Arabic with Husna – Nahw Textbook
7.4 Unit 7.4: The Five Fragments - Idafah
HOMEWORK
By the end of this lesson, I should be able to…
Identify the idafah fragment
Translate all of the special mudafs
Recite the اﻷ ﺎء اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ
Translate the idafah fragment from Arabic to English and English to Arabic
3 - IDAFAH ()إﺿﺎﻓﺔ
Now that we’ve completed the study of individual words, we can learn how words
come together to create fragments. A fragment is more than a word but less than
a complete sentence. In Arabic there are five commonly used fragments that
involve isms:
1. Idafah ِإﺿﺎﻓَﺔ
ٌ ﺟﺎر و ﻣ ْﺠﺮ
2. Harf of jarr ور ٌ
ُ َ َ
ْ
3. Harf of nasb ﺐ و ِا ُﻬﺎ ٍ ف َﻧ ْﺼ ْ
ُ ﺣﺮ
َ َ
ٌ ٌ
4. Mawsoof-sifah ﻣ ْﻮﺻ ْﻮف و ِﺻ َﻔﺔ
َ ُ َ
5. Pointer word fragments ﺸﺎر ِإﻟَ ْﻴ ِﻪ ٌ ِا ْﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة و ﻣ
ُ َ ِ َ ِ ُ
3.1: Fragments - Idafah
An idafah is a fragment which brings two isms together with the word ‘of’ in
between them. For example, Messenger of Allah, friend of mine, imam of a masjid.
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In Arabic, the word before ‘of’ is called the mudhaf ( )ﻣﻀﺎف and the word after ‘of’
ُ
is called the mudhaf-ilayhi ()ﻣﻀﺎف ِإﻟﻴ ِﻪ.
ُ
Primary Rules for the Idhafah
1. The ( ﻣﻀﺎفword before “of”) should be:
ُ
a. Light
b. No alif-laam ()ال
2. The ﻣﻀﺎف ِإﻟﻴ ِﻪshould be
ُ
a. In ﺟﺮstatus
ّ
b. After the ﻣﻀﺎف
ُ
3. No long distance relationship. Nothing comes between the ﻣﻀﺎفand its
ُ
ﻣﻀﺎف ِإﻟﻴ ِﻪ.
ُ
4. The last property of the ﻣﻀﺎف, its type, is dictated by the ﻣﻀﺎف ِإﻟﻴ ِﻪ
ُ ُ
Basic Kinds of Idafah:
There are three basic kinds of idafah:
1. “of” translation eg: Imam of the masjid ِإﻣﺎم اﻟﻤ ْﺴ ِﺠ ِﺪ
َ ُ
2. Pronoun attached to an ism eg: His house ُ ﺑ ْﻴﺘُﻪ
َ
ْ
3. Special Mudhafs eg: Under the earth ﻷ ْر ِض َ ﺖا َﺗﺤ
َ
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3.1.1: Fragments – Idafah – Special Mudhaf
Special mudhafs are words that act as a mudahf 99.9% of the time. However,
when we translate them we do not always use the word ‘of’ in the translation.
ْ ْ
after ﺑﻌ َﺪ below َﺗﺤﺖ above ﻓ َ ْﻮ َق
َ َ
ْ
behind ﻒ
َ ﺧﻠ َ in front of أَﻣﺎم before َﻗ ْﺒ َﻞ
َ
especially ْ behind, ْ
َن ورآء between ﲔ
َ َﺑ
from ُ beyond َ َ
right in ْ
ﻗ ُ ّﺪام which, any أ َ ّي other than َﻏﲑ
front of َ
some, ْ around, with, at, has, ْ
ﺾ َ َﺑ
ﻌ ﺣ ْﻮ َل ِﻋﻨ َﺪ
some of surrounding َ by/beside
besides, each, all,
other د ْون with ﻣﻊ every, the ﻛُ ّﻞ
ُ ََ
than whole
ْ
3.1.2: Fragments – Idafah – Five Special Isms ُ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻷ ﺎء
َ ا
َ َ ُ
The five special isms are called so because when these words are mudhafs their
status is not shown by ending sound or ending combination. Their status is shown
by ending letter.
