dPIl) until the end, if the word is ( P$), whether
the ( PFBQ G0) has a ( FP) or ( Pi*<), after deleting the
(L), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a ( F).
(7.4) In the (

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Example in which (

FB )

has a (

i*<)

(
W bW P^K) changes to (W bP^K). The (LP) is now deleted because

W PbBK^). The (r) is

it is followed by a (P2). It becomes (
PP$).
becomes (
W Bb KD). The word (W Bb KD) is from the (6) of (#).
now given a (

FPP)

Example in which (

W bX j^

because it is (

FB )

W b^j

has a (

It

F)

W Bb j^

W Bb jD

The word (
W Bb jD ) is from the (6) of (%X).

5P" P P), from ( wP#~ OP}

dPIl) till the end, after deleting the (LP), if it is ( P$
IP>) or there is a (sP) on the ( PFB ) in ( P$
), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a (s).
(7.5) In the (

Example in which (

FB )

has a (

s)

In the word (
W [ WPW), the (ZPi*
Therefore the () changes to

) is preceded by a ( Pi*<).
(LP
P). It becomes (W 0[ P
PW).

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The (LP) is deleted. It becomes (
W P[W). Now the (6) is
given a (s). It becomes (
W [ U).
Step by Step Example of (

W <b U MW
The word (

W <b WM

$) with (s)

W 1b MW
W 1b MU

W 1b MU ) is from the (6) of (O-).

nnnnn

Rule 8
(8.1) If the letter before () or () is (P2), the (

P)

of the () or () is transferred to the preceding letter.

Example

D X Pb)W>), the (
[1] In the word (

P) of the () which is a

( FP) in this case, is given to the (r). It becomes (
D [ PD)W>).
(This is an example of  $().
[2] In the word (O
X PU![W>), the (sP) of the () is given to the
(6). It becomes (O
X P[!UW>). (This is an example of

P$(

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>).
(8.2) If the (

P) is a ( Pi*<), the () or () is changed

into an (L).
Examples
[1] In the word (
D W Pb)X>), the (

Pi*<) of the () is given to the

(r). It becomes (
D [ P^)X>). Now due to the ( Pi*<), the () is
changed into an (L) becoming (
D ^)X>).
D W )b X>

D [ )^ X>

D ^)X>

[2] In the word (O

X PW![X>), the (

Pi*<) of the () is given to the

(6) becoming (O
X P[!WX>). Now due to the ( Pi*<) of the (6)
X W!X>).
the () changes into an (L), thus becoming (
OX W![X>
OX [!WX>

X W!X>
Remember
The conditions applicable to Rule 7 apply to Rule 8 as
well.
(8.3) If such a () or () is followed by a (P2), in the

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case of (

F) and (s), the () or () will be deleted.

Example of (

$()

b [ PD)W>
In the word (
is deleted.

[ ^) because of (GP2 PF*$@)

It becomes (/
b )D W>
[ ^).

Example of I>

the ()

$(

In the word (O
[ P[!UW>

[ P^), the () is followed by a (P2),

[ !UW>
[ ^).
therefore the () is deleted. It becomes (O
(8.4) If a () or () is followed by a (P2) and preceded
by a (

Pi*<),

the (LP) (which was originally

or

is

deleted.
Examples
(
b W )b X>

[ ^) changes to (b P^)X>
[ P^).

it becomes (/
b )^ X>

After the (LP) is deleted,

[ ^).

(O
[ WP[!X>

[ ^) changes to (
[ PW!X>
[ P^). After the (LP) is deleted,
it becomes (O
[ !WX>
[ ^).
Important

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This rule (Rule 8) does not apply to the words (=
W PW0W

[ PW)

because condition number one has not been fulfilled.

In the words (UPbfW>) and (PWi
[ W>), the rule is not applied
because of condition number 2 - (L1

G0).

The words (
a W)b U ), (a Wi
[ AU) and (?` [PPUF[ AW) remain unchanged
because of the fourth condition - ({=I
However, the () of the (P1

{= /!K).

P2)

is an exception to

condition number 4. Despite there being a ({=PI

(

{=P), the

) of the () or () will still be given to the previous letter.

Example of (

$)

In the word (
a [ X )b W ) which is the (P1

2) of (PK), the

( FP) of the () is still transferred to the (r). It becomes
(
a [ [ PD)W ). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the first () is deleted.
It becomes (
a [ )D W ).

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Example of (I>

$()

In the word (
` [ X![W ) which is the (P1

2) of (W ^P), the

P ) of the () is transferred to the (6). It becomes

(
` [ P[!XW ). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted and it
becomes (O
` P[!XW ). Since the corresponding ( P) of ()
is a (s), the (6) is given a (s). It becomes (O
` [!UW ).

Exception

X W PP[W> (to be one-eyed), =X WPP[W> (to have a

neck), 7X 
W P 2[ (^ (black),
X WP [(^ (white) and sa 7h W P 
[ X

In the words
crooked

(black), due to condition number 6 (i.e.

meaning of a colour or defect), no change occurs.

having

the

P
P2@
(
D W PPbK(^); or

The aforementioned rule (Rule 8) does not apply to (

/PP1A), that is those words on the scale of

(do* <(), like (;X P^
W Kb (^ W and ;U PU b U PbK(^); and words that
are (0 giB), like (L
W W>[ W and W W [ $W ).
nnnnn

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Rule 9
(9.1) If there is a () in the (

PFB ) of (P P),

the preceding letter is made (P2) and the ( P) of the
() is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the ()
changes to ().
Example 1

^ U KD

^ [ KU

/^ [KU.

Example 2

7W U )D #[(D

7W [ )U #[(D

(9.2) If there is a () in (P

=W [)U #[(D
P) in the place of the
is made (P
P2) and the

P FB ), the preceding letter

P) of the () is transferred
( P
(

to the preceding letter.

No other changes are made.

Example 1
In the word (O
W P UX) the (6) is made (P
P2). It becomes
(O
W U[). Now the (

) of the () is transferred to the

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(6), thus becoming (O
W [U).

OW UX

OW U[

OW [U

Example 2
In the word (W U*XPP[M(D) the (N) is made (P2). It becomes
(W U*[ PP M
[ (D).

P )
(N). It becomes (W [ *UPM
[ (D).
The (

W U*XM[ (D

of the () is transferred to the

W U*[M[ (D

W [*UPM[ (D

PP) of the
preceding letter and to make the () or the () (P2). In
this case the () changes to ().
(9.3) It is also permissable to retain the (

Examples

^ U KD
OW UX
W U*XM[ (D
7W U )D #[(D

^ [ KD
OW [X
W [*XM[ (D
7W [ )D #[(D


W [ X
W [ *XM[ (D

(9.4) It is also permissible to pronounce these words with

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(%P@). (%P@) means to pronounce a (

P) in such a way

that it has the effect of another ( P ). For example in
^ P[KU), the (sP
P) of the (r) is pronounced in
the word (/
such a way that it has the fragrance of a ( F).

Similar is the case with the (6) of (O

W P[U). The (sP) of
the (6) will have the effect of a (

FP).

The condition for

this rule is that changes must have taken place in the

( P) form of the verb. Therefore, the word (W 
U PX*0[ (D)
will remain unchanged because the ( P
P) form of this
word, namely (W 
W *W0[ @U) was unaffected by any change.
(9.5) In (

$(), if the ( FB ) is (_*1) in

(  ), after the () is deleted in the
( ), the ( FBQ ,<) is given a ( F) from the
( 5") of (dPIl w#~ O}) until the end (i.e. OP}  PHA

BQ* w#~  m).

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Step by Step Example

R
X bU KD

R
X bU Kb

R
X b[ KU

R
X Bb [KU

R
X Bb KD
(9.6) In (IP>

$(), whatever the ( P) may be, or that

( P
P$() where the ( P FB ) is (P
PQ) in the
( P ), after deleting the (), the ( PFBQ ,P<) is
given a (s) from the ( 5") of (dPIl wP#~ O}) until
the end, that is, (
BQ* w#~  m O}  HA).
Example of (I>

R
X [ UX

$()
R
X [ U[
R
X [ [U

Example of such a (

R
X [ U

$() wherein the ( FBQ G0)

is (Q)

W <b U MX

W <b U M[

W <b [ MU

W 1b MU

Note that the forms of ( P) and (P8) are now the
same. However the (/P"() - original form of each one will
be different:

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( 
(

)

( 
(

)

)

( 
(

)

)

)

Original Form

Changed
Form

R
X bW K^

R
X Bb KD

R
X bU KD

R
X Bb KD

R
X [ WW

R
X [ U

R
X [ UX

R
X [ U

R
X <b U MW

R
X 1b MU

R
X <b U MX

R
X 1b MU

Note:
In the (P8) of (1*P2(

6P),

the transferring of the

P) is not according to this rule i.e. rule number 9, but

D [ PD)W>). Therefore the
is due to rule number 8 (the rule of 
rule of (
^ [ P
PDK) and (%P
P@) will not apply. For example
(W U
[ *X2[ (D) becomes (W [
U *X2[ (D).
(

nnnnn

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Rule 10

PPFBQ %&) of the following word forms

( 5P") is () or (), it becomes (P2) if it is preceded
by a ( F) or a (s):

(10.1) If the (

1.

/D W 1b W>

2.

/D W 1b AW

/D W <b (^
4. /
D W 1b #W
3.

Examples
(
X 0X =[ W>) becomes ([ 0X =[ W>) example of (

JK#)
(
X U [ W>) becomes ([ U [ W>) example of (I> JK#)

If the () or () of the (

PFBQ %&) is preceded by a ( Pi*<),

it becomes (L) in accordance with the rule of (
^ ^K).

Examples
(
X+
W
[ W>) becomes (W+
[ W>) example of (I>

JK#)
(
X
W [ W>) becomes (W[ W>) example of ( JK#)

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(10.2) If a word has a () preceded by a (

FPP)

and

followed by another (), that () falls off.

Example of ()

'^ [ X 0X =[ PW> (dPIl mP OP}), before the ()

there is a ( FP
P) and after the () there is another ().
Therefore, the first () is made (P2) and the second one
falls off due to (G2 F*$@). It becomes ('
^ [ 0X =[ W>).
In the word

If a () is preceded by a (sP) and followed by another

(), the first () becomes (P
P2) and the other () is
deleted because of (G2 F*$@).
Example of ()

W [UU [ AW (P wP#~ =) there is a (sP)

before the () and it is followed by a second ().
Therefore the first () becomes (P
P2) and the second
() falls off. It becomes (
W [U [ AW).

In the word

(10.3) If a () is preceded by a (

FP
P)

and followed by a

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(), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (

P)

of the () is transferred to the preceding letter. Then the

() changes into a () and falls off due to (

PPF*$@

G2).
Example
In the word (
W [>U 0X =[ PWA) the () is preceded by a (

FP) and
followed by a (), therefore the preceding letter () is
made (P2) and the ( P) of the () which is a (sP)
is transferred to the preceding letter, the (). It therefore
becomes (
W [>[ 0U =[ PWA). Due to the preceding (sP), the ()
changes into a (). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@) the ()
W [0U =[ AW).
is deleted. It becomes (

(10.4) If a () is preceded by a (sP) and followed by a

(), the preceding letter is made (P2) and the (

P) of
the () is given to the preceding letter. Then the ()
changes into a () and falls off due to (G2 F*$@).

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Example
In the word ('
^ [ PXU [ W>), the () is preceded by a (sP) and
followed by a (). Therefore, the preceding letter (%) is
made (2) and the (

P) of the () which is a ( FP),

is transferred to the preceding letter (%). It becomes
('
^ [ P[X [ W>). Due to the preceding ( FP), the () changes to
(). It becomes ('
^ [ [ PX[ W>). Now due to (GP2 PF*$@),
the () is deleted. It becomes ('
^ [ X [ W>).
Further Examples

[X)U ^ ([BDU <^  ) becomes [)D ^ .

[XU X ([BDU <D  ) becomes [X X .
Step by Step

[X)U ^

[X)b ^
[)D ^

[[)D ^

[[ )D ^

[XU X

[ X[ X

[[X X

[[ X X

[X X

nnnnn

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Exercise 43
(a) Identify the rules or changes of (/P*) in the following
words:

'^ ?W Ah@U (6)

` [ KDX (7)
[
X W (8)
W [ X (9)
X [>=U W> (10)

R
X [ 7X (1)

D U W> (2)
a W 
W ( 3)

a W[U (4)

a KU[ X (5)

Rule 11
If a () appears in the place of the (

PPFBQ %&)

after a

(s), the () changes into a ().

Example

W PU07X ) the () appears in the place of the (

In the word (
PFBQ) after a (sP
P).
(). It becomes (
W 0U 7X ).

%&

Therefore the () changes into a

The same change occurs in (W0

U 7X ), ('U W0U W7) and (a W0U W7).

W 0U 7X

W 0U 7X

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W0U 7X
'U W 0U W7
sa W 0U W7

W0U 7X
'U W0U W7
a W0U W7

Rule 12
If a () is in the place of the (

FBQ %&), preceded by a

( F), the () changes into a ().
Example

W X #W , which is (dPIl mP =) of ( 6P

%W X P^) from the masdar (sa W PW#W), meaning intellect, the () is
In the word

in the place of the (

PFBQ %&), preceded by a ( FP).

( ) changes into a ( ). It becomes (

The

W X #W).

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 13
(13.1) If a () comes in the place of the (

PFB ) preceded
by a (sP
P) in the (=P
P), it changes into a (), on
condition that (/BA a change) occurred in the (/<).

Examples
1. The word

WKU (which is the =P of %W P^K) was originally

WKU.
WP "
U
originally W"
U.

2. The word

(which is the

=P
P

of

%W P
P"
W)

was

However, the word (WKU ) which is the (=) of (%W 

W ^K) of

PPB01 6PP) remains unchanged,

occurred in the (/<). The (/<) is (%W 
W ^K).

because no (/P
PBA)

(13.2) The same (/P

PBA) occurs if a () comes in place of

PFB ) of a word that is (OP}), on condition that ()

is (2) in the ( 5P" =P) or (/PBA) took place in the
() of the ( 5" =).
the (

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Examples

Y
` WPU (the OP} of the word Y
` [ PW) changes
to Y
` PWU . This is an example of a (OP}) in which the () is
(2).
2. The word 7` WPU$ (the OP} of the word =
` P$W ) changes to
7` PW$U . This is an example of a (OP}) in which the () is
changed in the original (from 7` 
U [$W to =` $W ).
1. The word

nnnnn

Rule 14
(14.1) If a () or () which are are not changed from any
other letter, come together in one word, which is not
(0P

gPiB) (on the scale of e

W W P[7W ) and the first of the
two, namely the () or () is (P2), then the () changes
into a (). Then (%Pl7@) is made and the preceding ( FP)
is changed into (s).
Examples
1. In the word

7` U [PW2

, () and () come together, and the

first of the two i.e. the () is (P

P2). Therefore the ()
changes into a (), thereby becoming (=
` U[PPW2).

After

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(

%l7@) is made, it becomes (=` 2W ).

2. In the word (
` [ P
PX[ W ), () and () come together, and
the first of the two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the ()
changes into a (), thereby becoming (
` PP[X [ W ). After
(%Pl7@) is made, it becomes (
PX[ W ). The (

FP) of the (%)

is changed to a (s), thereby becoming (
U [ W ).

3. In the word (
` [ PXX ), (which is the

=P

of

PWW

[ PUF[ W>), the () and () come together, and the first of the
two i.e. the () is (P2). Therefore the () changes into a
() becoming 
` [P 
X X . After (%P
Pl7@) is made, it becomes
(
P
X X ). The ( FP
P) of the (%) is changed to (sP
P)
PUX ). It is also permissible to read the
thereby becoming (
(%) with (sP
P) corresponding with the ( P
P) of the
(Y), that is (

U U ).
(14.2) The (P
refuge) is

() of (P>U (D P
[ U qb PW> P W(^ to take
(
U (b@U). The (,) changes to a (). It becomes U P[>@U, .

Because this () has changed from a (s?P), rule 14.1 will

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

not apply.
Another example where this rule will not apply is the word
('
a W [
W ). No change occurs because it is (0

giB).

If the () and () are in different words, no change will

occur.
Example

U W
(1)

[ @U the () will not change into a ().

(2)
U U PWFW b
the () of

U P[>U W [ PUIW - the () of the word ([ PUIW) and

the word (U P[>U 
W ) are in different words and will

therefore remain unchanged.

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 15
If a word is on the scale of (
a [ PX<D) and it has two ()s at
the end of the word, then both the ()s are changed into
() and (%Pl7@) is made. The (

FP) of the preceding letter

PFBQ GPP0) is changed into (sPP) and it is also
( P
permissible to give the ( FBQ ,<) a (s).
Example
The word (
` [ PD7X ) - (OP} of ` Pb7W ) is on the scale of (a [ PX<D).

Therefore, according to the above rule, both the ()s are

` P[D7X ). Then (%Pl7@) is made

changed into (). It becomes (
thereby becoming (
PD7X ). After changing the (
preceding letter into (sP), it becomes

FP) of the
 PU7X . It is also

permissible to read it as 
U7U .
nnnnn

Rule 16
(16.1) If there is a () in the (
preceded by a (

FP
P),

the

P FBQ %&) of an (
P

P2)
( FP
P) will be changed into a

(sP
P) and the () into a ().

The () is then made

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(2). Due to (G2 F*$@), the () is deleted.
Example
In the word (
` PD7[ (^) - (OP} of

` Pb7W ), the () is on the ( %&

PFBQ) of an (
P2) preceded by a ( FP). Therefore the
( FP) will be changed into a (sP) becoming (
` PU7[ (^).
Then the () changes into a (), thereby becoming (
` PU7[ (^),
which can also be written as (
[ XPPU7[ (^). After () is made
(P2), due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is deleted. It
becomes (
[ U7[ (^) which can also be written as ( 7[ (^).

Step by Step Example

` D7[ (^

` U7[ (^
 7[ (^

` U7[ (^ ([ XU7[ (^)

(16.2) The law of (16.1) will also occur on a

is from (/C1A

[ U7[ (^
=P, which

6) and is ( JK#).

Example
The word (
` PPPBW AW) undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (/
W AW).

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` BW AW

` BW AW
/ W AW

[ XBW AW

[ [BW AW

[ BW AW

(16.3) The law of 16.1 will also occur on a (=P), which

is from (/01A

6) and is ( JK#).

Example
The word (
` DPPPWAW) undergoes the following changes,
eventually becoming (
WAW).

` DWAW

` UWAW
 WAW

[ XUWAW

[ [UWAW

[ UWAW

(16.4) If a () comes in the (

preceded by a letter which

PFBQ %&) of an
P2 and is

has a ( FP
P), the ( FPP) is

changed into a (s).

Example
The word (
` !Xb (^) - (O} of

` P[!^ ) changes to (` PU!b (^) , which

can also be written as (
[ XPU!b (^). The () is made (P2) so
it becomes (
[ [PU!b (^). Due to (GP2 PF*$@), the () is
deleted. It becomes (
[ !UPPb(^), which can also be written as

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(d
b (^).
Step by Step Example

` !Xb (^

` !Ub (^
[ !Ub (^

[ X!Ub (^
d
b (^

[ [!Ub (^

nnnnn

Rule 17
(17.1) If a () or () comes in the place of the (

PFB ) of

a word which is (/P0<

P2), the () or () changes into a

(,), on condition that change took places in the (/<).
Examples
1. The word (
a U P^K) changes to (/a PUI^K). (Changes took place

^ W K^ to ^ ^K).
in its /< from 
2. The word (O
` U>PW) changes to (O` IUPW). (Changes took place
in its /< from O
W WW to 
W W).

PB P) is deleted as in the case

of (` PWp) which was originally (` IUPWp). This word is used in
(17.2) Sometimes the (

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the Qurn: ( Wp

X $X ^1W ^B0W )

Exception
In the word (

[ U h) the () will not change into a (s?) because no

change took place in the

/< (
[ U [ W> WW ).
nnnnn

Rule 18

=I ) or (=I ) or (=I L) appears after the (LP) of

(/
D 0U ^1W ), it changes into a (s?).

If a (

Examples
1. The word (X 
U PWo0W ) changes to (?X IUPWo0W ) - (OP} of the
word ` 
[o
X 0W ). This is an example of ().
2. The word (
X U WPW) changes to (L
X IUWPW) - (OP} of the
word a 1^ [>U
W ). This is an example of ().
3. The word (
D UW2W ) changes to (/D IUPW2W ) - (OP} of the word

a ^W2U ). This is an example of (=I L).

Exception
The (OP}) of the word (a !W[ PUX ) is (d
X IUPWW ). Although the
() is original, it changed into (s?P). This is an exception
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to the rule.
nnnnn

Rule 19
If a () or () comes at the end of a word after (=PI

LP),

they change into a (s?P). This rule applies to all kinds of

words, namely

=, 71, O}, g*+ and =$.

Examples of =
i.

` W07X

, W07X

(example of

, WX

(example of

)

, PPW07X

means

, WX

means

supplication).
ii.

` WX

- (

pleasing appearance).

Examples of O}
i.
ii.

` W07U
` WF2[ (^

` F[ 2U ).
` W[ (^
i.

, W07U (O} of 
W7)
, WF2[ (^ (O} of
` P[2@U, which was originally
, W[ (^ (O} of  W ).

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Examples of =$

2

i.

` WU

, WU

(example of )

ii.

` W7U

, W7U

(example of

nnnnn

Rule 20
(20.1) If a () comes in the fourth position or later in a
word and it is not preceded by a (

FP) or a (P2 ), it

changes into a ().

Examples

U W0W =[ PX>) was originally ('U W0W =[ PX>). The () is

1. The word ('
in the fourth position of the (/P
P<), thus it changes into a
().
2. The word (R
X P[B^0[ (^) was originally (N
X [ P^B0[ (^). The () is in
the 4th position of the (/<), thus it changes into a ().

X [B^[ *WP[2@U) was originally (N

X [ B^[ *WP[2@U). The ()
3. The word (R
is in the sixth position of the (/P<), thus it changes into a
().

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(20.2) The plural of (, W0=
[ PU) is ( 0U W=PW), which originally
was (
X [0U W=PW). In this word, the () is in the sixth position.
It changes into a () and (%PPl7@) is made. It becomes
(
0U W=PW). The rule of (=` PW2) (Rule number 14, example 2)
is not applicable here because the () has changed from
an (LP). The (7P1) of this word is (, W0=
[ PU). In Rule 14,
the condition was that the () or () must not be changed
from another letter.
nnnnn

Rule 21
(21.1) The (LP) that comes after a (

FP) changes into a

().
Examples
1. The word (6
W U [ PPX) was originally (6
W U PPX) - (the
[8

] of 6
X U PWX> 6WPW). The (LP) is preceded
by a ( F), thus it changes into a ().
2. The word 6
` U [>W P
X - (5P
PA
P
P2) of (6
` U P
P
W ) was
originally (6
` U [>PX). The (LP) is preceded by a ( FP),
thus it changes into a ().

