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Modulus-Argument Form of A Complex Number LESSON

This document discusses representing complex numbers in modulus-argument form. It defines the modulus as the distance from the origin and the argument as the angle relative to the positive x-axis. A complex number in this form is written as r cis θ, where r is the modulus, θ is the argument in radians, and 0 ≤ θ < 2π. It provides examples of converting between Cartesian (x + yi) and modulus-argument forms using trigonometric functions and an Argand diagram to determine the quadrant and appropriate angle.

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247 views3 pages

Modulus-Argument Form of A Complex Number LESSON

This document discusses representing complex numbers in modulus-argument form. It defines the modulus as the distance from the origin and the argument as the angle relative to the positive x-axis. A complex number in this form is written as r cis θ, where r is the modulus, θ is the argument in radians, and 0 ≤ θ < 2π. It provides examples of converting between Cartesian (x + yi) and modulus-argument forms using trigonometric functions and an Argand diagram to determine the quadrant and appropriate angle.

Uploaded by

angusliang41
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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com

Modulus-Argument Form of a Complex Number


Starter
1. (Review of last lesson)
Convert 240o to an angle in radians, expressing your answer in terms of π.

2. (Review of last lesson) Find the modulus of 4 + 2i.

N.B. The argument of a complex number, z, is the angle that the line Im
z
between the origin and z makes with the positive x− axis,
measured anti-clockwise. It is denoted arg z and is given
in radians. arg z
Re

3. Calculate the argument of the complex numbers:


(a) 1+i (b) 4i (c) − 3+i
Hint: use an Argand diagram to help you.

4. You are given the modulus and argument of a complex number. Express the complex
number in the form x + y i.
π 3π
(a) Modulus = 6, argument = (b) Modulus = 2, argument =
3 2
Hint: draw an Argand diagram to help.

Notes
The modulus-argument form of a complex number, z, consists of the modulus, r, which is the
distance to the origin, and the argument θ, which is the angle the line Oz makes with the positive
x− axis, measured anti-clockwise.
N.B. r≥0
The angle θ can take any real value but the principal argument, denoted by Arg z, is
de ned as 0 ≤ θ < 2π or −π < θ ≤ π

There are two forms of a complex number:


Cartesian form x + yi
Modulus-argument form [r, θ ] — we will see that this notation is rarely used
Converting between Cartesian and modulus-argument forms
Cartesian to modulus-argument form
For the complex number z = x + y i Im
2 2
The modulus is given by r = x +y . 2nd 1st
Quadrant Quadrant
To nd the argument: Re
y 3rd 4th
1. Calculate tan−1 Quadrant Quadrant
x
N.B. Notice that we ignore the signs of the components of the complex number when
nding the initial angle.

2. Sketch a quick Argand diagram to decide which quadrant z lies in and then decide what
you need to do to the angle found in step 1.

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For example, if z is in the 4th quadrant, subtract the angle found from 2π (since 2π ≡ 360o).

E.g. 1 Convert −1 − 3 i to [r, θ ] form.

Working: r = −1− 3i = (−1)2 + (−3)2 = 2


3 π
Ignore the signs: tan−1 =
1 3
−1 − 3 i is in the 3rd quadrant so we need to add π (180o) to the acute
angle
π 4π
Arg (−1 − 3 i) = π + =
3 3

[ 3 ]
4π
−1 − 3 i ≡ 2,

Modulus-argument to Cartesian form


E.g. 2 For the complex number z = [r, θ ], express the x− and y−
coordinates in terms of r and θ. Use the diagram to help you.

This gives us the more common way to express a complex number in modulus-argument form:

z = r cos θ + i r sin θ = r (cos θ + i sin θ )


This is shortened to z = r cis θ.
Im
z
π
E.g. 3 Express the complex number 4 cis in Cartesian form.
6 r y
θ Re
x

Video: Modulus-argument form of complex number

Solutions to Starter and E.g.s

Exercise
p127 4E Qu 1i, 2i, 3i, 4i, 5i, 6i, 7-11

Summary
Cartesian form x + yi
x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
Modulus-argument form r cis θ where r ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ θ < 2π or −π < θ ≤ π
Modulus r = x2 + y2
y
Argument 1st quadrant: θ = tan−1
x
y
2nd quadrant: θ = π − tan−1
x
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y
3rd quadrant: θ = π + tan−1
x
y
4th quadrant: θ = 2π − tan−1
x

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