I. Nature of Electricity • Valence Shell – outermost shell or the last shell.

Filled with the remaining electrons.

Electricity • Valence Electron(s) – electron(s) that occupies
• Can be explained in terms of electric charge, the valence shell.
voltage, and current. • Free Electrons – originally valence electrons.
• A form of energy, where energy refers the ability With enough energy they escape from the
to do work. valence shell and become free.
• Electrical energy, refers to the energy associated
with electric charges. It is the movement of free electrons that provides
electric current in a metal conductor.
Elementary Particles
• Electrons – negatively charged particles Electrical Classifications of Material
• Protons – positively charged • Conductor – less than 4 valence electrons. Easy
• Neutrons – electrically neutral; no charge electrical current flow because they have more
Particle Charge Mass free electrons.
Electron 0.16 x 10 – 18 C, 9.108 x 10 – 28 g • Semiconductor – exactly 4 valence electrons. In
Negative between conductors and insulators.
Proton 0.16 x 10 – 18 C, 1.672 x 10 – 24 g • Insulators – more than 4 valence electrons. It will
Positive NOT allow electric current to flow because they
Neutron None 1.672 x 10 – 24 g have very few or no free electrons.

Structure of Matter Energy Bands

• Matter – anything that has mass and occupies • Energy gap – energy difference between the
space; composed of very small particles called valence band and conduction band. Unit:
atoms. (solid, liquid, gas) electron volt (eV)
• Atoms – composed of subatomic particles of • Valence band – region where the valence shell
electrons, protons, and neutrons; As atoms and valence electrons are occupying. Highest
combine, they form an element or compound. energy level before conduction band.
• Element – substance consisting of atoms of only • Conduction band – region where free electrons
one kind; Elementary (irreducible) chemical are said to be present. Electrons have higher
identity of materials. energy than electrons at valence band.
• Compound – combination of two or more • Forbidden band – region where no electron
different atoms or elements; Most Insulators are exists. Between two allowed bands (valence and
compound. conduction bands)
• Molecule – smallest part of a compound or
material that retains all the properties of the The Coulomb (Q)
compound. • Fundamental property of matter.
• Atomic Number – number of protons in the • Influence by elementary particles (electrons and
nucleus; in a neutral atom equals the number of protons)
electrons; Number determines the place of the • According to Benjamin Franklin, there are two
element in the periodic table. kinds of charges, positive and negative charges.
• Atomic Mass – mass of the atom; Sum of protons • Unit of electric charge is Coulomb (C)
and neutrons. Electrons has very small mass and • Named after, Charles Augustin de Coulomb.
therefore neglected. -1 Coulomb 6.242 x 1018 electrons
Electron -1.602 x 10 - 19
Bohr Atomic Model Proton 1.602 x 10 - 19
• electrons travel in defined circular orbits around • Uncharged atom – the number of negatively
the nucleus. charged electrons and the number of positively
charge protons are equal.
• Uncharged body – atoms are uncharged.
• Charged atom – atom loses or gains electron, • Conventional Current - which considered the
becomes electrically unbalanced. flow of charge from positive to negative. This is
• Charged Body – charged atom belongs. opposite to the actual charge flow, which is form
• Ion – also known as charge atom and charged negative to positive (non-conventional).
body.
• Cation – atom that losses electron lacks negative Material Resistance
charge and atom becomes positively charged ion. • Resistance (R) – opposite to current.
• Electropositive Elements – elements that give up • Resistance, the ability to oppose or block the flow
electrons in chemical reactions to produce of charge of current. Depends on its dimensions
positive ions. Metallic in nature. and type.
• Anion – gains electron will have more negative 𝑙
𝑅=𝜌
charge and atom becomes negatively charge ion. 𝐴
• Electronegative Elements – elements that accept
electrons in chemical reactions to produce Unit of resistance: ohm (Ω)
negative ions. Nonmetallic in nature. • Conductance (G) – opposite of resistance.
• The lower the resistance, the higher the
Electric Field and Electric Force conductance.
• Electric Field – area or region surrounding an 1
𝐺=
electrically charged particle or body. 𝑅
• Electric Force – force produced due to the
electric field of a charged particle or body. Reciprocal of R, unit is the Siemens (S)

Potential Difference General Sources of Electricity

• Electric Potential Energy – charged bodies tend • Static Electricity by Friction
electrons in an insulator can be separated by the work of
to move charged particles, it is said to have a rubbing to produce opposite charges that remain in the
capacity to do work or it has potential to do work. dielectric. Examples of how static electricity can be
• Electrical Potential – the ability of a charged body generated include combing your hair.
to do work on charged particles such as electrons. • Conversion of Chemical Energy
Wet or dry cells and batteries are the applications
• Electrical Potential Difference – the difference
between the capacities (potentials) of two charges • Electromagnetism
Electricity and magnetism are closely related. Any moving
to do work. charge has an associated magnetic field; also, any changing
• Volt (V) – the unit of potential difference. A magnetic fi eld can produce current. A motor is an example
potential of 1 volt has the capacity to do 1 Joule showing how current can react with a magnetic field to
of work in moving 1 Coulomb of charge. Named produce motion.
after Alessandro Volta in 1881. • Photoelectricity
Some materials are photoelectric, that is, they can emit
• Electromotive Force (emf) – the electrical force electrons when light strikes the surface. The element cesium
that moves charged particles such as electrons. is often used as a source of photoelectrons.