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(21.2) The (LP) that comes after a (sP) changes into a

( ).

Example

d
X PP[>U WiW (plural of 6
` WPP[iU ) was originally
6
X UP
Pi
W W . The (LP
P) is preceded by a (sP
P), thus it
changes into a (). It becomes (d
X [>U WiW ) .
The word

nnnnn

Rule 22
If there is an (=I

LP) before the (LP) of ( PPHPA) or

(2 w#~ O}), it changes into a ().

Example

HA) of (P^B![X ) is ('U PWB^![X ). The end of the word

(^B![ 
X ) has an (LP) which does not accept a ( P).
Therefore, the (L) is changed into ().
ii. The (O}) of (^B![ 
X ) is (N
` WB^![X ). Here also the the (L)
of (^B![ 
X ) is changed into ().
i.

The (

nnnnn

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Rule 23
If () appears as the (

P FB )

of either a plural on the

scale of (/
a P[<D) or it appears in the feminine adjective on the
scale of (^B[ <D), the preceding letter is given a (s).
Examples
1. The word (
` [PPU) (plural of
originally

` [PPX.

,T PPW[W

The () appears

(/
a PP[<D), thus the preceding letter is

X WPP[(^) was

as the ( P
PFB ) of
made (P
PQ). It
and

becomes (
` [U).
2. The word (P
PQ^ [U meaning to walk arrogantly) was
originally (P^Q[ 
X ). The () appears as the (

PFB ) of the

feminine (P
PP^B[ <D), thus the preceding letter is made

U ).
(Q). It becomes (^Q[ 
Note:
This rule is like an exception to Rule 3 where the ()
changes to (). Instead of changing the () to (), the ()

FPP)
( ), is changed to (s).

is maintained and the (

which is the preceding

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The (/P1A

P2) falls in the category of (Nv
P2), that

is, a noun not having any descriptive qualities.

Examples
(W
[P
PDj) -

the (wP
P#~) of (dP
Pj( ). It was originally

(W![ j
D ) - purer. The () is changed to ().
(P
PW2[ D ) the (wPP#~) of (
X WPPb(^). It was originally
(W[ 
D ) - (more intelligent). The () is changed to ().
Step by Step Examples

!W[jD

W[ jD


W [D

2W [ D
nnnnn

Rule 24

[ BD[ <^) and the (

If a (=P) comes on the scale of (a P^

PFB

) is a (), the () will change into a ().

Example

a #W[ X[^ ) was originally (a #W[ #X[ ^ ), the ( PFB ) is a (),

thus it changes into a () thereby becoming (a #W
[ X[^ ).

The word (

nnnnn

Rule 25
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The rule for words on the scale of (/
D 0U ^<(^) or (/D PU0^1W ), is that if
they end in (), and are (sQ#), [that is, they are neither (

%&) nor ( )],

then in (P



OP< ), the () is

FB ) is now read with tanwn.

In (d ), the word will remain (_*1).
Example of (sQ#), that is, they are neither (%&P ) nor
` U W$W ) changes to ( W$W ).
( ): (

deleted. The (

m!


SJK !


m! ] !


 Wo
W U N
X [ W W

>U W$W R
X [>(^W

 W$W {U mU pW

<), the () becomes (2) in

(P O< ) and in (dP P), the () will be
(_*1).
Examples: (
X U W
^ ) changes to (
[ U W
^ ) or (
W U W
^ ).

If they are (

m!


SJK !


[ U W
^ U N
X [ W W
W U W
^ R
X [>(^W

m! ] !


[ U W
^  {U mU pW

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All words having (Zi*
rule.

) preceded by a (s) follow this

Such words are called (n)
2@).

Examples:

sQ#
>7U WF*WX '^ ^ 'b @U W
6

n
W0 / QD U 7 Wp
8

<

W 7U WF*WD  '^ ^ 'b @U W

6

W pX

<

[ "
U W / QD U
[ 7U ^ W pX
8

<

Step by Step

sQ#
` U W

[ XU W

[ U W

% W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

<
X U h^

[ U h^
nnnnn

Rule 26
(26.1) If a () comes in place of the (

FBQ %&)of (P^B[ <D) in a

word which is either (=$
2@) or (/P1A
2@), it changes
into a ().
Examples
i.

The word (W#[ 7X ) was originally (W#[ 7X ). A () comes in place

FBQ %&) of (^B[ <D). Thus it changes into a (). It

becomes (W#[ 7X ). This is the (/1A
2@) from (#X7X 
[ #X=[ W> W#7W )
to be near, [# 6].
ii. The word (PWBb 0
X ) was originally (WPbB0X ). A () comes in
place of the ( FBQ %&) of (P^B[ <D ). Thus it changes into a
(). It becomes (WBb 0
X ). This is the (/1A
2@) from ( ^B0W
BD0X [ BD[ W>)- to be high, [# 6].
of the (

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Exception
If this word is a (

1P"), it remains unchanged e.g. W?[ PTlD (a

female warrior).
(26.2) If a () comes in place of the (

PFBQ %&) of a word on

the scale of (^B[ <^ ), it changes into a ().

Example

The word (W)b AW) was originally (W)b AW). A () comes in place of
the (

FBQ %&) of this word.

Thus it changes into a ().

Exercise 44
(a) Apply the rules of (/*) to the following words:

, WF2W (6)
'U WFW 
[ X> (7)
O` FU [>W 2X (8)
=W pU [ $X (9)
'U WW
[ X (10)

W U 2X (1)
 
U [ W (2)

W=AW (3)

` IUW (4)
` IUW7 (5)

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The Paradigms of (

H)

N =. 4- V!. =R $2 . V! e )
. . 
. )*  <! CH
7` [ PX0[ W W PX<^ =P[0W =X PW0[ X> =W 0U X W =` 0U W W X <^ =0[ W =X U W> =W 0W W
'U W=PU0[ W =` PU0[ W ;X P[U
X [ P4 =[ U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ 0U ;X [U X [ q^b^
7` PW[U 'U WA=W PW[U sa =W PW[U =X PU0WW 'U W=W [U =` W [U ;X [U D ^bW X=0U WW
'^ [ =X PW0[ (^ 'U W=PW0[ (^ =X PW0[ (^ ;X P[U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W =X [0U WW 'U W7W[U
N
` W>=W 0[ X W =` 0W X 'U W>=W 0[ X W=0[ X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW =X 0U W(^W
Analysis of the changes
(1) The verbs of (

PH)

are used in all the (6P()

except (#

6).
(2) The () of ( P P) has been deleted due to
X U W>).
rule no.1 the rule of (=
(3) The () of the (=P
P) has been deleted due to rule
no.2 the rule of (sa =
W 0U ).
(4) In (P P), the () can be changed to (s?P)
according to rule no. 5 the rule of ({` 
[ P $X (D). Accordingly,
(=
W PU0X ) can be pronounced as (=W PU0(D). The same applies to the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

feminine of the (/PP1*

PP2)

(W=PP[0
X ) can be

pronounced as (W=0
[ (D).
(5) The broken plural - (PQ

OP}) of the ( /P01
P2

wP#~) which is (=X PU0W(^) was originally (=X PU0WW ). The first
() is changed to a (s?P) according to rule no. 6 - the rule
of (/
D"
U W(^).
(6) The () of the ( P3
P2) has changed to () according
to rule no. 3 the rule of (7` W[ U ).
(7) However, the () is unchanged in the dimunitive (
P2
5P*) of the ( P3
P2) (=` P[U [>W X ) and in the ( OP}
PQ) (=X P[0U WW ), because the reason for the change is not
found, namely the (
[ ) and a preceding (s).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

- '2 . V! e )
. . 
. )*  6nW CH
;X [U X [ q^b^ ` [ 
X [W W X <^ 
U [W X 2W [ X> W 
U X>W ` 2U > W X <^ 
U [W X 
U [W> W 
W W>
[ 
U [AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ 
U [>@U
Analysis of the changes

P), the only change that has occurred is in

(1) In this (6P
the (P

P)

where the () has changed to a ()

according to rule no. 3 the rule of (` 2

U [ X ).

3N 2 . V! e ]. - . )*  <! CH

X [ q^b^ a [ $X [ W W X <^ B$[ W /D $W [ X> /^ $U X W /a $U W W X <^ B$[ W /D $W [ W> /^ $U W
/b $W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /b o
W [>@U ;X [U
Analysis of the changes
(1) In the imperative (P

P()

- (6P) , the () has

changed to a () according to rule no. 3 the rule of

(7` W[ U ). The same rule applies to the (

P3
2) ( W /a PWo[U

a Wo[U W a B^o
W [U ).
(2) In the word (/
D PU$W(^), the () has changed to a (s?P)
according to rule no. 6 the rule of (/
D"
U W(^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(3) It is permissible to change the () to a (s?P) in (/
^ PU$X )
the (P

P dPIl m =) and in (/a PW$X )

the broken plural of the (w#~ /1*
2).
There is no other change in this (6).

N 4. c
!. ]2. V! e ]. - . )*  ko <! CH
W X <^ W 2W W 2[ W OX 2W [ X> OW 2U X W O` 2U W W X <^ W 2W W 2[ W OX 
W W> OW 2U W
O[ 
W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW O[ 2W ;X [U X [ q^b^ 
` [ 2X [ W

N ?.D- V! e p
. ., )*  <! CH
X [ q^b^ 6
` [ pX [ W W X <^ !WpU d
X pW [ X> d
W pU XW d
` pU W W X <^ !WpU d
X W W> d
W pW W
d
[ W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
[ pW ;X [U
Analysis of the changes
(1) In both the above-mentioned (6P
P(), the () of the
(P
P) has been deleted due to rule no.1 the rule of
(=
X PUW>). The changes in the other words are similar to (

=W PW0W

=X U W>).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N ^, 7- !. gR . . V! e S
.

- . )*  <! CH

W X <^ )^ U W )W W gX W [ X> gW U X W g` U W W X <^ )^ U W )W W V gX FU W> gW W W
g[ FU AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW g[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ r
` [ X [ W
Analysis of the changes
(1) The changes in this (6P) are similar to those of (

=W PW0W

=X U W>).
FR ,^qOl-V! e C4A )*  <! CH
=[ )U Ah@U ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` )^ *hX W X <^ 7^)A@UV =X )^ *hX> =W )U A(D W =` )U *hX W X <^ 7^)AU@V =X )U *hW> =W )^ Ah@U
=[ )U *hAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
R .
qOl-V! e C4A )*  6nW CH
X [ q^b^ ` 
W *hX W X <^ WA@UV X 
W *hX> W 
U A(D W ` 
U *hX W X <^ WA@UV X 
U *hW> W 
W Ah@U
[ 
U *hAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ 
U Ah@U ;X [U
Analysis of the changes
(1) According to rule no. 4 the rule of (=
W P^)Ah@U), the () and
() have changed into (N) and have been assimilated into
the (N).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FR ,^W2l-V! e C4A )*  <! CH

;X [U X [ q^b^ =` K^[ X W X <^ 7^)[>@U =X K^[ X> =W KU[ (D W =` KU[ X W X <^ 7^)[>@U =X KU[ X> =W K^[ (^
=[ KU[ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ (^
FR ,^'2 -2 l-V! e C4A )*  <! CH
7^)[*U2[ @U =X K^[ *W
[ X> =W KU[ *X2[ (D W =` KU[ *W
[ X W X <^ 7^)[*U2[ @U =X KU[ *W
[ W> =W K^[ *W[2@U
=[ KU[ *W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ KU[ *W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ =` K^[ *W
[ X W X <^
Analysis of the changes
(1) In both the paradigms, the () has changed into ()
according to rule no. 3 the rule of (7` W[ U ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 45
(a) Conjugate the following verbs:

OW 
W W (1)

W *WW> (2)

W 
W Ah@U (3)

^ )^ [>(^ (4)

^ )^ [*W2[ @U (5)
W 2W W> (6)
6
W W W$ (7)
7W ^)#[@U (9)
=W h W (10)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Paradigms of (

$()

CN 2 ^, V! e . J
. B. )*  <! 5+
/b KD ;X [U X [ q^b^ a [ )D W W X <^ & [ K^ D ^)X> /^ [KU W /a IU^K W X <^ & [ K^ D [ )D W> ^ ^K
a W )b U ;X [U D ^bW D U ^) 'U ^^)W a ^)W ;X [U
X [ 4  /b )D AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W /DT [>U ^)W 'U ^W)b U a W)b U D U^) 'U W*^W )b U a ^W )b U D U ^) 'U ^W )b U
'U W^[ KD ^[ KD ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW D U ^K(^W '^ [ DW bK(^ 'U ^W Kb (^ D W Kb (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` W^[ KDW a W KD
There is no change in the words (
a W PPb)U ) and (a PP^W )b U )
because they were originally (
a WP
Pb)U ). No change occurred

a WP )b U ) because of the exception in rule no. 8, namely

in (
that the () should not be followed by an (L).

PP) and
Hereunder follow the paradigms of the (P
(P
P). All other verbs which are (

P
PH)

from this

(6) follow the same pattern.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] 6K ! ='\O

 ] 6K ! ='\O

CD  

5 4 

^ ^)X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

^ [ )D W> [ ^

D ^)X>

D [ )D W>

/^ [KU

^ ^K

^^)X> [ ^

^[ )D W> [ ^

'U ^^)X>

'U ^[ )D W>

^B[KU

^^K

[D^)X> [ ^

[D[ )D W> [ ^

'^ [ D^)X>

'^ [ D[ )D W>

[BD[KU

[D^K

^ ^)AX [ ^

^ [ )D AW [ ^

D )^ AX

D [ )D AW

R
[ B^[KU

R
[ ^^K

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

W*B^[KU

W*^^K

W Bb )^ X> [ ^

W Bb )D W> [ ^

W Bb )^ X>

W Bb )D W>

W Bb KD

W Bb KD

^ ^)AX [ ^

^ [ )D AW [ ^

D ^)AX

D [ )D AW

R
W Bb KD

R
W Bb KD

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA

WF*XBb KD

WF*XBb KD

[D^)AX [ ^

[D[ )D AW [ ^

'^ [ D^)AX

'^ [ D[ )D AW

[ *XBb KD

[ *XBb KD

[ U^)PXA [ ^

[ U[ )D PWA [ ^

U [U^)PXA U [U[ )D PWA

R
U Bb KD

R
U Bb KD

^^)PXA [ ^

^[ )D PWA [ ^

'U ^^)PXA

'U ^[ )D PWA

WF*XBb KD

WF*XBb KD

W Bb )^ AX [ ^

W Bb )D AW [ ^

W Bb )^ AX

W Bb )D AW

h *XBb KD

h *XBb KD

^ ^KD [ ^

^ [ KD^ [ ^

D ^KD

D [ KD^

R
X Bb KD

R
X Bb KD

^ ^)PX# [ ^

^ [ )D PW# [ ^

D ^)PX#

D [ )D PW#

WBb KD

WBb KD

'U ^^)PXA 'U ^[ )D PWA

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

h ^^)X^

h ^[ )D W^

/b )^ X>
[ ^

/b )D W>
[ ^

' ^^)X^

' ^[ )D W^

^^)X>
[ ^

^[ )D W>
[ ^

h D^)X^

h D[ )D W^

[D^)X>
[ ^

[D[ )D W>
[ ^

h ^^)*X^

h ^[ )D *W^

/b )^ AX
[ ^

/b )D AW
[ ^

' ^^)PX*^

' ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA
[ ^

^[ )D PWA
[ ^

' WBb )D X^

' WBb )D W^

W Bb )^ X>
[ ^

W Bb )D W>
[ ^

h ^^)*X^

h ^[ )D *W^

/b )^ AX
[ ^

/b )D AW
[ ^

' ^^)PX*^

' ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA
[ ^

^[ )D PWA
[ ^

h D^)*X^

h D[ )D *W^

[D^)AX
[ ^

[D[ )D WA
[ ^

h U^)PX*^

h U[ )D PW*^

[ U^)PXA
[ ^

[ U[ )D PWA
[ ^

' ^^)PX*^

' ^[ )D PW*^

^^)PXA
[ ^

^[ )D PWA
[ ^

' WBb )^ *X^

' WBb )D *W^

W Bb )^ AX
[ ^

W Bb )D AW
[ ^

h ^^KD^

h ^[ KD^^

/b K^D
[ ^

/b KD^
[ ^

h ^^)PX^

h ^[ )D PW^

/b )^ PX#
[ ^

/b )D PW#
[ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CD

5 4

y [ ^[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D W^ y [ ^[ )D W^ : 11 ' O  
^[ )D W^ y [ ^[ KDq^^ y [ U[ )D *W^ y [ D[ )D *W^ y [^[ )D *W^
[ ^^)*X^ y [ ^^)*X^ y [ D^)X^ y [ ^^)X^ : 11 ' O  
[ ^^)X^ y [ ^^KqD^ y [ U^)*X^ y [ D^)X*^ y

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h ^^)XU

h ^[ )D WU

/b )^ XU

/b )D WU

' ^^)XU

' ^[ )D WU

^^)XU

^[ )D WU

h D^)XU

h D[ )D WU

[D^)XU

[D[ )D WU

h ^^)*XU

h ^[ )D *WU

/b )^ *XU

/b )D *WU

' ^^)PX*U

' ^[ )D PW*U

^^)PX*U

^[ )D PW*U

' WBb )D XU

' WBb )D WU

W Bb )^ XU

W Bb )D WU

h ^^)*XU

h ^[ KD

/b )^ *XU

/b KD

' ^^)PX*U

' ^[ KD

^^)*XU

^[ KD

h D^)*XU

h D[ KD

[D^)*XU

[D[ KD

h U^)PX*U

h U[ KD

[ U^)*XU

[ U[ KD

' ^^)PX*U

' ^[ KD

^^)*XU

^[ KD

' WBb )^ *XU

' WBb KD

W Bb )^ *XU

W Bb KD

h ^^KDU

h ^[ KD^U

/b K^DU

/b KD^U

h ^^)PXU

h ^[ )D PWU

/b )^ XU

/b )D WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ ^[ KD y [ ^[ )D *WU y [ D[ )D WU y [ ^[ )D WU : 11 ' O  .
[ ^[ )D WU y [ ^[ KDq^U y [ U[ KD y [ D[ KD y
y [ ^^)*XU y [ ^^)*XU y [ D^)XU y [ ^^)XU : 11 ' O  .
[ ^^)XU y [ ^^KqDU y [ U^)*XU y [ D^)*XU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h ^^)X> &^

h ^[ )D W> &^

/b )^ X> &^

/b )D W> &^

' ^^)X> &^

' ^[ )D W> &^

^^)X> &^

^[ )D W> &^

h D^)X> &^

h D[ )D W> &^

[D^)X> &^

[D[ )D W> &^

h ^^)AX &^

h ^[ )D AW &^

/b )^ AX &^

/b )D AW &^

' ^^)PXA &^

' ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

' WBb )D X> &^

' WBb )D W> &^

W Bb )^ X> &^

W Bb )D W> &^

h ^^)AX &^

h ^[ )D AW &^

/b )^ AX &^

/b )D AW &^

' ^^)PXA &^

' ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

h D^)AX &^

h D[ )D AW &^

[D^)AX &^

[D[ )D AW &^

h U^)PXA &^

h U[ )D PWA &^

[ U^)PXA &^

[ U[ )D PWA &^

' ^^)PXA &^

' ^[ )D PWA &^

^^)PXA &^

^[ )D PWA &^

' WBb )^ AX &^

' WBb )D AW &^

W Bb )^ AX &^

W Bb )D AW &^

h ^^KD &^

h ^[ KD^ &^

/b K^D &^

/b KD^ &^

h ^^)PX# &^

h ^[ )D PW# &^

/b )^ PX# &^

/b )D PW# &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ ^[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D W> &^ y [ ^[ )D W> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ ^[ )D #W &^ y [ ^[ KD(^ &^ y [ U[ )D AW &^ y [ D[ )D AW &^ y [ ^[ )D AW &^
&^ y [ ^^)AX &^ y [ D^)X> &^ y [ ^^)X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ ^^)#X &^ y [ ^^K(D &^ y [ U^)AX &^ y [ D^)AX &^ y [ ^^)AX

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47!
a W )b U

a ^)W

a [ )D W

/a IU^K

'U ^W )b U

'U ^^)W

'U ^[ )D W

'U ^BIU^K

D U ^)W

D U ^)W

'^ [ D[ )D W

'^ [ BDIU^K

a ^W )b U

a ^[ )D W

a B^IU^K

'U W*^W )b U

'U W*^[ )D W

'U W*B^IU^K

D U ^)W

N
` ^[ )D W

N
` ^BIU^K

a W)b U
'U ^W)b U
/D [>U ^)W
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to the words from (
^ ^K) till (W*^^K).
(2) Rule no. 7.4 applies to the words from (
W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in
the ( 

).

(3) Rule no. 9 applies to the words from (/

^ [KU) till (W*B^[KU).
(4) Rule no. 9.5 applies to the words from (
W PbBKD) till (PWBb KD) in
the (

).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(5) In the paradigm of (
D [ PD)W>), rule no. 8.1 applies to all the
words, while rule no. 8.2 applies to all the words of
(
D W )b X>).

P() is made from (D [ PPD)AW). After

(6) The imperative (P
deleting the (P
P

PP:0),

the last letter is rendered

(2). The () is deleted due to (GP

PF*$@) two

skins coming together.