The five special isms are:
ٌ
ٌ أBrother خ
Father ب َ َ أMouth ﻓ َ ٌﻢIn-law ﺣ ٌﻢ
َ
Possessor-of ذُو
Note: ذُوis always a mudahf. Unlike the other isms it never stands alone.
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Raf: Ends in و Nasb: Ends with ا Jarr: Ends with ي
Word Regular Mudhaf Word Regular Mudhaf
Father ٌ أ Mouth
ب َ أَﺑﻮ ﻓ َ ٌﻢ ﻓُﻮ
ُ
أ َ ًﺑﺎ أَﺑﺎ ﻓ َ ًﻤﺎ ﻓﺎ
ب ٍ َأ ِ َأ ﻓ َ ٍﻢ ِﰲ
Brother ٌ In-law
أَخ أَﺧُ ْﻮ ﺣ ٌﻢ َﻮ
َ ُ
ً َأ
ﺧﺎ أَﺧﺎ َ ًﺎ َﺎ
ٍ َأ
خ ْ
ِ َأ ﺣ ٍﻢ
َ
َ ِﻲ
Possessor-of
ذُو
Always a
Mudhaf ذَا
ِذي
Five Special Isms: Examples from the Quran
ٌ ْ ْ ْ
ﲔ ﺒ ﻣ ل ﻼ ﺿ
ٍ ِ ُّ ٍ َ َ ﻲ ﻔ
ِ ﺑَ أ ن إ ﺔﺒ ﺼﻋ ﻦﺤ ﻧ و ﺎﻨ ﻣ
ِ ﺎﻴﻨ ﺑَ أ ٰ
َ َ َ َ ّ ِ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ ّ َ ِ َ ِ ُ ّ َ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ ُ َ ُ َ ِإWhen they said, "Joseph
ﻟ ﺎﺎﻧ إ ﺐﺣَ أ ﻮه ﺧَ أو ﻒﻮﺳ ﻴ ﻟ ﻮا ﺎﻟﻗ ذ
and his brother are more beloved to our father than we, while we are a clan. Indeed, our father is in clear
error. (12:8)
ﲑ ﻌ ﺑ ﻞ ْ وﻧﻤﲑ أ ْﻫﻠﻨﺎ وﻧ ْﺤﻔﻆ أﺧﺎﻧﺎ وﻧ ْﺰداد ﻛAnd we will obtain supplies for our family and protect our
ﻴ
ِ
ٍ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َُ ِ َ َ
َ
brother and obtain an increase of a camel's load (12:65)
ْ ْ ﺖ ﻧ ْﻔﺴﻪ ﻗ ْﺘﻞ أﺧﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺘ ﻓﺄ ْ
ﺎﺳ ِﺮﻳﻦ
ِ ﺨ اﻟ ﻦﻣِ
َ َ َ َ ﺢﺒ ﺻ َ َ َ َ َ ِ ِ َ َ َ ُ ُ َُ َ ﻓَﻄَ ّ َﻮﻋAnd his soul permitted to him the murder of his
َ ُ َ َ
brother, so he killed him and became among the losers. (5:30)
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ﻒ
َ ﻮﺳ ﺪ ِرﻳﺢ ﻳ ﺟ
ِ ﻷ
َ َ ّ ﺎل أَﺑﻮ ُ ْ ِإ ﻗtheir father said, "Indeed, I find the smell of Joseph (12:94)
ُ ُ َ ُ ِ ُ َ َ
ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
ُ ْﻢ ُ ْﻢ وﺟﻪ ُأ َ ِﺑﻴ ً
ﻒ أ َ ِو اﻃﺮﺣﻮه أَرﺿﺎ ﻳﺨ ُﻞ َﻟ ﻮﺳ ﻳ ﻮا ﻠ ﺘ اﻗ
َ ُ ُ ُ ُ Kill Joseph or cast him out to [another] land;
َ َ ُ ُ َ
the countenance of your father will [then] be only for you, (12:9)
ْ ْ ْ
ِ َ اﷲ ُذُو اﻟ َﻔﻀ ِﻞ اﻟ
ﻈ
ِ ﻌ َ ّ َوand Allah is the possessor of great bounty. (2:105)
ْ
ﻛ ّ َﻔ ْﻴ ِﻪ ِإ َ اﻟﻤﺎ ِء ﻟِﻴ ْﺒﻠ ُ َﻎ ﻓَﺎه
َ ﻂ
ِ ﺎﺳ
ِ ﻛﺒ like one who stretches his hands toward water [from afar, calling it] to reach
ُ َ َ ََ
his mouth, (13:14)
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REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR THE STUDENT
