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Basic Electricity
Engr. Engr.Jayson JaysonP.P.Rogelio Rogelio Topics Negative and Positive Polarities Electrons and Protons Structure of the Atom The Volt & Coulomb Unit Topics Electrical Current Closed Circuit Direction of Current
DC and AC OBJECTIVES To distinguish the positive and negative polarities for the voltage output of a typical battery To illustrate the basic structure of atom To define the unit of electric charge and potential difference To analyze the charge in motion To describe what happens during closed circuit To enumerate the different sources of electricity INTRODUCTION Electricity – is an invisible force that can produce heat, light, and motion. Electric Charge – is the basic form for a quantity of electricity Ampere – practical unit of current Volt – indicates the potential difference between charges of two opposing polarities Circuit – closed path of the movement of charges POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE POLARITIES
SYMBOL - ELECTRONS AND PROTONS
Electricity is present in all forms of matter
as electrons and protons. The electron is the basic unit of negative electricity. Electrons and Protons (continued)
• The proton is the basic unit of positive
electricity. • 1 coulomb is equal to 6.25 x 1018 electrons or protons. ELEMENTS • Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical action. • Atom- smallest particle of an element that still has the same characteristics as the element. ATOM PRESENCE OF ELECTRICITY
paper Electrically neutral Neutral condition means that opposing forces are exactly balanced, w/o any net effect either battery way. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Is the charge of an electron positive or negative?
2. Is the charge of a proton positive or
negative?
3. Is it true or false that the neutral
condition means equal positive and negative charges? TYPES OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES • Positive charges Protons Positive ions Hole charges • Negative charges Electrons Negative ions One Atom of Hydrogen
Proton
Electron
The nucleus is made up of a single proton. Only
hydrogen has no neutrons (neutral particles) in its nucleus. ATOMIC NUMBER • The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. • The number of electrons in orbit around the nucleus of a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. ORBITAL RINGS
K=2 (complete)
L=8 (complete) K L M = 18 (complete) M N=8 N (complete) One Atom of Copper
K=2 (complete)
L=8 (complete) K L M = 18 (complete) M N = 1 of 8 possible N (incomplete) VALENCE
• The valence of an element is the
number of electrons in the outermost orbit. The valence electron is weakly bound to the nucleus. This makes copper an excellent conductor.
29 protons atomic number = 29
29 electrons (net charge = 0)
1 valence electron The copper valence electrons are easy to move and copper is the most widely applied electrical conductor. A section of current carrying wire
A coulomb is 6.25 x 1018 electrons.
An ampere is 1 coulomb of flow per second.
ELECTRICAL CHARGES
• Charges of the same polarity tend to repel
one another. • Charges of opposite polarity tend to attract one another. • Electrons tend to move toward protons because electrons have far less mass than protons. UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT. LIKE CHARGES REPEL. ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
Electric lines of force indicate the direction in which a positive test charge would move if it were placed in an electric field. REPULSION OF LIKE CHARGES
Two rods that carry the same kind of charge
repel each other. STATIC ELECTRICITY DISCHARGE
Electric current discharges between two electrical conductors
(the metal nails). The volt is the unit of potential difference.
Potential difference is the amount of energy
or work assigned to each coulomb.
1 Joule 1 Volt = 1 coulomb
1 2
There are always 2 points
involved when discussing potential difference or voltage. Charge in Motion When the potential difference between to charges forces a third charge to move, the charge in motion is an electrical current.
When a potential difference is connected across
two end of a conductor (copper wire), the applied voltage forces the free electrons to move producing current flow. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS • An electric circuit is a path for electron flow. • Potential difference must be applied to a circuit to produce electron current flow. • Electrons flow through an external circuit from negative to positive. Electric Circuits (continued)
• Direct current (dc) flows in one direction.
• Alternating current (ac) periodically reverses direction. Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
+ DC + AC
+ 0 time 0 time -
- - A Closed Circuit (current is flowing)
The purpose of the
resistor is to limit current (flow) or to generate heat. An Open Circuit (no current is flowing) The electron current is from negative to positive. SUMMARY 1. Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons & protons. 2. The electron is the basic quantity of negative electricity, the proton of positive electricity. 3. Charges of the same polarity tend to repel each other; charges of opposite polarities attract. 4. Electrons tend to move toward protons because an electron has 1/1840 the weight of a proton. 5. The atomic number of an element gives the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom, balanced by an equal number of orbital electrons. SUMMARY 6. The number of electrons in the outermost orbit is the valence of the element. 7. Types of negative charges include electrons and negative ions. Types of positive charges includes protons, positive ions, and hole charges 8. An electric circuit is a closed path for electron flow. 9. Direct current has just one direction, as the dc voltage source has a fixed polarity. Alternating current periodically reverses in direction as the ac voltage source reverses its polarity. … to be discussed next meeting:
Resistor Ohm’s Law Series and Parallel Connections