(7) Where the (GP
P

PPF*$@)

no more remains, the

deleted letter returns as in the paradigms of (

PB)H 'P#),

e.g. (
h ^[ KD).
(8) Rule no. 17 applies to the paradigm of (/P01

P2),

e.g. (/
a IU^K).
(9) Rule no. 8 applies to the paradigm of (P
P1

P
P2),

e.g. (
a [ )D W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 46

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

r
X [ X W> r
W W (1)

X [ o
X W> 
W W$ (2)
r
X [ mD W> r
W ^v (3)
D [ o
X W> ^ W$ (4)
%X [ X W> %W W (5)
(b) Name the word-forms (W"
U ) of the following verbs:

W
[ 2X (1)
'^ [ <D[ fD W> (2)

[ U [ o
X AW
[ ^ (3)
' X [ HD*W^ (4)
[X [ D (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Paradigm of (I> $()

]R '2 ?.V! e )
. . 
. )*  6nW 5+
O[ U ;X [U X [ q^b^ O` [!UW W X <^ [W 
X W!X> OW [U W O` IUW W X <^ [W OX [!UW> 
W W
O` W![U ;X [U D ^bW OX U>W! 'U W[!UW O` [!UW ;X [U
X [ 4  O[ !UAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W OX [U>^!W 'U W0W![U 
` W![U OX U>W! 'U W*W W![U a W W![U OX U>W! 'U W W![U
'U W0W [ X W W0[ X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW OX U>W(^ W '^ [ X W[(^ 'U WW[(^ OX W[(^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` W0W [ XW O` WXW
Analysis
The (P1

2) and ( P4
P2) have become similar

after changes were made. However, the original form of

PP2
P1) was (
` [ PX![W ) while the original form of the (
P2
4) was (O` U![W ).
each word is different. The original form of the (

Hereunder follow the paradigms of this (6).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD  

5 4  


W W!X> [ ^

OW [!UW> [ ^

0W W!X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!


X W!X>

OX [!UW>

OW [U


W W

W[!UW> [ ^ 'U 0W W!X> 'U W [!UW>

W [U

W0W

[ 0X W!X> [ ^ [ X [!UW> [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!X> '^ [ X [!UW> [X [U

[0X W


W W!AX [ ^

OW [!UAW [ ^


X W!AX

OX [!UAW

R
[ W [U R
[ 0W W

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW

W*W [U

W*0W W

W [ !WX> [ ^

W [ !UW> [ ^

W [ !WX>

W [ !UW>

W [ U

W [ U


W W!AX [ ^

OW [!UAW [ ^


X W!AX

OX [!UAW

R
W [ U

R
W [ U

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U

WF*X[ U

[ 0X W!AX [ ^ [ X [!UAW [ ^ '^ [ 0X W!AX '^ [ X [!UAW

[ *X[ U

[ *X[ U

[ 0U W!AX [ ^ [ U [!UAW [ ^ U [0U W!AX U [U [!UAW

R
U [ U

R
U [ U

0W W!AX [ ^

W [!UAW [ ^ 'U 0W W!AX 'U W [!UAW WF*X[ U

WF*X[ U

W [ !WAX [ ^

W [ !UAW [ ^

W [ !WAX

W [ !UAW

h *X[ U

h *X[ U


W WD [ ^

OW [U(^ [ ^


X WD

OX [U(^

R
X [ U

R
X [ U


W W!#X [ ^

OW [!U#W [ ^


X W!#X

OX [!U#W

W[ U

W[ U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

h 0W W!X^

h W [!UW^

O[ !WX>
[ ^

O[ !UW>
[ ^

'U 0W W!X^

'U W [!UW^

0W !WX>
[ ^

W[!UW>
[ ^

h 0X W!X^

h X [!UW^

[0X W!X>
[ ^

[ X [!UW>
[ ^

h 0W W!*X^

h W [!U*W^

O[ !WAX
[ ^

O[ !UAW
[ ^

'U 0W W!*X^

'U W [!U*W^

0W W!AX
[ ^

W [!UAW
[ ^

' W[ !WX^

' W[ !UW^

W [ !WX>
[ ^

W [ !UW>
[ ^

h 0W W!*X^

h W [!U*W^

O[ !WAX
[ ^

O[ !UAW
[ ^

'U 0W W!*X^

'U W [!U*W^

0W W!AX
[ ^

W [!UAW
[ ^

h 0X W!*X^

h X [!U*W^

[0X W!AX
[ ^

[ X [!UAW
[ ^

h 0U W!*X^

h U [!U*W^

[ 0U W!AX
[ ^

[ U [!UAW
[ ^

'U 0W W!*X^

'U W [!U*W^

0W W!AX
[ ^

W [!UAW
[ ^

' W[ !W*X^

' W[ !U*W^

W [ !WAX
[ ^

W [ !UAW
[ ^

h 0W WD^

h W [Uq^U

O[ WD
[ ^

O[ U(^
[ ^

h 0W W!X^

h W [!UWU

O[ !W#X
[ ^

O[ !U#W
[ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CD

5 4

y [ W [!U*W^ y [ W [!U*W^ y [ X [!UW^ y [ W [!UW^ : 11 ' O  

[ W [!UW^ y [ W [Uq^^ y [ U [!U*W^ y [ X [!U*W^
y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0W W!*X^ y [ 0X W!X^ y [ 0W W!X^ : 11 ' O  
[ 0W W!X^ y [ 0W WqD^ y [ 0U W!*X^ y [ 0X W!*X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h 0W W!XU

h W [!UWU

O[ !WXU

O[ !UWU

' 0W W!XU

' W[!UWU

0W W!XU

W[!UWU

h 0X W!XU

h X [!UWU

[0X W!XU

[ X [!UWU

h 0W W!*XU

h W [!U*WU

O[ !W*XU

O[ !U*WU

' 0W W!*XU

' W[!U*WU

0W W!*XU

W [!U*WU

' W[ !WXU

' W[ !UWU

W [ !WXU

W [ !UWU

h 0W W!*XU

h [U

O[ !W*XU

O[ U

' 0W W!*XU

' W [U

0W W!*XU

W [U

h 0X W!*XU

h X [U

[0X W!*XU

[ X [U

h 0U !W*XU

h U [U

[ 0U W!*XU

[ U [U

' 0W W!*XU

' W [U

0W W!*XU

W [U

' W[ !W*XU

' W[ U

W [ !W*XU

W [ U

h 0W WDU

h W [Uq^U

O[ WDU

O[ Uq^U

h 0W W!XU

h W [!UWU

O[ !WXU

O[ !UWU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ U [U y [ X [U y [ W [U y [ W [!U*WU y [ X [!UWU y [ W [!UWU : 11 ' O  .

[ W [!UWU y [ W [Uq^U
[ 0W W!XU y [ 0W WqDU y [ 0U W!*XU y [ 0X W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0W W!*XU y [ 0X W!XU y [ 0W W!XU : 11 ' O  .

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h 0W W!X> &^

h W [!UW> &^

O[ !WX> &^

O[ !UW> &^

' 0W W!X> &^

'U W [!UW> &^

0W W!X> &^

W[!UW> &^

h 0X W!X> &^

h X [!UW> &^

[0X W!X> &^

[ X [!UW> &^

h 0W W!AX &^

h W [!UAW &^

O[ !WAX &^

O[ !UAW &^

' 0W W!AX &^

'U W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

' W[ !WX> &^

' W[ !UW> &^

W [ !WX> &^

W [ !UW> &^

h 0W W!AX &^

h W [!UAW &^

O[ !WAX &^

O[ !UAW &^

' 0W W!AX &^

'U W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

h 0X W!AX &^

h X [!UAW &^

[0X W!AX &^

[ X [!UAW &^

h 0U W!AX &^

h U [!UAW &^

[ 0U W!AX &^

[ U [!UAW &^

' 0W W!AX &^

'U W [!UAW &^

0W W!AX &^

W [!UAW &^

' W[ !WAX &^

' W[ !UAW &^

W [ !WAX &^

W [ !UAW &^

h 0W WD &^

h W [U(^ &^

O[ WD &^

O[ U(^ &^

h 0W W!#X &^

h W [!U#W &^

O[ !W#X &^

O[ !U#W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ W [!UAW &^ y [ W [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UW> &^ y [ W [!UW> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ W [!U#W &^ y [ W [U(^ &^ y [ U [!UAW &^ y [ X [!UAW &^ y
[ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0W W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!X> &^ y [ 0W W!X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ 0W W!#X&^ y [ 0W W(DT &^ y [ 0U W!AX &^ y [ 0X W!AX &^ y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47!
O` W![U

O` [!UW

O` [!UW

O` IUW

'U WW![U

'U W [!UW

'U W [!UW

'U W IUW

OX U>W!W

OX U>W!W

'^ [ X [!UW

'^ [ X IUW

a W W![U

a W [!UW

a W IUW

'U W*W W![U

'U W*W [!UW

'U W*W IUW

OX U>W!W

N
` W [!UW

N
` W IUW


` W![U
'U W0W![U
OX [U>W!W
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7.1 applies to all the words from (
W PPW) till
(W[ U).
(2) Rule no. 9 applies to all the words of (

).

(3) In the ( 

), rule no. 8 has been applied.

(4) Rule no. 17 applies to the (/01
2).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5
R 2 t
. V!, e ]. - . )*  <! 5+

` [
X W W X <^ <[MW
X WX> L
W [MU W L
` IUWM W X <^ <[MW
X WW>
W WM

` WW ;X [U
X [ 4  L
[
W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW L
[ MW ;X [U X [ q^b^
3N '2 cK !, e ]. - . )*  6nW 5+

/b #W ;X [U X [ q^b^ /a [UW W X <^ :

[#W D WX> /^ [#U W /a IUW# W X <^ :
[#W D WW> ^ W#
a WW ;X [U
X [ 4  /b WAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
To distinguish between the (P() of (PF) in which the
(s?P) is deleted and the (P() of ( P$(), one will notice
that in ( $(), besides the (m

=) and (wP#~ OP}),

FBQ G0) remains in all the words. Examples:

[ <UPWM [<DWM ^<WM [ U [U [X [U W[U [ U[ KD [DDK ^[ KD). The ( GP0
(
PFBQ) returns in the words attached to ( PB)9 'P#) and
( 11M '#) as well. Examples: (
h <^WM h W [U h ^[ KD)
However, in (GP PF), the ( PFBQ GP0) is deleted
the (

from all the words. Examples:

(
SC B^2
W

y [ BU2W [BD2W ^B2W y ' W U y

[ U U [X U WU )

Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of (

W WM).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

5 47! 9!

9!

87!

87!

67!

67!

K ! ]

5 47!

h <WWU

L
[
W WU

X WX>
X WW>

' ^<WWU

^<WWU

'U <^WX> 'U <^WW> 1^ [MU

h <DWWU

[ <DWWU

'^ [ <DWX> '^ [ <DWW> [1D [MU [<DWM

h <^W*WU

L
[
W *WU

X WAX
X WAW R
[ 1^ [MU R
[ <^SWM

'U <^W*WU

<^W*WU

'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW W*1^ [MU

W*<^WM

' W1b
W WU

W 1b
W WU

W 1b
W X>

W 1bV MU

h <^MW

L
[ MW

X WAX
X WAW R
W 1bV MU R
W 1bV MU

' <^WM

<^WM

'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU

h <DWM

[ <DWM

'^ [ <DWAX '^ [ <DWAW
[ *X1bV MU

h <UWM

[ <UWM

U [<UWAX U [<UWAW R
U 1bV MU R
U 1bV MU

' <^WM

<^WM

'U <^WAX 'U <^WAW WF*X1bV MU WF*X1bV MU

' W1b MW

W 1b MW

W 1b
W AX

h <^WMq^U

L
[ MW q^U

X WM(D
X WM(^ R
X 1bV MU R
X 1bV MU

h <^WWU

L
[
W WU

X W#X
X W#W

'^H !

CDG!

5 47!

W 1b
W W>

CDG!

5 47!

L
W [MU
W WM

W 1bV MU

<^WM

[ *X1bV MU

W 1b
W AW h *X1bV MU h *X1bV MU
W1bV MU

W1bV MU

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

FR .'-MV l-V!, e C4A )*  <! 5+

X [ q^b^ 7` W*)b X W X <^ 7W*UKb @U 7X W*)b X> =W [*UKb (D W 7` W*)b X W X <^ 7W*UKb @U 7X W*)b W> 7W W*Kb @U
7` W*)b X ;X [U
X [ 4  =[ *W)b AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW =[ *WKb @U ;X [U
Analysis
(1) The forms of the (/P01

2) and (P1
P2) have

become the same, namely (7` P
PW*)b X ). However, the original
form of each word is different. The (/P
P01
PP2) was
(7` 
U *W)b X ) while the (P1
P2) was (7` W PW*)b X ). Note that the
( P4
2) is also the same as the (P1
P2) as in all
other (6() of (78 9:9 l).
P) in the form of
(2) The verbs of the perfect tense (P
(dIl m HA) and (dPIl mP OP}) are the same as
the (P mP HA) and (P mP OP}) of the
imperative (P(), that is (7W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X PW*Kb @U). However, the
originals of the (P) were (W7
W PW*Kb @U) and ([7X W PW*Kb @U) while
U PW*Kb @U) and ([7X U PW*Kb @U). The
the originals of the (P() were (W7
(P() is constructed from the (P) which is ('
U W7U PW*)b AW).
Therefore the () is (Q).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

R .'-k2 l-V!, e C4A )*  6nW 5+

` W*
[ X W X <^ W*UM[ @U X W*
[ X> W [*UM[ D( W ` W*
[ X W X <^ W*UM[ @U X W*
[ W> W W*M[ @U
` W*
[ X ;X [U
X [ 4  [ *W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [ *WM[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^
This (6) is similar to (7W W*Kb @U) (

$().

Nu . v^, 2l-V!, e C4A )*  <! 5+

W X <^ W S)^ *U2[ @U %X S)U *W
[ X>
W [)U *X2[ (D W
` [)U *W
[ X W X <^ W S)^ *U2[ @U
X [)U *W
[ W> %W ^)*W2[ @U
%` ^)*W
[ X ;X [U
X [ 4 
[ )U *W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
[ U)*W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` ^)*W
[ X
Analysis
(1) The word (%W ^)*WP[2@U) was originally (%W 
W )b *WP[2@U). Rule no. 8

[ @U).
is applied and it changes to (%W ^)*W2
(2) Rule no.8 and rule no. 3 have been applied to (

X [)U *WP[W>)
which was originally (%X 
U )b *W
[ W>).
(3) The word (W)b *UP[2@U) has been changed due to rule no. 8
to ( W S)^ *U2
[ @U).
(4) The change in (

` [)U *W
[ X ) is similar to that of (
X [)U *W
[ W>).

PFBQ GP0) is deleted from the (P(), (P) and

(%?8 ), e.g. (

[ )U *W
[ W>
[ ^ y
[ )U *W
[ AW &^ y
[ )U *W2[ @U).
(5) The (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(6) When (

B)9 '#) or ( P11M '#) is attached to the (P()

or (), the deleted letter returns, e.g.

h FW [)U *W
[ AW
(

&^ y h FW [)U *W2[ @U).

Nu . .t-2 l-V!, e C4A )*  6nW 5+

s W W*U2[ @U X W*W
[ X> W [
U *X2[ (D W ` [
U *W
[ X W X <^ s W W*U2[ @U X [
U *W
[ W> W W*W2[ @U
;X [U
X [ 4  [
U *W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW [
U *W2[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ ` W*W
[ X W X <^
` W*W
[ X
[ @U).
This (6) is similar to (%W ^)*W2

Nu . ,Ml-V!, e C4A )*  <! 5+

[ KU(^ ;X [U X [ q^b^ %` ^)X W X <^ W ^K@U %X ^)X>
W [KU(D W
` [)U X W X <^ W ^K@U
X [ )U X> %W ^K(^
%` ^)X ;X [U
X [ 4 
[ )U AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
The changes of this (6) are similar to those of (%W ^)*W2
[ @U).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 47

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

X [>=U W> '^ W7 (1)

D [>?U W> z
^ W (2)
d
X [>U W> 6
W W (3)

X [o
U W>
W W$ (4)

X [1U W> Y
W ^< (5)
(b) Name the word-forms (W"
U ) of the following verbs:

[?X hFW AW (1)

W 
[ W>^)*WW> [ ^ (2)
[
X [1U *WWA
[ ^ (3)
h +
U [o
U *W^ (4)
[ !U[>U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Paradigms of (

JK#) and (L1)

N . $2 c=V!. "u .$b= !, e . J

. B. )*  <! wMB

X 7[ (D ;X [U X [ q^b^  0X =[ W W X <^ , W07X W0=[ X> W 0U 7X W 
W7 W X <^ , W07X [ 0X =[ W> ^0W7
;X [U D ^bW 
W=W 'U W0W =[ W 0=[ W ;X [U
X [ 4  
X =[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
 0U W=W 'U W>^0[=U , W0=[ U 
W=W 'U W0W =[ U sa W0=[ U 
W=W 'U W0W =[ U 0=[ U
W0[ 7X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW '^ [ 0W 7[ (^W 
W7(^ 'U W0W 7[ (^ W07[ ^( ;X [U /U [ 
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W
N
` WW0[ 7X W 07X 'U WW0[ 7X
Analysis of the changes
(1) The verbs of (IP>

JKP#) and (IP> P$() do not

come on the (6) of (#).
(2) The () in the ( P4
2) (0=
[ PW) and in the (
P2
P3) (0=[ PU) is deleted due to rule no. 7. If these words
are used with (
b (^) or as a ( P), the (LP) is retained,
e.g. (

[ D W0=[ U W
[ D W0=[ W W W0=[ FU bW W0=[ FW b^).
(3) The () in the word (, W0=
[ PU) has changed to (s?P) as in
the (=).
(4) In the plural of the ( P4
P2) (
W=PW) and the
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

plural of the (/P1*

P2) (
W7(^), rule no. 25 has been

applied.
(5) In the word (
0U W=PW) which is the plural of the (

P2

3), the () has changed to a () due to rule no. 20.

(6) Rule no. 26 has been applied to (W0
[ 7X ).
(7) In the words ('
U P
PWW0[ 7X ) and (N
` P
PWW0[ 7X ), the (LP
P) has
changed to a () due to rule no. 22. This applies to all the
words which are (wP#~ HA) of the (/P1*
P2) and the
(P2 w#~ O}) of the (/P1*
P2), whether the words
are (]i"), (JK#) or (/
E *).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

 ] 6K ! ='\O

 ] 6K ! ='\O

CD 

5 4 

W0=[ X> [ ^

W 0X =[ W> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

W0=[ X>

[ 0X =[ W>

W 0U 7X

W07W

W0W =[ X> [ ^

W 0X =[ W> [ ^ 'U W0W =[ X> 'U W 0X =[ W> W0U 7X

W0W 7W

[ 0W =[ X> [ ^

[ 0X =[ W> [ ^

'^ [ 0W =[ X> '^ [ 0X =[ W> [0X 7X

[0W 7W

W0=[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

W0=[ AX

R
[ W0U 7X

R
[ 0W 7W

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW W*W0U 7X

W*0W 7W

W [0W =[ X> [ ^ '^ [ 0X =[ W> [ ^ W [0W =[ X> '^ [ 0X =[ W> W [0U 7X

'^ [ 0W 7W

W0=[ AX

[ 0X =[ AW

W0=[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^

[ 0X =[ AW

R
W [0U 7X N
W [ 0W 7W

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW WF*X[0U 7X WFAX[ 0W 7W

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0X =[ AW [ ^

'^ [ 0W =[ AX '^ [ 0X =[ AW
[ *X[0U 7X

[ 0W =[ AX [ ^

[ 0U =[ AW [ ^

W [0W =[ AX

W0W =[ AX [ ^

W 0X =[ AW [ ^ 'U W0W =[ AX 'U W 0X =[ AW WF*X[0U 7X WFAX[ 0W 7W

[ AX[ 0W 7W

W [0U =[ AW R
U [0U 7X N
U [ 0W 7W

W [0W =[ AX [ ^ '^ [ 0X =[ AW [ ^ W [0W =[ AX '^ [ 0X =[ AW h *X[0U 7X h AX[ 0W 7W

W07[ (D [ ^

W 0X 7[ (^ [ ^

W07[ (D

[ 0X 7[ (^

R
X [0U 7X N
X [ 0W 7W

W0=[ #X [ ^

W 0X =[ #W [ ^

W0=[ #X

[ 0X =[ #W

W[0U 7X

W#[ 0W 7W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

h W0W =[ X^

' W 0X =[ W^


W =[ X>
[ ^


X =[ W>
[ ^

' W0W =[ X^

' W 0X =[ W^

W0W =[ X>
[ ^

W 0X =[ W>
[ ^

' X 0W =[ X^

h 0X =[ W^

[ 0W =[ X>
[ ^

[ 0X =[ W>
[ ^

h W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^


W =[ AX
[ ^


X =[ AW
[ ^

' W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX
[ ^

W 0X =[ AW
[ ^

' W[0W =[ X^

' #W[ 0X =[ W^

W [0W =[ X>
[ ^

'^ [ 0X =[ W>
[ ^

h W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^


W =[ AX
[ ^


X =[ AW
[ ^

' W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX
[ ^

W 0X =[ AW
[ ^

' X 0W =[ *X^

h 0X =[ *W^

[ 0W =[ AX
[ ^

[ 0X =[ AW
[ ^

h U0W =[ *X^

h 0U =[ *W^

[ 0W =[ AX
[ ^

[ 0U =[ AW
[ ^

' W0W =[ *X^

' W 0X =[ *W^

W0W =[ AX
[ ^

W 0X =[ AW
[ ^

' W[0W =[ *XU

' W#[ 0X =[ *W^

W [0W =[ AX
[ ^

'^ [ 0X =[ AW
[ ^

h W0W 7[ qD^

' W 0X 7[ q^^


W 7[ (D
[ ^


X 7[ (^
[ ^

h W0W =[ X^

' W 0X =[ W^


W =[ #X
[ ^


X =[ #W
[ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y 'b W 0X =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ W^ y 'b W X0=[ W^ : 11 ' O  
'W0X =[ W^ y 'b W 0X 7[ q^^ y [ 0U =[ *W^ y [ 0X =[ *W^
y [ W0W =[ *X^ y [ W0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ X^ y [ W0W =[ X^ : 11 ' O  
[ W0W =[ X^ y [ W0W 7[ qD^ y [ U0W =[ *X^ y 'b X 0W =[ *X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h W0W =[ XU