1. The two conditions of the ﻣﻀﺎفare that it must be ____________ and no
_____________.
2. The two conditions for the ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﻴﻪare that is must be in _________ status
and come directly after the ________________.
3. The status of اﻷ ﺎء اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔis shown by the ending _______________.
4. Translate to English: ﺘﺎب
ِ ِ ____________________________ ﻓ َ ْﻮ َق اﻟ.
5. Translate to Arabic: Allah’s slave _____________________________.
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IN-CLASS
TEACHER-LED DISCUSSION POINTS
1. The word before “of” is called ___________________.
2. The word after “of” is called _____________________.
3. Whenever a pronoun is attached to an ism the pronoun is in ___________
status.
4. Translate to English: ِﻛ ِﻠﻤﺔ ُاﷲ _____________________.
َ َ
5. Translate to Arabic: His word _____________________.
TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES
Identify whether the following are idafahs (write Y or N). Some examples have been
done for you.
ْﻗ ْ ْ ْ
1. ﻚﻠِ ﺒ 2. ﺤﻮن ﻠ ﻔاﻟﻤ 3. ﺑﻌ ِﺪ ِﻣﻴﺜَﺎ ِﻗ ِﻪ
َ َ َ ُ ِ ُ ُُ َ
Y (special mudhaf) N(pronoun can’t be
mudhaf, also second
word isn’t jarr)
ْ ْ ْ
4. اﻷر ِض
َ ات و
ِ اﻟﺴﻤﺎو
َ ّ َﻏ ْﻴﺐ 5. ت ْ
ِ ﺣ َﺬر اﻟ َﻤﻮ 6. ﻛُ ّﻠ َ َﻬﺎ
َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْ
7. ُ ْﻢ ﻣﻌ 8. ﻛُ ّ ِﻞ َ ْ ٍء 9. أ َ َﺎ ِء َﻫ ٰـ ُﺆ َﻻ ِء
ََ
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اﷲ 10. ﺧ وﻗُﻮد َﻫﺎ 11. آل ﻓِ ْﺮﻋ ْﻮن 12.
ِ
َ َ َ َّ ُ ُ َ َ َ
ْ ْ ٰ
ﻗُﻠُﻮ ِ ِ ْﻢ 13. ﺎت َﺗﺠ ِﺮي 14.
ﺟﻨ ّ َ ٍ ِ ﺘﺎب 15. ﻚ اﻟ
ذَﻟِ َ
َ َ ُ
ٌ ْ ْ
ﻈ ٌ 16.
َﻋ َﺬاب َﻋ ِ َﺗﺤ ِ ﺎ 17. ﻴﻞ 18.
َﺑﻨِﻲ ِإﺳﺮا ِ َ
َ َ
ْ ْ
19. أَﻧﻔُ َﺴ ُ ﻓ َ ْﻮ َﻗ َﻬﺎ 20. 21. أَﻧﺖ اﻟﻌ ِﻠ
ُ َ َ
ْ
اﻟﺴ َﻔ َﻬﺎء 22.
ﻦ ُّ آﻣ اﷲِ 23.