Current
• Movement or the flow of electrons II. Electric Standard and Conventions
∆𝑄 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
𝐼= = = (𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒)
∆𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
• 1 ampere of current -> 1 coulomb past any point (Open PPT No. 2)
of a conductor during one second of time.
• Current Density (J) – the current per unit cross-
sectional area.
𝐼 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝐽= =
𝐴 𝑚2
• Direct Current – flow in one direction only.
• Alternating Current – electric charges is
periodically reversed.
III. Ohm’s Law and Power Wire Wound Resistor
• Special resistance wire wrapped around an
insulating core (porcelain, cement, or pressed
Direct Current paper)
• Current that moves through a conductor or • High current application with low resistance and
circuit in one direction only. appreciable power.
• Reason for Unidirectional current: voltage
sources (batteries and cells) maintain the same Film Type Resistor
polarity of output voltage. • Carbon Film resistor – made by depositing a thin
layer of carbon on an insulated substrate.
Alternating Current Voltage • Metal Film resistor – similar to carbon film,
• AC voltage – source periodically reverses or however it has a thin film of metal sprayed onto
alternates in polarity. Resulting alternating a ceramic substrate. More precise R than carbon
current. film resistor

The Electric Circuit Surface Mount Resistor

• A partial electric circuit has at least 4 parts; • Also called as chip resistors
1. A source of electromotive force (battery) • Constructed by depositing a thick carbon film on
2. Conductors a ceramic base.
3. Load • Very temperature stable and also very rugged.
4. A means of control (switch)
• Complete or closed circuit – is an unbroken path Fusible Resistor
for current from the emf, through a load, and • A wire wound resistor made to burn open easily
back to the source. when the power rating is exceeded.
• Incomplete or open – if a break in the circuit • Serves the dual functions of a fuse and a resistor
does not provide a complete path for current. to limit the current.
• Fuse – placed directly into the circuit to protect
it. Acts as a circuit breaker and breaks the circuit Thermistor
in case any fault occurs in the circuit. • Thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance
• Short Circuit – usually caused by an accidental value changes with changes in operating
connection between two points in a circuit which temperature.
offers very little resistance. • Essentially semi-conductors, either positive or
• Ground Symbol – often used to show that a negative temperature coefficient.
number of wires are connected to a common
point in a circuit. Determining a Resistor’s Value
• Measured Value
Resistance A digital multimeter can measure the resistor’s
• Resistance – opposition to current flow. actual resistance value.
• Resistor – a device whose resistance to current • Color Code
flow is a known specific value. - Labeled with color bands that specify the
• Ohms – unit of resistance and is represented by resistors nominal value.
the symbol R in equations. - Colors represent numerical values
• Types of Resistors; Black 0 Gray 8
- Wire-wound resistors Brown 1 White 9
- Carbon-composition resistors Red 2 Gold 5%
- Film-type resistors (Carbon and metal film) Orange 3 Silver 10%
- Surface-mount resistors (chip resistors) Yellow 4 No color 20%
- Fusible resistors Green 5
- Thermistors. Blue 6
Violet 7
Zero Ohm Resistors IV. DC – Series Circuit
• Quite common
• Is denoted by the use of a single black band Series Circuits
around the center of the resistor body. • Only one path for current to flow.
• a break in any part of a series circuit stops the
Ohm’s Law flow of current in the whole circuit.
• Defines the relationship between current, • Total Resistance (Rt) is equal to the sum of all the
voltage, and resistance. individual resistance.
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
• Current flowing in all parts of the circuit is the
same
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3
• Sum of voltage drops in a series circuit is equal to
the applied voltage.
𝑉𝑡 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
Can be expressed in 3 mathematical ways:
• The voltage drop across each individual
𝑉
𝐼= resistance depends upon the value of resistance.
𝑅 • The total power across a series circuit is equal to
𝑉 the sum of the power across each resistance of
𝑅= the circuit.
𝐼
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3
𝑉 = 𝐼 × 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅
• If the resistance of a component is constant (it
V. DC – Parallel Circuit
stays the same)
Parallel Circuit
Electric Power • has many paths for current to travel and more
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 than one resistor, if one resistor stops working
1 watt = the work done in one second by one volt current will still travel to other resistors on same
of potential difference in moving one coulomb of circuit.
charge. • The voltage across all branches or paths of a
parallel circuit is the same.
746𝑊 = 1ℎ𝑝 = 550 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏/𝑠 𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑅1 = 𝑉𝑅2 = 𝑉𝑅3
• A parallel circuit divides into two or more
branches
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐼𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3
• The current divides and flows through each
parallel branch.
• If a component breaks or removed, the other
components remain.

Other formulas:
Power
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3
Resistance
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑡 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3