' W 0X =[ WU


W =[ XU


X =[ WU

' W0W =[ XU

' W 0X =[ WU

W0W =[ XU

W 0X =[ WU

' X 0W =[ XU

h 0X =[ WU

[ 0W =[ XU

[ 0X =[ WU

h W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X =[ *WU


W =[ *XU


X =[ *WU

' W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X =[ *WU

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X =[ *WU

' W[0W =[ XU

' #W[ 0X =[ WU

W [0W =[ XU

'^ [ 0X =[ WU

h W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X 7[ (DS


W =[ *XU


X 7[ (DS

' W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X 7[ (DS

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X 7[ (DS

' X 0W =[ *XU

h 0X 7[ (DS

[ 0W =[ *XU

[ 0X 7[ (DS

h U0W =[ *XU

h 0U 7[ (DS

[ 0W =[ *XU

[ 0U 7[ (DS

' W0W =[ *XU

' W 0X 7[ (DS

W0W =[ *XU

W 0X 7[ (DS

' W[0W =[ *XU

' #W[ 0X 7[ (DS

W [0W =[ *XU

'^ [ 0X 7[ (DS

h W0W 7[ qDU

' W 0X 7[ q^U


W 7[ qaU


X 7[ q^U

h W0W =[ XU

' W 0X =[ WU


W =[ `U


X =[ WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y 'b W 0X 7[ (DS y 'b W 0X =[ *WU y [ 0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X =[ WU : 11 ' O  .
'W0X =[ WU y 'b W 0X 7[ q^U y [ 0U 7[ (D y [ 0X 7[ (DS
y [ W0W =[ *XU y [ W0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ XU y [ W0W =[ XU : 11 ' O  .
[ W0W =[ XU y [ W0W 7[ qDU y [ U0W =[ *XU y 'b X 0W =[ *XU
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h W0W =[ X> &^

' W 0X =[ W> &^


W =[ X> &^


X =[ W> &^

' W0W =[ X> &^

' W 0X =[ W> &^

W0W =[ X> &^

W 0X =[ W> &^

' X 0W =[ X> &^

h 0X =[ W> &^

[ 0W =[ X> &^

[ 0X =[ W> &^

h W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^


W =[ AX &^


X =[ AW &^

' W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

' W[0W =[ X> &^

' #W[ 0X =[ W> &^

W [0W =[ X> &^

'^ [ 0X =[ W> &^

h W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^


W =[ AX &^


X =[ AW &^

' W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

' X 0W =[ AX &^

h 0X =[ AW &^

[ 0W =[ AX &^

[ 0X =[ AW &^

h U0W =[ AX &^

h 0U =[ AW &^

[ 0W =[ AX &^

[ 0U =[ AW &^

' W0W =[ AX &^

' W 0X =[ AW &^

W0W =[ AX &^

W 0X =[ AW &^

' W[0W =[ AX &^

' W#[ 0X =[ AW &^

W [0W =[ AX &^

'^ [ 0X =[ AW &^

h W0W 7[ (D &^

' W 0X 7[ (^ &^


W 7[ (D &^


X 7[ (^ &^

h W0W =[ #X &^

' W 0X =[ #W &^


W =[ #X &^


X =[ #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

&^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ W> &^ y 'b W 0X =[ W> &^ : 11 ' O  
'W0X =[ #W &^ y 'b W 0X 7[ (^ &^ y [ 0U =[ AW &^ y [ 0X =[ AW &^ y 'b W 0X =[ AW
&^ y [ W0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ X> &^ y [ W0W =[ X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ W0W =[ #X &^ y [ W0W 7[ (D &^ y [ U0W =[ AX &^ y 'b X 0W =[ AX &^ y [ W0W =[ AX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47!
0=[ U

0=[ W

 0X =[ W


W7

'U W0W =[ U

'U W0W =[ W

'U h 0X =[ W

'U W0U W7


W=W


W=W

'^ [  0X =[ W

'^ [ 0X W7

sa W0=[ U

sa h 0X =[ W

a W0U W7

'U WAW0=[ U

'U WAh 0X =[ W

'U W*W0U W7


W=W

N
` h 0X =[ W

N
` W0U W7

, W0=[ U
'U S,W0=[ U
 0U W=W
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (W07W ).
(2) If an (LP) is changed from a (), it is written in the
form of an (LP), e.g. (PW07W ). If the (LP) is changed from a
(),it is written in the form of an (), e.g. (W ).
(3) If an (LP) is deleted due to (GP
(>P
PA), if (b ^) is attached or the word is

PF*$@) or
( P
P), the

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(LP) will be written in the form of a () in all three cases
(P

dP O< ), e.g. If the word (0=[ PW) has

b ^) attached to it or it is ( PP), the (LPP) will be
(
written in the form of a () e.g. (

[ QD 0=[ PW W W0=[ PWFb mPp),
(

[ QD 0=[ P
PW W 0=[ P
PWFb R
X P
P[>(^W ) and ( W 0=[ P
PWFbU N
X [ W P
PW

[ QD 0=[ PPW). According to the grammarian, Sbawayh, in
(dP P), the (sP) LP) will be written in the
form of an (L), e.g. (

[ D W0=[ W R
X [>(^W ).
PW07W ), the () remains unchanged
(4) In the dual form (WP
because it appears before the (L) of ( HA).
(5) From ('
^ [ PPW07W ) till the end, all the words are in their
original form.
(6) In the (P
all the words

P), rule no. 11 has been applied to

whereby the () changes to (). In the word

(
[ 0X 7X ), the () is deleted.
(7) In words like (
[ 0X =[ PW>), the () has become (P2) due
to rule no. 10.1. In ('
^ [ 0X =[ PW>), ('^ [ 0X =[ PWA) and (W [0U =[ PWA), the ()
is deleted due to rule no. 10.2 and 10.3. Besides the (

OP}

wP#~) and all the forms of ( PHA), all the remaining words
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

are unchanged.
(8) The plural masculine word-forms are the same for the
masculine and feminine, namely ('
^ [ 0X =[ W>) and ('^ [ 0X =[ AW).
(9) In the (P

P), the () has changed to () due

[ X>).
to rule no. 20, e.g. (W0=
(10) The ( w#~ =) and (P wP#~ O}) have
the same word-forms, namely (
W [0W =[ P PXA). However, the
original form of the (P
PP wP
PP#~ =P
PP) was
(
W [>U 0W =[ AX) while the original form of the (P wP#~ OP})
was ('
^ [ 0W =[ AX).
(11) In words like (0=
[ PX> [ P^), due to the (LP) at the end,
the effect of the (
[ ^) is not visible.
(12) If at the time of (GP
P P
PF*$@), the first skin
letter is a (s=P), it is deleted. If it is not a (s=P), the () is
rendered a ( FP) and the () a (sP), e.g. ('
 X 0W =[ PX^) and
(
h U0W =[ *X^).
(13) Rule no. 11 has been applied to all the words of
(/P01

P2). Rule no. 10 applies to (

W7). The
(n)
2) mentioned previously apply to it.
(14) Only (%l7@) has been applied to the (1
2).

rules of

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 48

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ FX 
[ W> WF2W (1)
[ X 
[ W> W X 2W (2)
[ 1D [ W> ^10W (3)
[ BD![W> :
^ W (4)
[ BD
[ W> :
^ MW (5)
(b) Name the word-forms (W"
U ) of the following verbs:

WAW (1)
W 1U [ *W2[ (^ [ ^ (2)
/
W AX
[ ^ (3)
h WBU*W![W^ (4)
W F[ KU(^ (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6R 2 c !, e )
. . 
. )*  6nW wMB
%U [ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^  U [ W W X <^ [ W [ X> W U X W % W W X <^ [ W [ U [ W> W
[ U ;X [U D ^bW % WW 'U WW [ W [ W ;X [U
X [ 4  %U [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W  U WW 'U W>^[U , W[ U W % WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U % WW 'U WW [ U
'U WW[ X [ X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW '^ [ X [ (^ W % W(^ 'U WW [ (^ [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` WW[ X W X
Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of this verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CD  

5 4  

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

[ X>

[ U [ W>

W U X

W

WW [ X> [ ^

WU [ W> [ ^ 'U WW [ X> 'U WU [ W>

WU X

WW W

[ W [ X> [ ^

[ W [ X> [ ^ '^ [ W [ X> '^ [ X [ W> [X X

[W W

[ X> [ ^ W U [ W> [ ^

[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^
WW [ AX [ ^

[ AX

[ U [ AW R
[ WU X R
[ W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW W*WU X

W [W [ X> [ ^ W [U [ W> [ ^ W [W [ X>

W [U [ W>

[ AX [ ^ W U [ AW [ ^

[ U [ AW R
W [U X R
W [W W

WW [ AX [ ^

[ AX

W [U X

W*W W
W [W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W

[ W [ AX [ ^ [ X [ AW [ ^ '^ [ W [ AX '^ [ X [ AW
[ *X[U X
[ *X[W W

[ W [ AX [ ^ [ U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX
WW [ AX [ ^

W [U [ AW R
U [U X R
U [W W

WU [ AW [ ^ 'U WW [ AX 'U WU [ AW WF*X[U X WF*X[W W

W [W [ AX [ ^ W [U [ AW [ ^ W [W [ AX

W [U [ AW h *X[U X h *X[W W

[ (D [ ^ W U [ (^ [ ^

[ (D

[ U [ (^ R
X [U X R
X [W W

[ #X [ ^ W U [ #W [ ^

[ #X

[ U [ #W

W[U X

W[W W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

h WW [ X^

h WU [ W^

%W [ X>
[ ^

%U [ W>
[ ^

' WW [ X^

' WU [ W^

WW [ X>
[ ^

WU [ W>
[ ^

' X W [ X^

h X [ W^

[ W [ X>
[ ^

[ X [ W>
[ ^

h WW [ *X^

h WU [ *W^

%W [ AX
[ ^

%U [ AW
[ ^

' WW [ *X^

' WU [ *W^

WW [ AX
[ ^

WU [ AW
[ ^

' W[W [ X^

' W[U [ W^

W [W [ X>
[ ^

W [U [ W>
[ ^

h WW [ *X^

h U [ *W^

%W [ AX
[ ^

%U [ AW
[ ^

' WW [ *X^

' WU [ *W^

WW [ AX
[ ^

WU [ AW
[ ^

' X W [ *X^

h X [ *W^

[ W [ AX
[ ^

[ X [ AW
[ ^

h UW [ *X^

h U [ *W^

[ W [ AX
[ ^

[ U [ AW
[ ^

' WW [ *X^

' WU [ *W^

WW [ AX
[ ^

WU [ AW
[ ^

' W[W [ *X^

' W[U [ *W^

W [W [ AX
[ ^

W [U [ AW
[ ^

h WW [ qD^

h WU [ q^^

%W [ (D
[ ^

%U [ (^
[ ^

h WW [ X^

h WU [ W^

%W [ #X
[ ^

%U [ #W
[ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y [ WU [ *W^ y [ WU [ *W^ y [ X [ W^ y [ WU[ W^ : 11 ' O  
[ WU [ W^ y [ WU [ q^^ y [ U [ *W^ y [ X [ *W^
y [ WW [ *X^ y [ WW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ X^ y [ WW [ X^ : 11 ' O  
[ WW [ X^ y [ WW [ qD^ y [ UW [ *X^ y 'b X W [ *X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h WW [ XU

h WU [ WU

%W [ XU

%U [ WU

' WW [ XU

' WU [ WU

WW [ XU

WU [ WU

' X W [ XU

h X [ WU

[ W [ XU

[ X [ WU

h WW [ *XU

h WU [ *WU

%W [ *XU

%U [ *WU

' WW [ *XU

' WU [ *WU

WW [ *XU

WU [ *WU

' W[W [ XU

' W[U [ WU

W [W [ XU

W [U [ WU

h WW [ *XU

h WU [ @U

%W [ *XU

%U [ @U

' WW [ *XU

' WU [ @U

WW [ *XU

WU [ @U

' X W [ *XU

h X [ @U

[ W [ *XU

[ X [ @U

h UW [ *XU

h U [ @U

[ W [ *XU

[ U [ @U

' WW [ *XU

' WU [ @U

WW [ *XU

WU [ @U

' W[W [ *XU

' W[U [ @U

W [W [ *XU

W [U [ @U

h WW [ qDU

h WU [ q^U

%W [ qaU

%U [ q^U

h WW [ XU

h WU [ WU

%W [ XU

%U [ WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ X [ @U y [ WU [ @U y [ WU [ *WU y [ X [ WU y [ WU [ WU : 11 ' O  .
[ WU [ WU y [ WU [ q^U y [ U [ @U
y [ X [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ WW [ *XU y [ X [XU y [ WW [ XU : 11 ' O  .
[ WW [ XU y [ WW [ qDU y [ UW [ *XU
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h WW [ X> &^

h WU [ W> &^

%W [ X> &^

%U [ W> &^

' WW [ X> &^

' WU [ W> &^

WW [ X> &^

WU [ W> &^

' X W [ X> &^

h X [ W> &^

[ W [ X> &^

[ X [ W> &^

h WW [ AX &^

h WU [ AW &^

%W [ AX &^

%U [ AW &^

' WW [ AX &^

' WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

' W[W [ X> &^

' W[U [ W> &^

W [W [ X> &^

W [U [ W> &^

h WW [ AX &^

h U [ AW &^

%W [ AX &^

%U [ AW &^

' WW [ AX &^

' WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

' X W [ AX &^

h X [ AW &^

[ W [ AX &^

[ X [ AW &^

h UW [ AX &^

h U [ AW &^

[ W [ AX &^

[ U [ AW &^

' WW [ AX &^

' WU [ AW &^

WW [ AX &^

WU [ AW &^

' W[W [ AX &^

' W[U [ AW &^

W [W [ AX &^

W [U [ AW &^

h WW [ (D &^

h WU [ (^ &^

%W [ (D &^

%U [ (^ &^

h WW [ #X &^

h WU [ #W &^

%W [ #X &^

%U [ #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

[ WU [ AW &^ y [ WU [ AW &^ y [ X [ W> &^ y [ WU [ W> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ WU [ #W &^ y [ WU [ (^ &^ y [ U [ AW &^ y [ X [ AW &^ y
[ WW [ AX &^ y [ WW [ AX &^ y 'b X W [ X> &^ y [ WW [ X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ WW [ #X &^ y [ WW [ (D &^ y [ UW [ AX &^ y 'b XW [ AX &^ y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47!
[ U

 [ W

 U [ W

% W

'U WW [ U

'U WW [ W

'U hU [ W

'U WU W

% WW

% WW

'^ [ U [ W

'^ [ X W

sa W[ U

a hU [ W

a WU W

'U WAW[ U

'U *WhU [ W

'U W*WU W

% WW

N
` hU [ W

N
` WU W

, W[ U
'U S,W[ U
 U WW
Analysis
(1) The ( 4

2) (P[ W ) is (GP _P*1) if the verb

is (JK#).
(2) When the word (PP[ W ) is used with (
b ^) or as a
( ), the (L) reverts, e.g. ([ F
W b^) , (
[ QD [ W ).
(3) Rule no. 25 applies to (% WW ) and (% W(^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(4) Rule no. 7 has been applied to (P
P[ (^) whereby the
() has changed to an (L).
(5) In the broken plural (PX ), the () was changed to an
(LPP) and was thereafter deleted due to

PPF*$@

G).
(6) In the words (PW ) and ([PWW ), the () was changed to
an (L) due to rule no. 7.
(7) In the words (R
[ PWW ) and (PW*W W ), the (LP) was deleted
due to (G

F*$@).

(8) Rule no. 10 has been applied to ([X X ).

(9) Rule no. 10 has also been applied to (
[ PU[ W>), ([ PU[ AW),
(
[ U [ (^), ([ PU[ #W), ('^ [ PX[ W>), ('^ [ PX[ AW), (W [U [ PWA). After changes
were made in the singular feminine second person -

W [U [ AW) it became like the plural feminine second person.

(
(10) Rule no. 7 has been applied to the passive tense verbs
like ([ X>) etc.
(11) In the word (% W), the () was made skin and then
deleted due to (G
(12) In the word

F*$@).
('
^ [ PPXW), the

harakah of the () was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

transferred to the preceding letter, the () was changed to
() and then deleted.
(13) Rule no. 14 has been applied to all the words of
(1

2), e.g. ( U [ W ).
N !.
2 q !. 6.q !, e ]. - . )*  <! wMB

X [ q^b^  
U [ W W X <^ U [ X> W 
U X W Y
W W X <^ U [ W> W 
U W
Y
WW 'U W
W [ W 
[ W ;X [U
X [ 4  Y
W [ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW Y
W [ @U ;X [U
, W[ U Y
WW 'U WAW[ U sa W[ U Y
WW U'W
W [ U 
[ U ;X [U D ^bW
W '^ [ 
W [ (^ 'U W
W [ (^ [ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W  
U WW 'U W>^[U
N
` WW
[ X W 
X 'U WW
[ X 
[ X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW Y
W(^
Analysis
(1) The same changes as (0=
[ PX>

W PU07X ) have occurred in the

active tense of this verb. The other words are affected in

the same way as (VX0=
[ W>

W07W ).

(2) As an exception to the rule, the rule of (

PU7U ) has been


U [ W ).
applied to the word (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N '.Q
2t
. V!, e ]. - . )*  6nW wMB
 +
U
[ W W X <^ W+
[ MW +
[ X> W +
U MX W
WM W X <^ W+
[ MW +
[ W> W +
U MW
'U W+
W
[ W +

[ W ;X [U
X [ 4 
W
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
W M[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^

WW 'U WAW+

[ U sa W+
[ U
WW 'U W+
W
[ U +

[ U ;X [U D ^bW
WW
'U W+
W M[ (^ +M[ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W  U WW 'U W>^+[U , W+
[ U W
N
` WW+
[ MX W +
MX 'U WW+
[ MX +
[ MX ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW
WM(^ W '^ [ +
W M[ (^
The verbs of this category are very similar to those of
(
[ U [ W>

W ).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 49

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ QU ![W> QW (1)

[ U =[ W> 7W (2)

)![W> W )U W (3)
[ )U 
[ W> )2W (4)
[ 5U ![W> 5W (5)
(b) Name the word-forms (W"
U ) of the following verbs:

)Bb AW (1)
W U![AW [ ^ (2)
[ 1U Qb AW
[ ^ (3)
' W[W 
[ *W^ (4)
[+
X [ @U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N W.,M- V!, e )
. . 
. )*  x  y'
r
U ;X [U X [ q^b^  KU[ W W X <^ W>^KU K[ X> W KUX W r
W W X <^ W>^KU [ )U W> KW
)[U ;X [U D ^bW r
WW 'U WK^S[ W K[ W ;X [U
X [ 4  gU AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/D W <b (^W  KUWW 'U W>^)[U , ^)[U W r
WW 'U WAS)^ [U sa^)[U r
WW 'U W)^S [U
'U WWKb X Kb X ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW r
W(^ W '^ [ K^S[ (^ 'U WK^[ (^ K[ (^ ;X [U /U [
U 1b *h
N
` WWKb X W KX
In this category of verbs, the rules of (P
PH) have been

PFBQ ,P<) while the rules of (JKP#) have

been applied to the ( PFBQ GP
P0). Most of the paradigms
[ U [ W> W ).
are similar to those of (
applied to the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

 ] 6K ! ='\O

] 6K ! ='\O

CDG! 

5 47!  

K[ X> [ ^

87!

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

W )U W> [ ^

K[ X>

[ )U W>

W KUX

KW

WK^[ X> [ ^

W)U W> [ ^

'U WK^[ X> 'U W)U W>

WKUX

WK^W

[ K^[ X> [ ^

[)D W> [ ^

'^ [ K^[ X> '^ [ )D W>

[KDX

[K^W

K[ AX [ ^

W )U AW [ ^

K[ AX

R
[ WKUX R
[ K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW

W*WKUX

W*K^W

W [K^[ X> [ ^

W [)U W> [ ^

W [K^[ X>

W [)U W>

W [KUX

W [K^W

K[ AX [ ^

W )U AW [ ^

K[ AX

[ )U AW

R
W [KUX R
W [K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^

'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[)D AW [ ^

'^ [ K^[ AX '^ [ )D AW

[ *X[KUX

[ K^[ AX [ ^

[ )U AW [ ^

W [K^[ AX

R
U [KUX R
U [K^W

WK^[ AX [ ^

W)U AW [ ^ 'U WK^[ AX 'U W)U AW WF*X[KUX WF*X[K^W

W [K^[ AX [ ^

W [)U AW [ ^

W [K^[ AX

W [)U AW

h *X[KUX h *X[K^W

K[ (D [ ^

W KU(^ [ ^

K[ (D

[ KU(^

R
X [KUX R
X [K^W

K[ #X [ ^

W )U #W [ ^

K[ #X

[ )U #W

W[KUX

[ )U AW

W [)U AW

[ *X[K^W

W[K^W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87!

5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

h WK^[ X^

h W)U W^

r
W [ X>
[ ^

gU W>
[ ^

' WK^[ X^

' W)U W^

WK^[ X>
[ ^

W)U W>
[ ^

' X K^[ X^

h )D W^

[K^[ X>
[ ^

[ )D W>
[ ^

h WK^[ *X^

h W)U *W^

r
W [ AX
[ ^

gU AW
[ ^

' WK^[ *X^

' W)U *W^

WK^[ AX
[ ^

W)U AW
[ ^

' W[K^[ X^

' W[)U W^

W [K^[ X>
[ ^

W [)U W>
[ ^

h WK^[ *X^

h W)U *W^

r
W [ AX
[ ^

gU AW
[ ^

' WK^[ *X^

' W)U *W^

WK^[ AX
[ ^

W)U AW
[ ^

' X K^[ *X^

h )D *W^

[ K^[ AX
[ ^

[ )D AW
[ ^

h UK^[ *X^

h )U *W^

[ K^[ AX
[ ^

[ )U AW
[ ^

' WK^[ *X^

' W)U *W^

WK^[ AX
[ ^

W)U AW
[ ^

' W[K^[ *X^

' W[)U *W^

W [K^[ AX
[ ^

W [)U AW
[ ^

h WK^[ qD^

h WKUq^^

r
W [ (a
[ ^

r
U (^
[ ^

h WK^[ X^

h W)U W^

r
W [ #X
[ ^

gU #W
[ ^

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

y [ )D *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ W)U *W^ y [ )D W^ y [ W)U W^ : 11 ' O  
[ W)U W^ y [ WKUq^^ y [ )U *W^
y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ WK^[ *X^ y [ KD[ X^ y [ W^K[ X^ : 11 ' O  
[ WK^[ X^ y [ WK^[ qD^ y [ KU[ *X^ y [ KD[ *X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 9!