َﻋﻬ َﺪ ّ َ ﻛُﻨ ُ ْ ﺻﺎ ِد ِﻗﲔَ 24.
ُ َ َ َ
ْ ْ ْ
25. ﻳﺪﺧُ َﻞ اﻟﺠﻨّ َ َﺔ 26. ﺑﺄ ًﺳﺎ ﺷ ِﺪﻳﺪاً
َ َﺗﺤ ِ ِ ْﻢ 27.
َ َ َ
ْ
اﻟ ُﻤ ْﺠ ِﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﻨَّﺎر 28. 29. ُ ْﻢ ﻫﺎﻧ ْ
ﺑُﺮ َ اﷲ 30. اﺗﺨﺬ
َ ُ َ َّ َ َ َّ ُ
)Highlight the idafahs in the following ayat from Surah Kahf (11-15
ْﻬﻒ ﺳﻨﲔ ﻋﺪدًا ﴿ ﴾١١ﺑﻌ ْﺜﻨﺎ ْ ﻟﻨ ْﻌﻠﻢ أي اﻟْﺤ ْﺰﺑ ْﲔ أ ْ ْ
ﺣﺼ ٰﻰ ﻟِﻤﺎ َ ِ ِ ِ َ َ َ ﻀﺮ ْﺑﻨَﺎ ﻋ َ ٰ آذَا ِ ِ ْﻢ ِﰲ اﻟ ﻓ
َ ُ َّ َ َ َ ُ ِ َ َ َ َ ّ ُ ِ َ ِ َ َ َ َ َ َ
ْﻢ وز ْدﻧﺎ ْ ْ ْ ٌ ْ ﻟﺒﺜﻮا أﻣ ًﺪا ﴿ ﴾١٢ﻧ ْﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﻠ ْ
ﻫ ًﺪى ﴿﴾١٣ ﺮﺑ ﻮاﻨ آﻣ ﺔ ﻴ ﺘ ﻓ
ِ ﻢ إ ﻖ ﺤ ﺎﻟﺑ ﺄ ﺒ ﻧ ﻚ ﻴ
ِ َ ِ َ ُ ُ ِ
َ َ ُ َ ِّ ِ ّ
َ ِ َّ ُ ِ َ
َّ ُ َ ُ ّ ُ َ َ َ َ َ ُ َِ ُ ََ
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ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ
ً
ﻋﻮ ِﻣﻦ دو ِﻧ ِﻪ ِإﻟَ ٰـﻬﺎ ﻟّ َ َﻘﺪ اﻷر ِض ﻟﻦ ﻧﺪ
ات و َاﻟﺴ َﻤﺎو ِ ورﺑﻄﻨﺎ ﻋ ٰ ﻗﻠﻮ ﻢ إذ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﻓﻘﺎﻟﻮا رﺑﻨﺎ رب
ُ َ َّ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ ُ ُ ِ ِ ِ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ّ ُ َ َ ّ ُ َّ َ
ﻗ ْﻠﻨﺎ إذًا ﺷﻄﻄًﺎ ﴿ ﴾١٤ﻫـﺆﻻ ِء ﻗ ْﻮﻣﻨﺎ اﺗﺨﺬوا ﻣﻦ دوﻧﻪ آ ًﺔ ﻟ ْﻮﻻ ﻳﺄْﺗﻮن ﻋﻠ ْ ﻢ ﺴ ْﻠﻄﺎن ﺑﲔ ﻓﻤﻦْ
َ ٰ ُ َ َ ُ َ َّ َ ُ ِ ُ ِ ِ ِ َ َّ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ِ ِ ُ َ ٍ َ ِ ّ ٍ َ َ ُ َ ِ َ َ
ْ ْ
ً
ﻛ ِﺬﺑﺎ ﴿﴾١٥
اﷲِ َ ٰ
ﱰى َﻋ َ ّ َﻦ اﻓ َ َ
أَﻇ َﻠ ُﻢ ِﻣ ّ َﻤ ِ
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