] 5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h WK^[ XU

h W)U WU

r
W [ XU

gU WU

' WK^[ XU

' W)U WU

WK^[ XU

W)U WU

' X K^[ XU

h )D WU

[K^[ XU

[)D WU

h WK^[ *XU

h W)U *WU

r
W [ *XU

gU *WU

' WK^[ *XU

' W)U *WU

WK^[ *XU

W)U *WU

' W[K^[ XU

' W[)U WU

W [K^[ XU

W [)U WU

h WK^[ *XU

h WKU

r
W [ *XU

r
U

' WK^[ *XU

' WKU

WK^[ *XU

WKU

' X K^[ *XU

h KD

[ K^[ *XU

[ KD

h UK^[ *XU

h KU

[ K^[ *XU

[ KU

' WK^[ *XU

' WKU

WK^[ *XU

WKU

' W[K^[ *XU

' W[KU

W [K^[ *XU

W [KU

h WK^[ qDU

h WKUq^U

r
W [ qaU

r
U q^U

h WK^[ XU

h W)U WU

r
W [ XU

gU WU

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

y [ KU y [ KD y [ WKU y [ W)U *WU y [ )D WU y [W)U WU : 11 ' O  .
[ W)U WU y [ WKUq^U
'b X K^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y [ WK^[ *XU y 'b X ^K[ XU y [ WK^[ XU : 11 ' O  .
[ WK^[ XU y [ WK^[ qDU y [ UK^[ *XU y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

] CDG! 6DK !

] 5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h WK^[ X> &^

h W)U W> &^

r
W [ X> &^

gU W> &^

' WK^[ X> &^

' W)U W> &^

WK^[ X> &^

W)U W> &^

' X K^[ X> &^

h )D W> &^

[ K^[ X> &^

[)D W> &^

h WK^[ AX &^

h W)U AW &^

r
W [ AX &^

gU AW &^

' WK^[ AX &^

' W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

' W[K^[ X> &^

' W[)U W> &^

W [K^[ X> &^

W [)U W> &^

h WK^[ AX &^

h W)U AW &^

r
W [ AX &^

gU AW &^

' WK^[ AX &^

' W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

' X K^[ AX &^

h )D AW &^

[ K^[ AX &^

[)D AW &^

h UK^[ AX &^

h )U AW &^

[ K^[ AX &^

gU AW &^

' WK^[ AX &^

' W)U AW &^

WK^[ AX &^

W)U AW &^

' W[K^[ AX &^

' W[)U AW &^

W [K^[ AX &^

W [)U AW &^

h WK^[ (D &^

h WKU(^ &^

r
W [ (a &^

r
U (^ &^

h WK^[ #X &^

h W)U #W &^

r
W [ #X &^

gU #W &^

'^H ! K !

'^H ! K !

&^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ W)U AW &^ y [ )D W> &^ y [ W)U W> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ W)U #W &^ y [ WKU(^ &^ y [ )U AW &^ y [ )D AW
[ WK^[ AX &^ y [ WK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ X> &^ y [ WK^[ X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ WK^[ #X &^ y [ WK^[ (D &^ y [ UK^[ AX &^ y 'b X K^[ AX &^ y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

1!

3$ ! 1!

C47!
) [U

K[ W

 KU[ W

r
W

'U W)^ [U

'U WK^[ W

'U hKU[ W

'U WKUW

r
WW

r
WW

'^ [ KU[ W

'^ [ KDW

sa ^)[U

a hKU[ W

a WKUW

'U WA^)[U

'U *WhKU[ W

'U W*WKUW

r
WW

N
` hKU[ W

N
` WKUW

, ^)[U
'U S,^)[U
 KUWW
Analysis
(1) The () of (
[ PPU)W>) and all the other verbs has been
deleted due to the rule of (=
X U W>).
(2) The rule of (
[ PPU[ W>) has been applied to the () of
(
[ )U W>).
(3) The imperative (r
U ) was constructed from ([ P )U AW). After

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

deleting the (P
P
(

PP:0),

the last letter which is a

B ) was deleted. It became (r

U ).

N W.%, - V!, e S
.

- . )*  x  y'

U ;X [U X [ q^b^  U[ W W X <^ W>&^ U [ X> W UX W  W W X <^ W>&^ U [ BUW> UW
B[U ;X [U D ^bW  WW 'U W^[ W [ W ;X [U
X [ 4  /U AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
/U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W  UWW 'U W>^B[U , ^B[U W  WW 'U WASB^[U sa ^B[U  WW 'U WB^S[U
X 'U WWbX bX ;X [U w
D #h~W FX bW  W (^ W '^ [ ^[ (^ 'U W^[ (^ [ (^ ;X [U
N
` WWbX W
The paradigms of this category is similar to (
[ )U W>

KW ).

b6dz !, e )
. . 
. )*   ^ y'
;X [U X [ q^b^
U fb W W X <^ j^ fb X>
W U jD W  ^j W X <^ j^
[ U fb W> j^
;X [U D ^bW  ^fW 'U W>W fb W  fb W ;X [U
X [ 4  U fb AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U jb @U
'U W>Wfb U , Wfb U W  ^fW 'U WAWfb U sa Wfb U  ^fW 'U W>W fb U  fb U
w
D #h~W FX bW  ^j(^ W '^ [ W jb (^ 'U W>W jb (^ jb (^ ;X [ U /U [
U 1b *h /D W <b (^W
U ^fW
N
` WW>[ jD W  jD 'U WW>[ jD >[ jD ;X [U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

"u .?-2 l-V!, e C4A )*  <! wMB

&^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
U *W[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ d*WP[iX W X <^ ,W!*U[ @U [ !U*Wi
[ W> !*W[ @U
!*Wi
[ X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ d
U *Wi
[ AW
"u .?-2 l-V!, e C4A )*  6nW wMB
W X <^ ,W!*U$[ @U !*Wo
[ X> W !U*X$[ (DW d
*WP[oX W X <^ ,W!*U$[ @U [!U*Wo
[ W> !*W$[ @U
!*Wo
[ X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ d
U *Wo
[ AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW d
U *W$[ @U ;X [U X [ q^b^ !*Wo
[ X
"u ,$2 l-V!, e C4A )*  <! wMB
;X [U X [ q^b^ B[ X W X <^ ,:
^ 0[ @U B^[ X> W BU0[ (D W / [ X W X <^ ,:
^ 0[ @U [ BU[ X> ^B0[ (^
B[ X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ /U [ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW /U 0[ (^

N '.-

2 c !, e 3'4O )*  <! wMB

F 
W X W X <^ WFU 
[ AW FC 
W X> W F 2X W

W X W X <^ WFU 
[ AW [ F 
W X> FC 2W
F 
W X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^

W AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW
2W ;X [U X [ q^b^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N '.^- V c !, e 3'4O )*  6nW wMB

g ^ ;X [U X [ q^b^ ) B^X W X <^ W)U Bb AW ) B^X> W ) D W g B^X W X <^ W)U Bb AW [ ) B^X> )^
) B^X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ g B^AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW

N W.- ^V c !, e 3'4O )*   ^ y'
;X [U X [ q^b^  )^ X W X <^ W>U )b AW h )^ X>
W  KD W  )^ X W X <^ W>U )b AW
[  )^ X> hK^
 )^ X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^  )^ AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW  K^
N %, .&R V!, e
$ )*  <! wMB
X [ q^b^ W5X W X <^ s &^ W5X ^W5X> W U[ lD W  W5X W X <^ s &^ W5X [ UW5X> ^^l
W5X ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ U W5AX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW U ^l ;X [U
N ,!. R V!, e
$ )*  6nW wMB
X [ q^b^  WX W X <^ s ^WX W WX> W U [ X W % WX W X <^ s ^WX [ U WX> W W
 WX ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ %U WAX &^ ;X [0W X [ hW %U W ;X [U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

62 {4. c !, e 3|4O )*  <! wMB

;X [U X [ q^b^ BW *WX W X <^ BW AW BW *WX> W BX AX W / W *WX W X <^ BW AW [ BW *WW> BW AW
BW *WX ;X [U
X [ 4 ^ / W AW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW / W AW
The () of the verbal noun (=P) changed to () due to
rule no. 16. In (P
P
(G

OP
P< P )

it is deleted due to

F*$).
62 ,,4c !, e 3R$O )*  <! wMB

^ W*WAW &^ ;X [0W X [ hW ^ ^WA ;X [U X [ q^b^  W*WX W X <^ U^WA ^S^W*W> ^WAW
W*WX ;X [U
X [ 4 ^

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 50

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ 1U W> <W (1)

i
[ W> W UW (2)
W> W #UW (3)

[ U W>
W U W (4)
[ "
U [ X> "[ (^ (5)
U ) of the following verbs:
(b) Name the word-forms (W"

[ 7 W #X (1)

W U WAX [ ^ (2)

h W *WAW
[ ^ (3)
h W>W W=*W*W^ (4)

[ U ?W #[@U (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

F) and (/*)

Combination of (

JB )*  <! 5+  ! :D

 b D ; & a [ ~X W < & [ (^ D X> /^ [>@U /a IU < & [ (^ D [ ~X W> ^
b ~X AW&^ ;0
The paradigms of this verb are similar to those of (
D [ )D W>

^ ^K).

The rules of (F) have to be applied to the (s?) while the

rules of (/*) apply to the (). Wherever there is a conflict of
the two, the rules of (/*) will be given preference. For
example, (
D [ ~X W>) was originally (D X qb W>). It required the rule of

` (bW ) to change the (s?) to (L), whereas the rules of (/*)

(\
required the transferring of the harakah to the preceding letter.
Preference was awarded to the latter.
Similarly, (
D [ X (^) was originally (D X ,V (^). The rule of (W W )
required changing the (s?) to (L). However, the rule of
(/*) of transferring the harakah was preferred. It became
(
D [ X (^). Thereafter, the second hamzah was changed to () due to
the rule of (%X 7U W(^). It became (
D [ X (^).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

)  )*  6nW 5+  ! :D

;0  7[ @U ; & =` [UW < =[>(^ 7X X> =W [>@U W =` IU < =[>(^ =X [UW> 7W
=[ UAW &^
X [!UW>
This (6) is similar to (O


W W). The above-mentioned rule has
to be considered here as well. Consequently, in the word (=
X [UW>),
the rule of (O
X [!UW>) is given preference to the rule of (\
` bW ). The rule
of (a F
h IU(^) applies to (=X [IU(^).
JB )*  <! wMB  ! :D
 D [ (D ; &  Dqb W < b(^ ^qb X> W U(D W  < b(^ [ Dqb W> &^ (^
D qb AW &^ ;0
The rules of (F) apply to the hamzah while the rules of
(JK#) apply to the ().

)  )*  6nW wMB  ! :D

R
U [>@U ; &  AUqb W < #WA[@U Aqb X> W AU(D W N
< #WA[@U [ AUqb W> A(^
N
U qb AW &^ ;0 

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

This paradigm is similar to (
[ U [ W>

W ).

p )*  6nW wMB  ! :D

d
U [>@U ; &  Uqb W < ,W@U qb X> W U(D W 6
< , W@U qb W> (^
6
U qb AW &^ ;0 
)  )*   ^ y'   ! :D
U [>@U ; &
U qb W < >(^ qb X>
W U (D W  < >(^
[ U qb W> (^
U qb AW &^ ;0 
)  )*  CH #4 ! :D
7[ @U ; & 7` [ X [ W < 7(bW 7X (^[ X> =W IUX W =` IUW < 7(bW =X UW> 7W (^W
=[ UAW &^ ;0 
p )*  6nW wMB #4 ! :D
W ; &  IU[ W < W>[ X X> W IUX W , W < W>[ X W> ^(W
([ U ; 3 , WW 'U W>(^[ W ([ W ; 4 W AW &^ ;0 
 , W(^ 'U W>,S [ (^ ,[ (^ ; /1* /<(  IUW W 'U W>(^[ U , [U sa [U

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

N
` WW>[ X  (X 'U WW>[ X [ X ; w#~ '^ [ (^[ (^
As mentioned previously, the rule of (/
D ^
[ W>) is compulsory in the
verbs of this (6). Hereunder follow the detailed paradigms of
this verb. Since it is a very common verb and many rules have
been applied to it, it should be thoroughly learnt.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K ! ='\O
  ]

6K ! ='\O 87! 87!

67!

67!

CDG!

  ]

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

X> [ ^

W> [ ^

X>

W>

W IUX

(^W

W>W X> [ ^

W>W W> [ ^

'U W>W X>

'U W>W W>

WIUX

W>(^SW

[ W X> [ ^

[ W W> [ ^

'^ [ W X>

'^ [ W W>

[X X

[(^SW

AX [ ^

AW [ ^

AX

AW

R
[ WIUX

N
[ (^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW

W*WIUX

WA(^SW

W [>W X> [ ^

W [>W W> [ ^

W [>W X>

W [>W W>

W [IUX

W [>(^SW

AX [ ^

AW [ ^

AX

AW

R
W [IUX R
W [>(^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW WF*X[IUX WF*X[>(^SW

[ W AX [ ^

[ W AW [ ^

'^ [ W AX

'^ [ W AW

[ *X[IUX

[ W AX [ ^

[ W AW [ ^

W [>W AX

W [>W AW

R
U [IUX R
U [>(^SW

W>W AX [ ^

W>W AW [ ^

'U W>W AX

'U W>W AW WF*X[IUX WF*X[>(^SW

W [>W AX [ ^

W [>W AW [ ^

W [>W AX

W [>W AW

h *X[IUX

(D [ ^

(^ [ ^

(D

(^

R
X [IUX R
X [>(^SW

#X [ ^

#W [ ^

#X

#W

W[IUX

[ *X[>(^SW

h *X[>(^SW
W[>(^SW

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87! 5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

h W>W X^

h W>W W^

W X>
[ ^

W W>
[ ^

' W>W X^

' W>W W^

W>W X>
[ ^

W>W W>
[ ^

' X W X^

' X W W^

[ W X>
[ ^

[W W>
[ ^

h W>W *X^

h W>W *W^

W AX
[ ^

W AW
[ ^

' W>W *X^

' W>W *W^

W>W AX
[ ^

W>W AW
[ ^

' W[>W X^

' W[>W W^

W [>W X>
[ ^

W [>W W>
[ ^

h W>W *X^

h W>W *W^

W AX
[ ^

W AW
[ ^

' W>W *X^

' W>W *W^

W>W AX
[ ^

W>W AW
[ ^

' X W *X^

' X W *W^

[ W AX
[ ^

[ W AW
[ ^

h U>W *X^

h U>W *W^

[ W AX
[ ^

[ W AW
[ ^

' W>W *X^

' W>W *^

W>W AX
[ ^

W>W AW
[ ^

' W[>W *X^

' W[>W *W^

W [>W AX
[ ^

W [>W AW
[ ^

h W>W qD^

h W>W q^^

W (D
[ ^

W (^
[ ^

h W>W X^

h W>W W^

W #X
[ ^

W #W
[ ^

'b X W *W^ y [ W>W *W^ y [ W>W *W^ y 'b X W W^ y [ W>W W^ : 11 ' O  
[ W>W W^ y [ W>W q^^ y [ U>W *W^ y
y 'b X W *X^ y [ W>W *X^ y [ W>W *X^ y 'b X W X^ y [ W>W X^ : 11 ' O  
[ W>W X^ y [ W>W qD^ y [ U>W *X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

h W>W XU

h W>W WU

W XU

W WU

' W>W XU

' W>W WU

W>W XU

W>W WU

' X W XU

' X W WU

[ W XU

[ W WU

h W>W *XU

h W>W *WU

W *XU

W *WU

' W>W *XU

' W>W *WU

W>W *XU

W>W *WU

' W[>W XU

' W[>W WU

W [>W XU

W [>W WU

h W>W *XU

h W>W

W *XU

W

' W>W *XU

' W>W

W>W *XU

W>W

' X W *XU

' X W

[ W *XU

[ W

h U>W *XU

h U>W

[ W *XU

[ W

' W>W *XU

' W>W

W>W *XU

W>W

' W[>W *XU

' W[>W

W [>W *XU

W [>W

h W>W qDU

h W>W q^U

W qDU

W q^U

h W>W XU

h W>W WU

W XU

W WU

'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]

[ U>W y 'b X W y [ W>W y [ W>W *WU y 'b X W WU y [ W>W WU : 11 ' O  .
[ W>W WU y [ W>W q^U y
y 'b X W *XU y [ W>W *XU y [ W>W *XU y 'b X W XU y [ W>W XU : 11 ' O  .
[ W>W XU y [ W>W qDU y [ U>W *XU
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

h W>W X> &^

h W>W W> &^

W X> &^

W W> &^

' W>W X> &^

' W>W W> &^

W>W X> &^

W>W W> &^

' X W X> &^

' X W W> &^

[ W X> &^

[ W W> &^

h W>W AX &^

h W>W AW &^

W AX &^

W AW &^

' W>W AX &^

' W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

' W[>W X> &^

' W[>W W> &^

W [>W X> &^

W [>W W> &^

h W>W AX &^

h W>W AW &^

W AX &^

W AW &^

' W>W AX &^

' W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

' X W AX &^

' X W AW &^

[ W AX &^

[ W AW &^

h U>W AX &^

h U>W AW &^

[ W AX &^

[ W AW &^

' W>W AX &^

' W>W AW &^

W>W AX &^

W>W AW &^

' W[>W AX &^

' W[>W AW &^

W [>W AX &^

W [>W AW &^

h W>W (D &^

h W>W (^ &^

W (D &^

W (^ &^

h W>W #X &^

h W>W #W &^

W #X &^

W #W &^

'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]

y [ W>W AW &^ y [ W>W AW &^ y 'b X W W> &^ y [ W>W W> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ W>W #W &^ y [ W>W (^ &^ y [ U>W AW &^ y 'b X W AW &^
&^ y [ W>W AX &^ y [ W>W AX &^ y 'b X W X> &^ y [ W>W X> &^ : 11 ' O  
[ W>W #X &^ y [ W>W (D &^ y [ U>W AX &^ y 'b X W AX
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

C47! 1!

3$ ! 1!

([ U

([ W

 IU[ W

, W

'U WI^[ U

'U W>(^[ W

'U hIU[ W

'U WIUW

, WW

, WW

'^ [ IU[ W

'^ [ X W

sa [U

a hIU[ W

a WIUW

'U WA[U

'U *WhIU[ W

'U W*WIUW

, WW

N
` hIU[ W

N
` WIUW

, [U
'U (^[U
 IUWW
Analysis
(1) The verb (W>) was originally (
X (^[ W>). The rule of (/D ^
[ W>) is
first applied after which the () is changed to (L) due to rule
no. 7. This change applies to all the word-forms except the dual

D ^
[ W>) applies. In the plural
form in which only the rule of (/
masculine forms and the singular second person feminine, the
(L) is deleted due to (G
(2) In words like (W>

F*$).

[ ^), no visible change has taken place

because the (L) does not accept any harakah.

(3) The (L) is deleted from words like (W W>

[ ^) because of the

(

[ ^).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(4) In words like (
h W>W W^), the () reverts in place of the (L)
because the latter cannot accept a harakah. The (

B)9 '#)

i*<) before it.

(5) In ('
 X W W^), due to (G F*$) between the () and the
('), and the () is not a (s=). Therefore a ( F) is rendered to it
to indicate the deletion of the ().
(6) The imperative (W ) is constructed from (AW). After deleting
the ( :0), the (L) is deleted from the end. It becomes
(W ).
(7) The imperative (
h W>W ) was originally (W ). The ( B )
which was deleted due to a (LK) now reverts. However, the
(L) was not capable of upholding a harakah. Hence, the ()
which changed into (L) reverts so that it can carry the ( i*<)
which the ( B)9 '#) requires before it. It becomes (
h W>W ). In (' X W )
and (
h U>W ), the () and () are rendered a dammah and kasrah
respectively because they are not (s=). A harakah is not
permissible on a (s=). The dammah indicates the deletion of the
requires a (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

() from the original while the kasrah indicates the deletion of a
().

)  )*  6nW 5+ ; ! :D

; & a [o
U W < [o
U W ,T WoX> ^ [$U W , W$ < [o
U W D [o
U W> ,S W$
a [o
U W ; 4 b o
U AW &^ ;0  b $U
(1) The remainder of the paradigm is similar to (TO[!UW>


W W).

(2) The verb (,T W+W>

,S W) which is (I> $( %: F) can

be from (O- 6) or (]*< 6). A letter from the ( )B )
is present in the ( FBQ %&). The (s) of the ( /1) is
not visible. In the verbs before (
W bU ), the () was changed to
(L). The original of the (L) could therefore be either (
sQ) or ( *1 ). The question arises as to why the verbs
from (
W bU ) till (WbU ) have been rendered a kasrah. The answer to
this is that if this verb is from (O- 6), the kasrah of the ( ,<
FBQ) indicates the kasrah of the ( FBQ G0). If this verb is
from (]*< 6), the kasrah of the ( FBQ ,<) indicates the
deleted () as in (
W [ U).
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(3) In the imperative (
b $U ) and the words affected by (%?$) like
(
bo
U W>

[ ^), the hamzah can be changed to (). In (qb W ) and (
[ ^

qb +
W W>), the hamzah can be read as an (L). The ( B ) will
however remain and not be deleted because the hamzah is a root
letter. In (%:

F) the ( FBQ %&) is not deleted.

(4) The hamzah of (
a [ o
U W ) and (a ^[+
U W ) cannot be changed to ()
and then (%l7@) be applied because the () is an original letter.
Therefore the rule of ( fM) cannot be applied here as this is not
a (s=I s=).
(5) The () of (
D U>WoW ) and similar words is not changed to a

hamzah because it is a root letter. The rule of (?X IUWo0W ) only applies
to a (s=I ) or (s=I

).

Exercise 51

PQ
(a) List the detailed paradigms (!P

PP)

of the

following verbs:

[ IU[ X> (^[ (^ (4)

vqb W>
W vU (^ (5)

qb W> (^ (1)

[ UW> ^(W (2)

qDf^ W> ^ jU W (3)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Rules of (L0)
Rule 1
If there are two letters of the same type (#Po*) or they

P)*) and the first is (P

P2), it will be
are similar (6P
assimilated into the second letter.

That is, (%P

Pl7@) will be

applied.
This rule applies whether the letters are in the same word
or in two separate words.
Examples of (%l7@) in the same word
i.
ii.
iii.

7` =[ W
7` =[ W

[ P
T A[=!W0W

= W (Example of [G#o*] letters, that is 7)

= W (Example of [G#o*] letters, that is 7)

[ A=W!0W (Example of [GPPPP)*]
letters, that is 7 and N)

GP)*), the first letter is changed into the second

letter before (%l7@) is applied. In the above example, (7) is changed
to (N) first, and then the two (N)s are assimilated. However, the (7)
In the case of (

is still written, although not pronounced.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Examples of (%l7@) in two words

WU d
[ pW vb @U
[#X^ W [
W 0W

W d
[ pW vb @U
[#X^ h [
W 0W

Exception
In two words, if the first word is a ({C=)1, the letters will not be
assimilated, that is, (%l7@) will not be applied.
Example

% [ W> [ <U
However, if the ({C=P) is in the same word, (%Pl7@) will be
applied.
Example

` [>U 7W

U 7W
nnnnn

A ({W=P) is either a () preceded by a ( FC P), a () preceded by a (sP) or

a (L) preceded by a ( i*<)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 2
If two letters of the same type are (ZPi*), and the letter
preceding the first (C(

/!K ) is also (ZPi*), the first letter

will be made (2) and then the two letters will be assimilated,
that is, (%l7@) will be applied.

Example

7W =W PW

7W =[ PW

=h W

C( /!K 

Zi*

Zi*
1st letter

nd

2
letter

W W <^

W [ <^

h <^

C( /!K 
Zi*

Zi*

Zi*
1st letter

2nd
letter

2@) has a ( ) on the ( PFBQ G0), the

letters will not be assimilated. In this case, (%l7@) will not apply.

However, if a noun (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Example

` W W
` X 2X

nnnnn

Rule 3
If the letter preceding the first (

C( /P!K ) is (P2) and not a

{C=), the ( ) of the first letter will be given to its preceding letter
and then (%l7@) will be applied.
(

Example

7X =X F[ W>

7X =[ FX W>

= FX W>

(C( /!K ) preceding letter

(W() first letter

C( /!K 

(9) second letter

X U 1b W>

X 
W [ W>

X [ 1U W>

X 
[ W W>

 1U W> (6 6)

W W> (O- 6)

Exception
This rule does not apply to the words of (giB).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Example

d
W !WBb $W

(No change is made.)

nnnnn

Rule 4
If the preceding letter is a ({C=P
P), without transferring the

P), the first letter will be made (P2) and both will
be assimilated, that is, (%l7@) will be applied.
(

Examples

W PW$W (   /<) of ( B01 6)

1st
2nd

{C=

W $W W
W $[ W
e
h W
7W 7U [ X (8  /<) of ( B01 6)
7W 7U [ X

7W 7[ [ X

7h [ X

nnnnn

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Rule 5
If after applying (%P
Pl7@), there is a (LP
PK-pause) due to
(P(), or there is a (%?P$), the following are permissible in
the second letter:

i*< because it is the lightest letter (Nc LM().

ii. s whenever any (2) letter is rendered a harakah, it is

i.

rendered a kasrah. The rule is (

iii.

U 
[ Q^ bU ZW  X ZW  X v@ X ).

%l7@
<^ (no %l7@ takes place).

Example
The (

5" () of ( 1U W> h <^) is:

[ U <b @U y  <U y h <U

If the preceding letter (C(

/P!K ) is (%FP), then ( FP)

is also permissible.
Example

7[ =X F[ W>
[ ^ y = FX W>
[ ^ y =h FX W>
[ ^ y = FX W>
[ ^

When the final letter has ('Q2), either because of a suffix, or
because it is in the jussive case (%?

) or it is the imperative

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(.), the two letters must be written separately, e.g. (W#7[ =
W W ) and
(7[ =
X [ (D).
When the final letter is (Zi*) it is vowelled the two are
coalesced.18 This does not apply to the (=) verbal noun,
where the (L) interposes between the two final letters, e.g.
(7` W=[ @U).
Exercise 52
(1) Which rule has been applied to the word (
h PP^) and
how?
(2) Explain the rule applied in the word ('
^ [ QD #h

[ ^).


X W>).
(3) Analyse the rule applied in the word (d
(4) Apply rule no. 4 to the word (7W 7W W).
(5) What are the different ways of reading the imperative
singular form of the following words?

h ^ (1)

h <^ (2)
=h W (3)

18

joined and made into one.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

JB )*  y$
= X = X =h X ; & 7` [ =X F[ W < =W = FW X> =h X W 7 W < =W = FX W> =h W
= FW W ; 4 7[ =X F[ AW &^ = FX AW &^ = FX AW &^ h=FX AW &^ ;0  7[ =X [ (D
7` W=F[ U 7 WFW 'U WA=h FW U sa =h FW U 7 WFW 'U h=FW U = FW U ; 3 7 WFW 'U h=FW W
7 W(^  '^ [ = W (^ 'U h=W (^ = W (^ ; /1* /<( =X [>7U WFW 'U W7W=F[ U
N
` W>=h X  7` =W X 'U W>=h X =C X ; w#~
Analysis
(1) Rule no. 2 has been applied to (=
h W ).

h X ), (= FX W>) and (= FW X>), rule no. 3 has been

(2) In the words (=
applied.
(3) Rule no. 4 has been applied to (7 W), (7 WFW ) and (7 W(^).
(4) In the imperative and prohibition (

.), rule no. 5 has

been applied.
Hereunder follows the detailed paradigms of this verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

6K ! ='\O

6K ! ='\O

CDG!

5 47!

=h FW X> [ ^

  ]

87!

67!

67!

CDG!

5 47!

CDG!

5 47!

=h FX W> [ ^

= FW X>

= FX W>

=h X

=h W

h=FW X> [ ^

h=FX W> [ ^

'U h=FW X> 'U h=FX W>

=h X

h=W

[ = FW X> [ ^

[ = FX W> [ ^

'^ [ = FW X> '^ [ = FX W>

[= X

[= W

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

= FW AX

= FX AW

N
[ =h X

N
[ =h W

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW

WA=h X

WA=h W

'^ 7[ =X F[ W> [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ X> '^ 7[ =X F[ W> '^ 7[ =U X

'^ 7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =W F[ X> [ ^

  ]

87!

=h FW AX [ ^

=h FX AW [ ^

= FW AX

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W

[ = FW AX [ ^

[ = FX AW [ ^

'^ [ = FW AX '^ [ = FX AW
[ AX7[ =U X
[ AX7[ =W W

[ = FW AX [ ^

[ = FX AW [ ^

W [>= FW AX W [>= FX AW N
U 7[ =U X N
U 7[ =W W

h=FW AX [ ^

h=FX AW [ ^

'U h=FW AX 'U h=FX AW WFAX7[ =U X WFAX7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX [ ^

= FX AW

N
W 7[ =U X N
W 7[ =W W

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW [ ^ '^ 7[ =W F[ AX '^ 7[ =X F[ AW h AX7[ =U X h AX7[ =W W

=h W (D [ ^

=h X (^ [ ^

= W (D

= X (^

N
X 7[ =U X N
X 7[ =W W

=h FW #X [ ^

=h FX #W [ ^

= FW #X

= FX #W

W#7[ =U X

W#7[ =W W

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 87! 5 47! 87!

 r ] 6K !

 r ] 6K !

'^H ! K ! ]

'^H ! K ! ]

CDG!

5 47!

' =h FW X^

' =h FX W^

=h FW X>
[ ^

=h FX W>
[ ^

' h=FW X^

' h=FX W^

h=FW X>
[ ^

h=FX W>
[ ^

' = FW X^

' = FX W^

[ = FW X>
[ ^

[ = FX W>
[ ^

' =h FW *X^

' =h FX *W^

=h FW AX
[ ^

=h FX AW
[ ^

' h=FW *X^

' h=FX *W^

h=FW AX
[ ^

h=FX AW
[ ^

' W#7[ =W F[ X^

' W#7[ =X F[ W^

'^ 7[ =W F[ X>
[ ^

'^ 7[ =X F[ W>
[ ^

' =h FW *X^

' =h FX *W^

=h FW AX
[ ^

=h FX AW
[ ^

' h=FW *X^

' h=FX *W^

h=FW AX
[ ^

h=FX AW
[ ^

' = FW *X^

' = FX *W^

[ = FW AX
[ ^

[ = FX AW
[ ^

' = FW *X^

' = FX *W^

[ = FW AX
[ ^

[ = FX AW
[ ^

' h=FW *X^

' h=FX *W^

h=FW AX
[ ^

h=FX AW
[ ^

' W#7[ =W F[ *X^

' W#7[ =X F[ *W^

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX
[ ^

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW
[ ^

' =W W qD^

' =h X q^^

=h W (D
[ ^

=h X (^
[ ^

' =h FW X^

' =h FX W^

=h FW #X
[ ^

=h FX #W
[ ^

y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b =h FX *W^ y 'b = FX W^ y 'b =h FX W^ : 11 ' O  
'b =h FX W^ y 'b =h X q^^ y 'b = FX *W^ y 'b = FX *W^
y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b =h FW *X^ y 'b = FW X^ y 'b =h FW X^ : 11 ' O  
'b =h FW X^ y 'b =h W qD^ y 'b = FW *X^ y 'b = FW *X^
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

CDG! 9!

5 47! 9!

' =h FW XU

' =h FX WU

=h FW XU

=h FX WU

' h=FW XU

' h=FX WU

h=FW XU

h=FX WU

' = FW XU

' = FX WU

[ = FW XU

[ = FX WU

' =h FW *XU

' =h FX *WU

=h FW *XU

=h FX *WU

' h=FW *XU

' h=FX *WU

h=FW *XU

h=FX *WU

' W#7[ =W F[ XU

' W#7[ =X F[ WU

'^ 7[ =W F[ XU

'^ 7[ =X F[ WU

' =h FW *XU

' =h X

=h FW *XU

=h X

' h=FW *XU

' h=X

h=FW *XU

h=X

' = FW *XU

' = X

[ = FW *XU

[ = X

' = FW *XU

' = X

[ = FW *XU

[ = X

' =h FW *XU

' h=X

h=FW *XU

h=X

' W#7[ =W F[ *XU

' W#7[ =X [ (D

'^ 7[ =W F[ *XU

'^ 7[ =X [ (D

' =W W qDU

' =h X q^U

=h W qDU

=h X q^U

' =h FW XU

' =h FX WU

=h FW XU

=h FX WU

'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]

y 'b = X y 'b =h X y 'b =h FX *WU y 'b = FX WU y 'b =h FX WU : 11 ' O  .
'b =h FX WU y 'b =h X q^U y 'b = X
'b = FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b =h FW *XU y 'b = FW XU y 'b =h FW XU : 11 ' O  .
'b =h FW XU y 'b =h W qDU y 'b = FW *XU y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

CDG! 6DK !

5 47! 6DK !

' =h FW X> &^

' =h FX W> &^

=h FW X> &^

=h FX W> &^

' h=FW X> &^

' h=FX W> &^

h=FW X> &^

h=FX W> &^

' = FW X> &^

' = FX W> &^

[ = FW X> &^

[ = FX W> &^

' =h FW AX &^

' =h FX AW &^

=h FW AX &^

=h FX AW &^

' h=FW AX &^

' h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

' W#7[ =W F[ X> &^

' W#7[ =X F[ W> &^

'^ 7[ =W F[ X> &^

'^ 7[ =X F[ W> &^

' =h FW AX &^

' =h FX AW &^

=h FW AX &^

=h FX AW &^

' h=FW AX &^

' h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

' = FW AX &^

' = FX AW &^

[ = FW AX &^

[ = FX AW &^

' = FW AX &^

' = FX AW &^

[ = FW AX &^

[ = FX AW &^

' h=FW AX &^

' h=FX AW &^

h=FW AX &^

h=FX AW &^

' W#7[ =W F[ AX &^

' W#7[ =X F[ AW &^

'^ 7[ =W F[ AX &^

'^ 7[ =X F[ AW &^

' =W W (D &^

' =h X (^ &^

=h W (D &^

=h X (^ &^

' =h FW #X &^

' =h FX #W &^

=h FW #X &^

=h FX #W &^

'^H ! K ! ]
'^H ! K ! ]

'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b =h FX AW &^ y 'b = FX W> &^ y 'b =h FX W> &^ : 11 ' O  
'b =h FX #W &^ y 'b =h X (^ &^ y 'b = FX AW &^ y 'b = FX AW &^ y
'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b =h FW AX &^ y 'b = FW X> &^ y 'b =h FW X> &^ : 11 ' O  
'b =h FW #X &^ y 'b =h W (D &^ y 'b = FW AX &^ y 'b = FW AX &^ y
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

s! 1!

5 X ! 1!

C47! 1!

3$ ! 1!

= FW U

= FW W

7` [ =X F[ W

7 W

'U h=FW U

'U =h FW W

'U 7W [ =X F[ W

'U h7W

7 WFW

7 WFW

'^ [ 7X [ =X F[ W

'^ [ 7 W

sa =h FW U

sa 7W [ =X F[ W

sa 7h W

'U WA=h FW U

'U AW7W [ =X F[ W

'U WA7h W

7 WFW

N
` 7W [ =X F[ W

N
` h7W

7` W=F[ U
'U W7W=F[ U
=X [>7U WFW
Analysis

^ 7[ =W W ) till the end, no (%l7@) of the first (7) applies

(1) From ('
because the second radical is (2).
(2) However, from (N
h 7[ =W W ) onwards, (%l7@) applies because the
(7) and (N) are (e

d>K)

close in source of

pronunciation.
(3) Rule no. 5 has been applied to (=
h FX W>

[ ^) etc.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Exercise 53
(1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:

d

X W> d
h 2W (1)
 4D W> h ^ (2)
d
X W> d
h pW (3)
d
BDW> d
h ^ (4)
d
QD W> d
h ^ (5)
(2) What is the word-form (

5") of the following words:

'^ [ 1 BDW> (1)
'^ 7[ =X 
[ AW
[ ^ (2)
[ mD AW [ ^ (3)
h F +
X W^ (4)
h 7X (5)

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

)  )*  y$
 1U AW &^ h 1U AW &^ ;0  [ U <b @U  <U h <U ; &  ^< < W<U  1U W> h <^
 1U W ; 4 [ U 1b AW &^
]} )*  y$
; & \
` XF[ W < W
FW X>
h X  \
W < W
FW W>
h W
4
[ 
W F[ AW &^
FW AW &^
h FW AW &^ ;0  [
W [ @U
W
h W

FW W ;
C4A )*  y$
< WfU 
[ @U  f^ 
[ X> h fD 
[ (D   f^ 
[ X < WfU 
[ @U  f^ 
[ W> h f^ 
[ @U
&^ h f^ 
[ AW &^ ;0  [ U f^ 
[ @U  f^ 
[ @U h f^ 
[ @U ; &  f^ 
[ X
 f^ 
[ X ; 4 [ U f^ 
[ AW &^  f^ 
[ AW
In this (6), the (/P01

2), (P1
P2) and (
P2

PP4) have become similar in form but the original of

the (/P01
P2) was (GP PQ) while the (
P2
1) and ( 4
2) was (G _*1).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

C4BA )*  y$

 7[ =U 
W #[@U = 
W #[@U =h 
W #[@U ; & = 
W [X < 7W=
U #[@U = 
W [W> =h 
W #[@U
= 
W [X ; 4 7[ =U 
W [AW &^ = 
W [AW &^ =h 
W [AW &^ ;0
C4A )*  y$
[ U )b *W2[ @U  )U *W2[ @U h )U *W2[ @U ; &  )U *W
[ X < W)b *U2[ @U  )U *W
[ W> h )^ *W2[ @U
 )^ *W
[ X ; 4 [ U )b *W
[ AW &^  )U *W
[ AW &^ h )U *W
[ AW &^ ;0 
C4A )*  y$
=h U (^ ; & = FW X < 7W=[ @U = FW X> =h U D(  = FU X < 7W=[ @U = FU X> =h W (^
= FW X ; 4 7[ =U F[ AX &^ = FU AX &^ =h FU AX &^ ;0  7[ =U [ (^ = U (^
3'4O )*  y$
7` =h o
W X < =[>=U o
[ AW 7X =h o
W X> 7W = $X  7` = o
W X < =[>=U o
[ AW 7X = o
W X> 7W =h $W
7` =h o
W X ; 4 7[ = o
W AX &^ ;0  7[ = $W ; &
3b4O )*  y$
< 11
W AW L
X 1
W *WX> L
W 1
X AX  L
` 1U
W *WX < 11
W AW L
X 1
W *WW> L
W 1
W AW
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

; 4 L
[ 1
W *WAW &^ ;0  L
[ 1
W AW ; & L
` 1
W *WX
L
` 1
W *WX
Pl7@) have not been applied in these two
The rules of (%P
paradigms.

$ )*  y$

e
WiX < $h WiX e
WiX> e
h [ X  e
WiX < $h WiX e
WiX> e
h W
&^ e
WiAX &^ e
h WiAX &^ ;0  [ $U W e
W e
h W ; &
e
WiX ; 4 [ $U WiAX
Wherever (%Pl7@) has been applied in this (6P), it is due
to rule no. 4.

3$O )*  y$

7 W*WX < 77X WAW 7 W*WX> 7h [ 
X AX  7 W*WX < 77X WAW 7 W*WW> 7h WAW
&^ 7 W*WAW &^ 7h W*WAW &^ ;0  7[ 7W WAW 7 WAW 7h WAW ; &
7 W*WX ; 4 7[ 7W W*WAW

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

L0), (F) and (/*)

A Combination of (

JB )*  y$  ! :D

% (D % (D %h (D ; & %` [ X qb W < W W@U %q^X> %h (D  % < W W@U % ~X W> %h (^
% q^W ; 4
[ X qb AW &^ % qDAW &^ % qDAW &^ %h qDAW &^ ;0 
[ X [ (D
Analysis
(1) The rules of (P
PF) apply to the hamzah while the
rules of (L0P) apply to the doubled letters (GP#o*).
At the time of conflict, the rules of (L0P) will be given
preference.
(2) In the word (% ~
X P W>), the rule of (\
` (bW ) was not applied.
Rather the rule of (=
FX W>) was given preference.
(3) After applying (%P
Pl7@) to the word (% X (^), the rule of
(%X 7U W(^) was applied whereby the hamzah changed to (). It
becomes (% 
X (^).

]} )*  y$ CH

7[ =W [>@U 7 W 7h W ; & 7` [ 7X [ W < 7X 7W X> 7h X  7 W < 7X 7 W W> 7h W
7 WW 'U h7W W 7 W W ; 4 7[ 7W [ AW &^ 7 WAW &^ 7h W AW &^ ;0 
=X [>7U WW 'U W7W=[U 7` W=[U 7 WW 'U WA7h W U sa 7h W U 7 WW 'U h7W U 7 W U ; 3
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

7h X ; w#~ 7 W(^  '^ [ 7 W (^ 'U h7W (^ 7 W (^ ; /1* /<(

N
` W>7h X  7` 7W X 'U W>7h X
Analysis
(1) The rules of (L0PP) apply to the doubled letters
(GP#o*) while the rules of (/
E P*) apply to the (). At the
time of conflict, the rules of (L0PP) will be given
preference.
(2) In the word (7 
W U ), the rule of (/E *) required the () to be
changed to () while the rule of (L0) requires the
transferring of the harakah of the first (7) to the (). The latter
has been given preference.

]} )*  y$ CH

; &
AW~[ X < WF*U[>@U
AW~[ X>
h AX[ (D 
AW~[ X < WF*U[>@U
AWqb W>
h *W[>@U

AW~[ X ; 4
[ FU AWqb AW &^
AWqb AW &^
h AWqb AW &^ ;0 
[ FU *W[>@U
*W[>@U
h *W[>@U
If there is a (P2

'P#) in one word followed any of the

letters of ('PB>) in another word, (%Pl7@) will be applied
to the (2 '#).

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Examples
(
W h

[ U ), (h#=X ^), (d
X l^ [ h> [ W ), (
` [U h
` [ ,T W ) and
( 
^ v^ [  iUW"). (The tanwn is a nn skin in reality).
Pl7@) will not apply,
If the letters are in one word, (%P
(W#[ 7X ), ('
a W["
U ).

e.g.

The () of the definite article () becomes assimilated in

 ), e.g. (
U F[ +
h W).
The (  ) are:
('  Y n \   v 7 N)
the (

It is not assimilated in the remaining letters of the

W )^ bW)
alphabet, e.g. (U F
The remaining letters are called (

>FK ).

Exercise 54
(1) Conjugate the following verbs in detail:

W W>
h 0W (1)
/ 4^ W> / ^ (2)
h  @U (3)
h W [ @U (4)
W h K^ (5)
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Special Meanings of Each (6)

6. N"M
"M) refers to the extra meaning of a verb besides its
literal meaning, e.g. (e
W W M[ (^) means to expel. The verb is
transitive. Here ( "M) refers to the latter meaning, namely that

The (

of being transitive.
The vastness of the Arabic language can be estimated from the
(N"M) due to the fact that one verb can have so many
different shades of meaning merely by using the verb in different
categories (6().
The (
'(k) of ( JB

)*)

(a !W^W5X ) to mention a verb after (

B01 6) to show that one

object overpowers another, e.g. (;X *XF
[
W
W <^ /D $X h  [ UFW "
W WM) The

man disputed with me and I overcame him in the dispute.

The (
'(k) of () 

)*)

"M) of this category is also (a !W^W5X ) on condition it is

either (H), (I> $() or (I> JK#).
The (

Example:

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(;X A=
[ 0W W <^

=` [U W [ #U=W 0W W) I and Rashd made a mutual promise

and I was predominant in the promise.

The (
'(k) of (]}

)*)

This (6) most often has verbs which have the meaning of
illnesses, grief, joy, colours, defects or physical forms, e.g. (

W )U 2W )
to become ill.
('
^ ?U W ) to be grieved.
(_
W U <^) to become happy.
(W =
U ^ ) to be blackish.
(W 
U 0W ) to be one-eyed.
(
W BUW) to have broad eyebrows.
This (6) is mostly intransitive.
The (
'(k) of ( 

)*)

This (6) is always intransitive. It refers to the natural qualities

of a person that are of a permanent nature or a temporary nature
achieved by experience.
Examples: (
W
X W ) to be handsome, (]W !XK^) to be ugly,
(;W )D <^ ) to have understanding,

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

The Derived Categories
The (

"M) of (< 6)

(1) (
/ W.=

- 42 O.) to make an intransitive verb transitive and if it is
already transitive, to make it doubly transitive, e.g.
(
^ ?W #W) to descend, (^ ?W #[(^) to send down;

W FU 2W ) to hear, (OW FW 2[ (^) to make someone hear.

(O
(2) ( 2''-J
2 O.) to make the doer (/0<) or the object (1)
obtain the root (mMq) of the verbal noun (=) from which the
verb is formed, e.g. (/
^ [ h

R
X b W [ (^) I provided the shoe with
shoelaces. The (mMq - root) is (Z
` WU ) meaning shoelaces.
W 9b(^) - to bear fruit. The (mMq) is (` FW 9^) meaning fruit.
(W F
(3) (~
0 W2 - 42 O.) to take the object to the place of the noun (mMq),
e.g. (;X *X[ W(^) I took it to the place of selling, that is the market.
The (mMq) is (O).
(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) to find something described with the (mMq), e.g.
(;X *XBb
W [(^) I found him to be stingy; (;X *X[ W b (^) - I found him to be
noble; (;X A=
[ FW [ (^) I found him to be praiseworthy.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(5) (Uj.k\V 
. V!

S
R V . ) to remove the (mMq) from something. This

is of two types:
[1] if the verb is intransitive, the (mMq) will be removed from
the doer e.g. (/
D $X h 

^
W Kb (^) the man removed oppression from

himself, that is, he was just.

[2] if the verb is transitive, the (mMq) will be removed from the
object e.g. (/
U $X h 

W [0W R
X [>m^ Kb (^) I removed dirt from the eye of

the man.
(6) (Uj.k\V 
. V!
(d
W Bb Q^ b

"u ,z$2 A-) the doer gives the object the (mMq), e.g.

R
X F[ 4^ 0[ (^) I gave the dog a bone.

(7) (
/ 2 N *R) the doer reaches the (mMq) or enters it, e.g. (

]W !W"
[ (^

/D $X h ) the man reached in the morning; (/D $X h  r

W W 0[ (^) the
man reached Iraq.

2 R '2 (
. ) It has three meanings:
(8) (/ . 
[1] to become the possessor of the (mMq), e.g. (sD W )^ !Wb

R
U W!Wb(^)

the cow became one with milk.

[2] the doer becomes the possessor of something that is described
by the (mMq), that is, it has the quality of the (mMq), e.g. (

6
W W $[ (^

/D $X h ) the man became the owner of mangy19 camels.

19

A skin disease affecting hairy animals that causes an itch.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

[3] the doer becomes the possessor of something in the place or
time of the (mMq), e.g. (sD h+

R
U <^W M[ (^) the goat bore offspring

in the autumn season.

(9) (x
0 ,^
2 -2 A-) the doer becomes entitled to the (mMq), e.g.
(=
` [pU

R
[ $W W [ (^) Hind was entitled to be married.

2 KR'2 . ) the doer reaches at the time of the (mMq), e.g.

(10) (
/ B.
(
X [ ?h 

=W 
W [ (^) the crop was ready to be harvested.

(11) (
/ &. ,.?R ) the meaning of the (mMq) is strengthened, either
by making the act more final or making it more intense and wider
in application, e.g. (/
D
[ h
(]
X ![


W FW 9b(^) the date palm bore much fruit;

W 1^ 2[ (^) the morning became very bright.

(12) ("i !.=-*2 A-) the verb is initially used from (<@

6). This

can be of two types: either the verb is not used in its root form
(78), e.g. (/
^ K^[ (^) - to hasten; or the verb is used in the root form
but for another meaning, e.g. (g
W 1^ [ (^) to fear while the root form
(g
W 1^ W ) means to be compassionate.
(13) (
/ ^, , !.R ) to be synonymous with another verb, e.g.
(W$7[ (^

W /D [B W$7W ) both mean: the night spread.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(14) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) to mention a verb after another verb to indicate
the fact that the object has accepted the effect of the doer, e.g.
(W +
W [q^S<^

;X AX[ +
h W) I gave him glad tidings so he became happy.

2 B-) - making a relationship of something to the (mMq),

(15) (
/ ?.

e.g. (/
^ $X h 

N
X [ 1^ b (^) I made a relationship of disbelief to the

man.
(16) (0 !.V A-) to make a transitive verb intransitive, e.g.
(

S

` UW2 =W FU W ) Slim praised Allh. (
` UW2 =W FW [ (^) Slim was

praiseworthy.
The (>'(k) of (3'4O

)*)

(1) (
W=4O) Example: (/

^ $X h 

N
=[ h K^) - I made the man sit.

(2) (S) Example: (^ 

W U ^1

N
X [ +
h K^) - I removed the peel of

the fruit.

[ )U 
(3) ('JO) Example: (W =

hi<^) He placed spices in the

pot.
(4) (() Example: (X o
W+
h 

W h #W) The tree bloomed.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(5) (*) Example: (

U Bb U b

U< d
X Uf gW Fh 0W ) The students

reached the depths of knowledge.

(

W hMW ) He came into the tent.
(6) (
& ?) This is of three types:
Intensity in the verb, e.g. (m
D [FU Bb *

^ h $W ) The student roamed a

lot.

D UUb
Intensity in the doer, e.g. (/

R
U AWh W ) Many camels died.
Intensity in the object, e.g. (6
W W[q^b R
U )U Bl^ ) She locked many
doors.
(7) (
?
B) Example: (/
^ $X h 

R
X )b 
h <^) I made a relationship of

transgression to the man.

(8) (
0 .?VA-) to make something don the (mMq), e.g.
(\
W W 1^ b

R
X Bb B$W ) I draped the horse with a horse cloth.20

(9) (
/ '2 - t
2 O.) to join the (mMq) to something, e.g. (

R
X ![ph v^

L
W [
h ) I applied gold to the sword.
(10) (3
/ W2- 
2 O.) to make something into the (mMq) or similar to
the (mMq), e.g. (/
^ $X h 
20

W 
h #W)

He converted the man into a

A cloth used to cover animals to protect them from the cold.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Christian; (,S W7 

R
X F[ hMW ) I made the sheet like a tent.

(11) (
0J
2 M, ) to abbreviate a sentence and express it by means of
a single verb, e.g. (/
^ BpW ) to say L ilha illallh; (]W !h2W ) - to
say Subhnallh.
(12) (
/ ^, , !.R ) to have a similar meaning as (78), (<@

6)

and (/C1A

6).
Examples: (;X AX[ F
W AW ;X AX[ Fh AW) I gave him a date.
(W F
W A[(^ W Fh AW) The date dried out.
(\
W h *WAW \
W h AW) He used the shield.
(13) ("!=*A) Example: (;X *XF
[ B^ ) I spoke to him. This meaning
is new in (/1A

6) because the (78) of the verb means to

injure.
The (>'(k) of (
$

)*)

(1) (
/ 
, . .QR ) the relation or application of the act to another
person, e.g. (d
W *W^ ) to write; (d
W AW^) to write to someone, that
is, to correspond.
(2) (
/ ^, , !.R ) to have the same meaning as (78), (<@

6),

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(/01A

6) and (/1A 6).
Examples: (W 1^ 2
W  W <^W2) He travelled.
[ W [(^W ;X A=[ 0W W) I distanced him.
(;X A=
(WFAWW+AW  '
U ^B$X h 
W AWW) The two men abused one another.
(;X *X1b h 
W  ^S [+
h  R
X 1b 0W W) I doubled the thing.

(3) (
0 '2 '-J
2 O.) e.g. (

<0 v
 B$ (

T  ZW ^<W0) May Allh

grant you well-being.

(4) ("i !.=-*2 !-) e.g. (s^ =
h+


{U mU pW W2^K) He bore this hardship. The

(78) which is (sa 

W
[ K^) means to be hard-hearted.
The (>'(k) of (C4A

)*)

/ .tqOA-) This is of four types.

(1) (
(a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (W i
W *W$[ @U) He made a hole.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d
W W*W$[ @U) He held
the side.
(c) to make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (s^ h+

^m*Wlb @U)

He made the sheep into food.

(d) to hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. ({X =
W
W *W0[ @U) He held it
in his armpit.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

(2) (5
0 b J
. O.) to attempt to achieve an act, e.g. (d
W 
W *Wb @U) He
attempted to earn wealth.
(3) (
0 '2 '-t
2 O.) to do an act for oneself, e.g. (W [U +
W 

^ W*b @U) He

measured the barley for himself.

(4) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (
h *Wlb ^<

;X *XF[ FW l^ ) I made him grieve, so

he began grieving.
(5) (
/ ^, , !.R ) Examples: (
W B^W

W B^*W[@U) It became bright.

(?W o
W [ (^

?W o
W *W[ (U) He entered Hijz.
(h7W AW W=AW[ @U) He donned the sheet.
(WF"
W WAW 'U ^B$X h 
W 
W *WM[ @) The two

men disputed among

themselves.
(W $
W qb *W2[ @U

W o
W *W[>@U) He sought a rental.

(6) ("i !.=-*2 A-) This is of two types.

(a) there is no (78), e.g. (%W W*[ @U) to slaughter a hungry goat.
(b) the (78) has a different meaning, e.g. (

W B^*W2[ @U) He
kissed the stone, (

W BU2W ) He was safe.

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The (>'(k) of (C4BA

)*)

(1) (0 
2 R N) to be intransitive, e.g. (W 
W Q^ #[@U) It broke.
(2) (
0;
, $- ) to perceive something with the senses, that is, the
acts are related to the external limbs.
(3) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Examples: (W 
W Q^ #[^<

;X AX[ 
W ^ )

I broke it, so it

broke.
(g
W B^5W #[^<

6
W W!b R
X )b B^lb (^) I locked the door and so it was locked.

W [ (^
(4) (
/ ^, , !.R ) Example: (?W o

 ?W o
Wi
W #[@U) - He reached Hijz.

This meaning is seldom used.

(5) ("i !.=-*2 A-) Example: (g
W B^f^ #[@U) He went away. (gW B^j^ ) to be
cheerful.
The (>'(k) of (C;4A

)*)

(1) (0 
2 R N) , (
/ &. ,.?R ), ( / 2 ,) - colours and (S
0 '2 $. ) defects.
Examples: (h F
W [ @U) It became very red.
(
 W [ @U) He became one-eyed.

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The (>'(k) of (3|4O

)*)

(1) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (OW f )^ *W<^

;X *X[ f K^) I cut it into pieces and

so it became pieces.

0  , O.) to think or to represent oneself to have a certain

(2) (y
quality or status, e.g. (W !h
W AW) He represented himself as having
patience.
(3) (S
0 bK
. O.) to refrain from the (mMq), e.g. (6
W h i
W AW) He
refrained from sin.
(4) (
0 ?2 ,) to don the (mMq), e.g. (
W *h
W AW) He wore a ring.
(5) (3
/ b4. O.) Example: (W ph =W AW) He used the oil.

/ .tqOA-) This is of four types.

(6) (
(a) to make the (mMq), e.g. (R
X F[ h
W AW) I made the tent.
(b) to hold, take or choose the (mMq), e.g. (d
W ho
W AW) He held
the side.

Wi
W b
(c) To make the object into the (mMq), e.g. (W o

=W 2h W AW)

He used the stone as a pillow.

(d) To hold the object in the (mMq), e.g. (U!
h 

^ hq^AW) He

held the child in his armpit.

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(7) (
0 W2- =2 O.) to do an act slowly and several times. This is then
of two types.
(a) It is possible to achieve the act once but the doer does it
slowly, e.g. (
W h o
W AW) He drank in sips.
(b) It is not generally possible to achieve the act once, e.g.
('
^ [)D b

^ 1 i
W AW) He memorized the Qurn a little at a

time.
(8) (C
/ b
. O.) to become the (mMq) or similar to the

(mMq),

e.g. (W 
h WAW) He became a Christian; (W i
h !WAW) He became like the
ocean.
(9) (/ . 
2 R '2 (
. ) Example: (^ h FW AW) He became wealthy.
(10) (
/ ^, , !.R ) to have the same meaning as the (7C8), (

6

<@) and (1*2 6). Examples: (/^ !UK^  /^ !h)^ A) He accepted.

(=
W W $[ (^ =W o
h W AW) He remained awake.
(e
W W i
[ *W2[   e
W h i
W AW) He sought a need.
(11) ("i !.=-*2 A-) This is of two types. Either there is no (78) or
there is a (78) but it has a different meaning.

Examples: (
W Fh +
W AW) He stood in the sun.
(

W BQ^ AW) He spoke. (
W BU^ ) to injure.
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The (>'(k) of (3R$O

)*)

(1) (
0 R .QO.) This is similar to (

+)

of (

B01 6).

However, the difference between the two is that in (

B01 6),

one is mentioned as the doer (/0<) while the other is mentioned

as the object (1) while in (/01A

6), both are mentioned

as doers but in reality each one is the doer as well as the object,
e.g. ('
D W[ <^

W 'D Wi[>W
W AWW+AW) Rayhn and Farhn abused each

other.
(2) (3
/ '2 '-t
2 O.) to simulate a state or status or representing oneself
to have it, e.g. (Y
W W WFAW) He pretended to be sick.
(3) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (=W 0W W!*W<^

;X A=[ 0W W) I distanced him so he

was at a distance.
(4) (
/ ^, , !.R ) Examples: (:
^ 0W
(
W FW [>(^

 W ^WAW) to be high;

 W W WAW) to enter the right side.

(5) ("i !.=-*2 A-) Example: (Z

W W W!AW) Allh is most blessed.
(Z
W W W) The camel sat.

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The (>'(k) of (C4A

)*)

(1) (S
0 , , ) To seek the (mMq), e.g. (
S 

N
X [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ @U)

I sought

forgiveness from Allh.

(2) (
/ M, .'-

+ x
0 ,^
2 -2 A-) to be entitled to the (mMq), e.g. ( OW K^[ *W2[ @U

6
X [ H) The clothing was entitled to a patch.
(3) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) (
/ $. . ,zR ) Example: (%W ^)*W2[ ^<

;X *XF[ K^(^) I made him

stand, so he stood up.

(4) (
/ !.=2 - ) Example: (;X *X[ W Qb *W2[ @U) I found him to be noble.
(5) (
/ .?

2 - ) to regard something as being described by the

(mMq), e.g. (;X *X[ 
Wi
[ *W2[ @U) I thought him to be good.
The difference between ('
a W=$[ U ) and ('a W!
[ U ) is that there is
certainty in the former and doubt in the latter.

/ b
. O.) to become the (mMq) or to become similar to the
(6) (C
(mMq), e.g. (
X [f 

W o
Wi
[ *W2[ @U) The mud became a stone.

(7) (
/ .tqOA-) Example: (=W [U 

W j^ [ *W2[ @U)

He made India his

homeland.

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(8) (
0J
2 M, ) to abbreviate a phrase, e.g. (OW $W [ *W2[ @U) to say (

;U BEU h#@U

'^ [ X $U W ;U [^@U h#@UW ).

(9) (C4A

 3|4O  C4!  F 
N ^, , !.R ) Examples:

h )^ *W2[ @U

h K^) to settle down, (6

W W$(^  6
W Wo*W2[ @U) to reply, (  W !WQb *W2[ @U
W !hQ^ AW) to be arrogant, (S
W*W0[ @U
W 
W [ *W2[ @U) to resist a temptation.
(10) ("i !.=-*2 A-) Example: (sU 7W W2
U b

^B0W ?W $W qb *W2[ @U) He leaned over

the pillow.
The (>'(k) of (C4'4A

)*)

(1) (0 
2 R N) This verb is mostly intransitive. Sometimes it can be
transitive, e.g. (;X *X[ ^[ B^
[ @U) I regarded it as sweet.
(2) (
/ &. ,.?R ) Example: (Y
X [ q^b

d
W W [ +
W 0[ @U) The land became

full of grass.
(3) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (W#[ W9b^<

;X *X[W9^) I wrapped it so it was

wrapped.
(4) (
/ ^, , !.R ) Example: (;X *X[ B^i
[ *W2[ @U

 ;X *X[^[ B^[ @U) I thought it to be

sweet.

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The (>'(k) of (C;'4A
Like (:<@

6),

)*)

this category also has the following four

meaning patterns:

2 R N) , (
/ &. ,.?R ), ( / 2 ,) and (S

0 '2 $. )
(0 
Examples: (6
h W[ @U) It became very white.

 W[ @U) He became one-eyed.

(
The (>'(k) of (C!|4A

)*)

(1) (
/ &. ,.?R ) Example: (v^ 

h B^[ @U) He ran very fast.
This category is (dW*)), that is, a word which has no (/"()
origin nor something similar to the origin.
There are two differences between (6*K@) and (,=*@). It is a
condition for (6*K@) that it must not be used in (78

9:9).

For (,=*@), this is not a condition. Secondly, it is a condition for

(6*K@) to be free of letters of (rc@) and extra letters brought
for a particular meaning (FB

=I ).
An example of a letter of (rc@) is the () of the verb

(/
^ B^F[ W )

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

which was increased to bring this verb onto the scale of (e
W W [ 7W ).
An example of a letter of (FB

=I ) is the hamzah of

b (^) which was added to the verb to render it transitive.

(%W W 
The (>'(k) of (
/ , , 42 ,

)*)

This category has many meaning patterns some of which are:

(1) (
0J
2 M, ) Example: (/^ FW 
[ W) He recited Bismillh.
(2) (
0 .?VA-) Example: (;X *X[ K^[ W) I made him don a burqa.
(3) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (
W W fb 5W <^

/D [B
W W fb l^ ) The night hid

his sight so it became hidden.

This category is used mostly as (]i") and (L0) and
sometimes as (F), e.g. (
^ ?W bW ), (\
W W 2[ W ).
The (>'(k) of (3
/ N 42 , O.

)*)

(1) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (e
W W [ =W *W<^

;X *X$[ W [ 7W ) I rolled it so it

began rolling.
(2) ()MA) Example: (\
W W ![W AW) He walked conceitedly.

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(3) (
/ ^, , !.R ) Example: (W W =
[ l^
The (>'(k) of (C;K4A

 W W =[ 5W AW) He screamed.

)*)

(1) (0 
2 R N) Example: (
W o
W #[W [ @U) to gather.
(2) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (W o
W [W 9b^<

;X AX[ o
W [ 9^) I made his blood

flow and so it began flowing.

The (>'(k) of (C4A

)*)

(1) (0 
2 R N) Example: (h W +
W Kb @U) to shudder.
(2) (
/ $
. . ,zR ) Example: (' q^FW jb ^<

;X *X#[q^F[ j^ ) I pacified him so he

was calmed.
(3) ()MA) Example: (

Xo
[ h

h W 1^ b @U) The star shone.

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Application of the Special Meanings
Quote 1:
(
W [UU ~[ FX b

^ ^?U [W ^B0[ (^

[ mU  ;U BEU =X F[ i
W b^)

excerpt from (

"(

+)
Translation: All praises are due to Allh who raised the status of
all the believers.
Teacher: What special meaning of (<@

6) is found in the

verb (^B0
[ (^)?

>=A) to be transitive is found in this

verb because the (78) of this verb is (:
^ 0W ) which means to be
high. This is intransitive. When it was taken to (<@ 6), it
Student: The meaning of (

became transitive, having the meaning of raising.

Quote 2:
(U [ !UQ
b *h

OW W ;U [>=W W> OW <^W W /^ BpW W W !h^ R

W [!Wb W W>W0 ^vU<^) excerpt from
(=))
Translation: When he sees the Kabah, he should say Allhu
Akbar and L-ilha illallh...
Teacher: What special meaning of (/1A

6) is found in the

verb (W !h

^ ) and (/^ BpW )?
Student: The meaning of (K) to abbreviate - is found in this
verb.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Quote 3:
(
W [U WW

U *h2U ^B0W r
W =h 
W AW ,S W 'b @W) excerpt from (=))

Translation: If he wants, he can give charity to six poor

persons...
Teacher: What special meaning of (/C1A

6) is found in the

W =h 
W AW)?
verb (r
Student: The meaning of (,=*@) is found in this verb because the
(78) is (r
W =W "
W ) which means to speak the truth.

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Challenging Words
A few difficult verbs of the Holy Qurn and other verbs will be
mentioned here because the purpose of learning morphology and
syntax is to understand the meaning of the glorious Qurn. An
explanation of these verbs generally refreshes ones knowledge
of morphology.
The verbs will be written according to their pronunciation and
not according to their Qurnic script so that the student can
exercise his mind in trying to figure out the original word. In the
analysis, the correct written form of the word will be provided.

'[)D *h<^
Analysis: This is the imperative (() of the verb (K), the

5") being ( m O}). The original word was (

W
[ #U[ )D AhU), from the (6) of (*<@). It was constructed from the
word ('
^ [ )D *hAW) which was originally ('^ [ X)U *hAW). The ( F) of the
() was transferred to the preceding letter after deleting its
harakah. Due to (G F*$), the () which was then
changed to () was deleted. Due to the entry of the ( ), the ( s?
/") of ([)D Ah@U) was deleted. The final (') is not (60 '#)
but ( >K '#) which enters the end of a verb between the verb
and the (
BQ* ) to protect it from receiving a (s). It was
(

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

originally (
[ #U[ )D Ah^<). The (
BQ*

) was deleted and the (s)

>K '#) was sufficed upon. This occurs very often.

Due to a (LK), the (s) is also not pronounced. It becomes
('
U [ )D Ah^<).
of the (

'[!XpW [ <^
Analysis: This is similar to ('
U [ )D AhPP^<). The original word
was (
[ #U[ PX!pW [ U
W ). It is the imperative of the verb (d
W PUpW ),

U [ !XpW [ ^<).
the (6) being (O-). It is written as ('
Most often confusion arises in verbs where (LK) or (%?$)

>K '#) is added to the end of the word and (LK)

is made on the ('#) after deleting the (
BQ* ). The student is
perplexed to find a (60 '#) in spite of (LK) or (%?$)
whereas the ('#) is ( >K '#).
occurs, a (

Similarly, a verb can sound confusing when the (/"

s?) is

deleted from the middle of a sentence, especially when a student

is asked to identify the verb by joining the words and reading
them to him, e.g. in the verse (
[ U $U [ 

D hUFW fb FX b
X 1b h W*Xh>(^W>) to

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

read it as (
[ U $U [ AX), in ([=X !X0[ 

\
X h W>(^W>), to read the verb as
(
[ =X !X[ 2X ), in ([ X $U [  /^ [KU), to read the verb as ([ X $U [ ^) and in ( 6
W
'U [ X $U [ ), to read the verb as ('U [ X $U [ U).
When (W) or (&
^ ) enter the perfect tense of those verbs having
(/"

s?), the alifs of the (W) and (&^ ) are also not pronounced
just as the (/" s?) is not pronounced. The verbs therefore
sound confusing when read as (d
W W*Wo
[ W ), (W f^ 1^ [W ), (W o
W 1^ [^) and
(7W U 
[ *X
[ W ). This confusion is intensified in (1# 6) because
the entry of (&) creates the word (
[ ^) while the entry of ()
creates the word (
[ W ). The same rule applies to the word
(
W [U[ BDi
[ W ). Besides being the (m O}) of (1
2) from
(
a [ BDX ), it can also be (dIl w#~ O}), the tense being ( 1#
JK# 8 ) from (<@ 6).
Similarly, the word (
W ![U[ X 
[ W ) is from (<@ 6).

[ AX(bW h=<^
Analysis: It was originally (

[ AX(bW h7U<^), the word-form being (

 m), the tense (R!H  ).

It is (

O}
F

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

%:) from (/0<@ 6). It was (
[ AX(bW h7U). Due to the entry of the
( ), the (/" s?) is deleted.
[
1^ [^
Analysis: This verb is (dIl

m O}), the tense being ( 

R!H ) from (1# 6). The () of emphasis entered
the verb, thereby deleting the (/" s?).
N
W [ 1^ 5[ *W2[ (^
Analysis: Due to the entry of (%1*P2

/PP") was deleted.

from (1*2@ 6).

The original

s?P), the ( s?P

word was (N
W [ 1^ 5[ *WPP[2@U)

'^ [ X pW ^4AW
Analysis: This was originally ('
^ [ X pW ^4*WAW). It is (

mP OP}
P), the tense being ( P P). One (N) was
deleted according to the rule of (/01A 6).
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N
U qb *WbW
Analysis: This is from the verb (
[ AUqb P
PWA), (

wP
P#~ =P
P
dPIl), the tense being ( P P(). It is ( P1 PF
I> JK#). Due to the (), the () became (2).
After (), it is compulsory (P$) to make the (P.

%&)

skin. The compulsion is due to excessive usage. After

( ), it is permissible to do so ($).

;U )b *hW>W
Analysis: This verb is from (*<

6). It is ( m =
dIl), the tense being (R!H  ). It was originally
[ )U *hW>). Due to the jussive mood (%? ), the () at the end is
(
deleted. A pronoun (F) was then attached to the verb which
created the scale of (/
U U <^) (;U )U AW). Therefore the (r) became
(2) as the Arabs tend to make the scale of (/
a U <^) into (/a [ <^) as

in (L
` *U^ ). It is pronounced (L
` *[^ ).

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;[ $U [ (^
Analysis: This is the imperative (e
U [ (^) of (<

6), the word-

form being (

m =). The pronoun was added to the

U [ (^). In the Qurn, after this word,
end of the verb making it (;U $
the words ({X WM(^
W ) appear. Therefore the form of (/^ U <U) (W U $U )
was formed, similar to (/
^ U@U). The Arabs make the middle letter of
such scales also (2). Consequently, the ({) became (2).
It becomes (;[ $
U [ (^).
h 
W 0W
Analysis: This verb is similar to ([W W ), the word-form being
(dIl

m O}) of the verb (W0W ). The tense is ( 

). It was succeeded by a (Lf  ). The rule of
assimilation (%l7) was applied. Therefore it became
([#X^
h [
W 0W ).
h FX #h(^
Analysis: The verb is (
FX #W) with ('b (^) attached to it. The word-

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

form is (
BQ*

O}) while the tense is (  ). Because

of ('
b (^) it is in the accusative case (d ). It is from ( 6
#) like (= FX #W). Assimilation of both the nns has taken place.
[ Uh*XF[ D

Analysis: The verb is (

h *XF[ D), the word-from being (

w#~ O}
), the tense being (R!H  ). It is from ( 6
#) like (h *XBb KD). The ( >K '#) and (
BQ* ) have been

attached to the end.

h U>W AW h@U
Analysis: From the verb (W), this is the (

w#~ =)
word-form with the tense being (R!H  ). It is
(I> JK# G F). It was originally (
W [>W AW). Due to the
( B)9 '#), the (6 '#) was deleted. The (), not being a

(s=), was rendered a (s).

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W AW
[ ^(^
Analysis: From the verb (WPWA), this is the (

mP =P
) word-form while the tense is ( P /!)*P 1#
OP
P). A (%1*P
P2& s?P
P) and () have been attached
before the verb, changing it into the jussive mood ( P
P
%?).
W [U^K

Analysis: This is the (/01

2) of the verb (^BK^), from the

W [UU^K). Changes occurred in the
(6 6). It was originally (
word just as in (
W [U W).

A second possibility is that it could be the imperative of

(
[ U^)X>

^^K) from ( PB01 6P), the word-form being ( OP}

 w#~).

It could also be (

w#~ =) of the same (6). A ( '#

>K) and (
BQ* ) are attached to the end of the word. The
(
BQ* ) was deleted and the (s) of the ( >K '#) was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

deleted due to (LK).
The verb is not difficult to distinguish but sometimes when a
word has a similar form in another language, confusion can arise.
This word means carpet in Urdu and Persian and could perhaps
cause confusion.

[ = U W>
Analysis: This verb was originally (
[ =U *W[ W>) from (*<

6),
the word-form being (dIl m =) and the tense ( 
JK# ). The rule of (*< 6) has been applied to it.
'^ [ FX 

U W>
Analysis: From (*<

6), it was originally ('^ [ FX 

U *W
[ W>), the
word-form being (dIl m O}) and the tense ( 
). The rule of (*< 6) has been applied to it.

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W ^ 7h W
Analysis: It is (dIl

m =) from (*< 6), the tense

being (  ). It was originally (W Q
^ AWvb @U). The rule of
(*< 6) has been applied to it.
'^ [ 0X =h AW

Analysis: From (*<

6), it is (P mP OP}), the

tense being (  ). It was originally ('
^ [ XU AW=[ AW).
` $W 7W ?[ X
Analysis: This is the verbal noun (PF

=P) of ( 6P
P*<), originally being (` PWoAW?[ X ). It can also be the (
P2
1) or ( 4
2).

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h fD 
[ UFW <^
Analysis: From (*<

6),

this is the (dIl

m =)
word-form, the tense being (L0  ). It was
originally (h f
D
[ (D [ FW <^). The (/" s?) was deleted because of
the precedence of the ( ). The ('#) of the word (
[ W ) was
rendered a (s) according to the rule ( Z
W  X ZW  X v@ 
Q). The (N) of (*<) was changed to ().

[ AX[ U fD 
[ W
Analysis: This was (

[ AX[ U fD 
[ DW). From (*<

6), this is the
( m O}) word-form, the tense being (  
L0). The (/" s?) was deleted because of the
precedence of the (). The (L) of the () is not pronounced
due to (G

F*$).

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[0X ^f
[ FW <^
Analysis: It was originally ([0
X ^f*W2[ @UWF<^). It is (dIl
from the (1*2

6),

the tense being

m O})
(  ).The

(N) of (1*2) was deleted.

O[ fU 
[ AW
[ ^
Analysis: It was originally (O
[ fU *W
[ AW) from (1*2

6).

The

(N) of (1*2) was deleted.

1^ 
[ W^
Analysis: It was originally (
[ W 1^ 
[ W^) on the scale of ([ B^W 1b W^) with

11M '#). It is (
BQ* O}) from (]*< 6). Sometimes the

( 11M '#) is written in the form of tanwn.
(

U ![#W
Analysis: It was originally (
[ PU5![#W) like ([ PU[ #W), from (

6P

6P). It is permissible to delete the () from the end of a

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word that is (JK#).

[ pX [ FX *X[>(^W =[ )^ <^
Analysis: This was originally (

[ *X[>(^W ) like (
[ *XBb W <^). When a
pronoun is added to (

[ AX), an extra () is first added to the verb
after the (%). This rule applies to (

[ AX), (
[ pX ) and (
[ D ) when
suffixed by a (F).
Sometimes a (;2

)

) is suffixed to a verb that is ( w#~ =

when a pronoun is attached to it, e.g. the words of a

hadth, (;U [ A=
[ $W W ^

;U [AU(bW K^ [ ^).

Wp[ FX QD X ?U Bb #X(^
Analysis: The verb is (%X ?U Bb #X) from (<
is prefixed to the verb and

6). A (%1*2& s?)
the pronoun (p) is suffixed to it.

Subsequently a second pronoun (

[ D ) is attached to the verb,
thereby requiring a () and making the (%F %).

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W*[U
Analysis: This is like the verb (W1b M
U ), the word-form being (

O}

BQ*) and the tense (  ). The question that arises
here is that the () of this verb is used (G %F) in the
Qurn. Consequently, the () supposed to be (W*[ X ) like
(WBb KD) because the word-form is (> #). The scholars of tafsr
have answered this objection by stating that this verb is used both
on the scale of (OF>

O-) and (> #). In the Qurn, the

() is used from (O- 6) and the () from (#).
R
[ 
Wo
W !WF[ <^

[ 
Wo
W !W#[^<) from (1#
Analysis: The verb is (R
form being (dIl

6), the wordtense ( 

w#~ =) and the

).The (/" s?) was deleted because of the
precedence of the ( ). Because the (') is succeeded by a (6), it
is pronounced as a (%).

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Wh27W
Analysis: This verb was originally (
W 2h 7W ) from (/1A
The final doubled letter was changed to a (

6).

B ).

The

Arabs often do this.

[ *XBb 4^ <^
[ *XBb BU4^ <^) from (OAnalysis: It was originally (

form is (

m O})

and the tense is

6). The word(  ).

Sometimes the Arabs delete one of the doubled letters. In this

case, the first () was deleted. Sometimes it is pronounced
(

[ *XBb 4U <^) after transferring the harakah of the first () to the ().

'^ [ K^
Analysis: According to some scholars, this verb was originally
('
^ [ W Kb @U). According to the previously mentioned rule, the first ()
was deleted after transferring its harakah. No need remained for
the (/"

s?).

Therefore it was deleted. The word ('

^ [ K^)

remains.
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[ BU
Analysis: This is the (

w#~ =) of (/ !UW> / W) from the

(6 6). It is (L0). It was originally (
[ BUBU[@U). The rule
of assimilation applies. Similar to this is the word (
[ 7U ).
'^ [ QD W>

Analysis: First Possibility: It is the () of (') in the

accusative case (d

).

L1   dIl m O}

r1) of (6 6). It was originally ('^ [ XU [ W>). The rule of
(=
X U W>) first applies to delete the (). Then the rules of ([ 0X =[ W>) and
(X 2
W [ X>) apply to change it to ('^ [ QD W>).
Second Possibility: It is (

Third Possibility: It is (

L1   dIl w#~ O}

r1) from (%X). Its paradigm of the perfect tense ( 

) is as follows:

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(

'^ W QD W> WAW QD W> N

[ W QD W> [ QD W> WQD W> W QD W>)

[D^KW
Analysis: First Possibility: Besides the common verb ([D^K) from
(#

6), this is made up of two words (KW ) and ([D). The

former is (r1 L1   dIl m =) from
(6) while the latter is ( L1  .  m O}
')) from (O- 6).
Second Possibility: The verb is (
^ W Kb W ). It is (

dIl m O}
( BB< 6). It was

r1 L1  ) from the

originally ([D
W Kb W ). The rule of ()>) was applied whereby the
harakah of the () was transferred to the (r) and the () was
changed to (L). It became ([D^K
W ).
^^^
Analysis: From (:<@

),

the verbal

6), this is (  dIl m HA

noun being (Z
` Wb U b @U). It was originally

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(^
W b W b @U) like (^)+
W #[W [@U). The rule of ()>) was applied. The
(/"

s?) was subsequently deleted due

letter being (Zi*). It became (^^^).

to the subsequent

W [U
Analysis: This is from the verb (
[ FU W>
It is

WW ) from the (6 6).

(r1 L1  w#~ O}). The paradigm of the

imperative is as follows:
(
W [U

WU [ U [X WU %U )

[ X 
[ #W
[ X 
[ W>
Analysis: This is from the verb (

W"
W ). It is (
BQ* O}
I> JK#  ). It was originally (
X X 
[ #W). The rule
of (0=>) was applied and the () was changed to ().
Wp[ X W7
Analysis: This is from the verb (
[ U =[ W>

W7W ). It is ( m O}

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

/01
2). It was originally ('^ [ X>U W7). The rule of (0=>) was
applied and the () was changed to (). One () was then
^ [ X W7). When ( <@) was applied to the
deleted. It became ('
pronoun (Wp), the (') was deleted.
>W
Analysis: From the verb (
[ U [ W>

WW ), this is the verbal noun in

the singular form. It is (') L1) from the (6 6). It
was originally (>
[ W ). The () was changed to () and
assimilated. It became (>W ).
W#[ BD2W
^ q^2W ), the
Analysis: First Possibility: It is the imperative (() of (
word-form being (

m O}) with a pronoun (W#) attached

to it.
Second Possibility: It is from the verb (
X BD
[ W>

W BD2W ). It is ( O}

 JK#  
BQ*).

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[ W"
Analysis: This is the imperative (() of (6
h W"), the word-form
being (

w#~ =) of ( B01 6).

(
[ !UUW"). The rule of (%l7@) was applied.

It was originally

6
h W W
Analysis: From the (E:<@

6), this is the (dIl m =).

It was originally (6
h W W 
[ @U) like (h W +
W Kb @U).The rule of ()>) was
applied. It becomes (6
h W W@U). The (/" s?) is deleted. It
becomes (6
h W W).
W FW ^
Analysis: This was (
X I^[ (^

[ ^), from the (]*< 6). It is ( =

I> JK# G F O 1
BQ*). The rule of (K)
was applied. Due to the ( $ ), the ( B ) is deleted
from the end. It becomes (,S [ (^

[ ^).

Subsequently, the rule of

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

()>) is applied and the hamzas are deleted. It becomes (W F
W ^).

^ WB^[>@U
Analysis: From the (:<@), this is (

 dIl m =

r1 L1 ). It was originally (^ W [^[ @U) like (g+#@).
The rule of ()>) is first applied whereby the () changes to
(L) and then the rule of (7) to change the () to ().
{[ Up[ (^
BB< 6), this is ( (  m =
L0 78 0 ). It is like (b ?U bW ).
Analysis: From the (

U [l^
78 0  (  m =
') L1) from the ( BB< 6). It was originally (
X U [5W AX) like
(e
X U [ =W AX). The rule of (0=>) was first applied, followed by
Analysis: This is the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

deleting the (N) when constructing the imperative ((). The
(

B ) was finally deleted from the end. It becomes (U [l^ ).
&^

Analysis: From the (O-

6), this is the ( (  m =

') L1 ), the verb being (WBb W>
W U ^). It was
originally (
W b@U) like (
W M[ @U). The harakah of the () is transferred
to the () and the () is changed to (L). The (/" s?) is
no more required. It becomes (&
^ ).
' @U
Analysis: From the (6

6), this is the ( dIl w#~ O}

I> $( 1 F  ), the verb being ( X [>UW> '^
[>(^). It was originally (W #[@U) like (W [ U). The rule of (%l7@) is
applied. It becomes ('
 @U). The paradigm of ( 

) is as

follows:
(h#@U R
X #[ @U h *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R
U #[@U
[ *X#[@U WF*X#[@U R
W #[@U ' @U W*#W

R
[ #W [#X W# '^ )

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' @U ' @U
Analysis: From the (6

6), this is the ( 
BQ* O}

L0 ), the verb being (' UW> ' (^). It was originally
X #Uqb #W) like (6
X U 
[ #W). The rule of (%l7@) is applied to the ('). It
(
becomes ('
U#W). Then ( j 'b @U) is inserted before the verb ( 'b @U
' U#W). The rule of (%l7@) is again applied because the two nns are
adjacent to each other while the final nn becomes (6). It
becomes ('
 @U ' @U).
6
h W 
W
=>? 0   dIl m =
G F) from (:U <b @U 6). The verb is (6
h W q^
[ @U) like
(h W +
W Kb @U). The harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the
preceding letter while the (/" s?) is deleted. It becomes
h W 
W ).
(6
Analysis: It is (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

'WF2W
Analysis: This is the (1
(O-

6).

It was

F /1*
2 m HA) from

originally ('
U WF2W ,V (^). The rule of () is

applied and the end is read as skin due to (LK).

Wh27W
Analysis: This word was originally (
W 2h 7W ). There were three
sns together which caused the word to become heavy in
pronunciation. Therefore the third (\) was changed to ()

which then changed to (L). The same rule applies to the word
(h)^ AW) which was originally (
W 
h )^ AW).

;[ h
W *WW>
[ ^
Analysis: This word was originally (
X h
W *WW>). The third (\) was
changed to () which then changed to (L) due to the rule of
(
^ ^K). When (

$ ) entered the verb, the ( B ) was

deleted from the end. A ({) was added for (LK).
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W=W [$W
G F   dIl m HA)
W [^$[ @U) like (WFo
W #[W [ @U). The
(^:[ U <b @U 6). The verb is (W=

Analysis: It is (
from

harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the preceding letter while

the (/"

s?) is deleted. It becomes (W=W [$W ).

[ o
U [D
G F   dIl m =
I> JK#) from (^:[U <b @U 6). The verb is (W o
U [Db (D) like
(

Wo
U #[X [ (D). The harakah of the hamzah is transferred to the
preceding letter while the (/" s?) is deleted. Waqf is made
at the end. It becomes (
[o
U [D ).
Analysis: It is (

^WA
Analysis: It is (
from (

 JK#   dIl m =)

B01 6). The verb was (W ^WA). The rule of (W0=[ X>) was

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

applied to change it to (^WA).

W [ 7W
I> JK#   dIl m =
0 giB) from ( BB< 6). The verb was (W W>[ 7W ). The rule
of (K) was applied to change it to (
W [ 7W ).
Analysis: It is (

[ U[ X
 $(  (  w#~ =)
from (# 6). The paradigm of this verb is (&
[ W D [ FX W> ^ W).
The paradigm of the (() is as follows:
(
W Bb X &^ [ X [ U[ X [D[ X &^ [ X /b X )
Analysis: It is (

N
X [ FX W>
Analysis: Besides the common verb (N
X W FX W>

N
W W), there is a
second possibility. It could be ( L1  
BQ* =
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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

r1) from (% 6). The paradigm of this verb is ( [ FX [W> W FX W>

F[ W>). The paradigm of the (  ) is as follows:
U [ FX W>
[ AX[ FX W> WFAX[ FX W> N
W [ FX W> '^ [ FX W> WAW FX W> N
[ W FX W> [FX W> WFX W> W FX W>
(N
W#[ FX W> N
X [ FX W> h AX[ FX W> WFAX[ FX W>)
gX [>U [ X>
$(   dIl m =
) from the (<@ 6). It was originally (gX [>U X>). A ({) was
added between the first and second letter against the rule ( :M
\)).

Analysis: This is the (

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Appendix A
Morphology or Etymology?
What is the subject of ( P

PB0) called in English? Is it

Morphology or Etymology? Firstly, let us examine the

definitions of both these terms in the light of contemporary
works.
The following definition of Morphology appears in The
Oxford Companion to the English Language.
In linguistics, the study of the structure of words as
opposed to syntax, the study of the arrangement of words
in the higher units of phrases, clauses, and sentences. The
two major branches are inflectional morphology (the study
of inflections) and lexical morphology (the study of wordformation). 21
The following has been mentioned under the term,
syntax:
The ways in which components of words are combined
into words are studied in morphology, and syntax and
morphology together are generally regarded as the major
constituents of grammar, although in one of its uses,
grammar is strictly synonymous with syntax and excludes
morphology.22
We find the following definition in Websters Dictionary:
2 a: a study and description of word-formation in a
language
including
inflection,
derivation,
and
compounding distinguished from syntax.
B: the system of word-forming elements and processes in
21
22

The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 670, 1992.

Ibid, p. 1016.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

a language. 23
Encyclopaedia Britannica has the following definition:
In philology, morphology is that branch of grammar
which examines the forms of words as well as the
principles of word-formation and inflection. 24
The following definition is found in the World Book:
Morphology: the study of the formation and structure of
words. 25
As for Etymology, the following
definitions one may come across:

are

some

of

the

Etymology: Both the study of the history of words and a

statement of the origin and history of a word, including
changes in its form and meaning. 26
that branch of linguistic science which is devoted to
determining the origin of words. 27
Websters Dictionary provides the following definition:
The history, often including the pre-history of a linguistic
form (as a word or morpheme) as shown by tracing its
phonetic graphic, and semantic development since its
earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is
found, by tracing the course of its transmission from one
language to another by analysing it into the component
parts from which it was put together, by identifying its
cognates in other languages or by tracing it and its
23

Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 2, p. 1470,.

Encyclopaedia Britannica vol. 15 p. 818.
25
World Book vol.18, p. 518, 1992.
26
The Oxford Companion to the English Language, p. 384, 1992.
27
Colliers Encyclopedia vol. 9 p. 378, 1971; Encyclopaedia
Britannica vol. 8 p. 804.
24

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

cognates back to a common ancestral form in a recorded
or assumed ancestral language.28
The World Book states:
Etymology is the study of the origins and development of
words. 29
In Encyclopaedia Britannica, we find the following
definition:
that part of linguistics which is concerned with the
origin or derivation of words. 30
The Students Encyclopedia states:
the study of the origins and history of words.31
The Universal Standard Encyclopedia has the following:
that branch of philology which deals with the origin
and derivation of words, and with the comparison of
words in different members of the same language
group.32
Under the word, morphology in Al-Mughni-Al-Akbar, an
English to Arabic dictionary, the meaning is given as (

PP)

PB0

while under the entry etymology, the meaning

provided is (r)*

B0).33

In the An-Nafees English to Arabic Dictionary, under

28
29
30
31
32
33

Websters Third New International Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 782.

World Book, vol. 18 p. 518.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 8 p. 804.
Students Encyclopaedia, vol. 6 p. 456, 1970.
Universal Standard Encyclopedia, vol. 8 p. 2930, 1956.
Al-Mughni Al-Akbar, Hasan S. Karmi, p. 826 & p. 402, 1997.

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

morphology, we find the term ( P
P

P
PB0) while
etymology, we find the term (NFBQ /"qA
B0).34

under

In the Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic,

P
under the entry ( P
morphology (gram.). 35

PPB0),

we find the following:

These definitions clearly indicate that Etymology deals

with the history of words whereas Morphology deals with
the subject of word-formation. Hence the most appropriate
term for

( P

PB0) would be Morphology and not

Etymology as has been erroneously used in some books.

34

An-Nafees, Madgi Wahbah, p. 868 & p. 381, 2000.

Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic P.513, Third
Edition 1976.
35

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

Bibliography

 'F 1 ( % L>* 7) _ 6Bf

Q R9
 0 v*2 _+ _
 >=  B0   =F >= >? 4#. '@
B!
%+p 
 =!0 >= F   1( @  ](
#.
;*0}
p = ( *=B  i Nm
:Fc = ( v*2  <  m
7  B0  = ( +B _. _
_== 'f#( 1B  <. L>A
o
,FB  L1 v  *=B  i
= ( >0 1FB 5
B0
B0 5"( =F )B 5
B0 _ /A
p:  =F #& ?>? 
'M * =!0 #&
B  0
= ( r*+ #& 
B0

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

A   =!0 <iB  6*

-) %) =!0 #&  7@ _  

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From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology

 

  
 

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