Course Code: MTH (EEE) 301
Course Title: Probability & Statistics;
Complex variable & Harmonics
Lecture-2
Introduction to Complex Number
Fundamental operations with complex number:
Complex Conjugate:
The complex conjugate, or briefly conjugate, of a complex number
is z . The complex conjugate of a complex
number is often indicated by z .
Product/Multiplication:
The commutative and distributive properties hold for the product of
complex numbers i.e.,
( )(𝑐 𝑑) 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
We know, i 2 1
Therefore giving us:
( )(𝑐 𝑑) ( 𝑐 𝑑) ( 𝑑 𝑐)
Division:
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
.
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
Basically, when dividing two complex numbers we are rationalizing the
denominator of a rational expression multiplying the numerator and
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator.
Example: Express - 3 i in the form a ib.
7 - 3i
Solution: We must multiply the numerator and denominator by the
conjugate of 7 3i i.e., 7 3i .
-3 i - 3 i 7 3i (-21 3) (7 9) 12 1
. i i
7 - 3i 7 - 3i 7 3i (49 9) (49 9) 29 29
Properties of complex conjugate:
1) ̿
2) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
3) ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ ̅
4) ( ) ̅
.
Power of imaginary unit
In general,
Absolute value/Modulus:
The distance from the origin to any complex number is the absolute
value or modulus. The absolute value of a complex number
denoted by mod z or r or | |.
r | | √
Example:
If and then evaluate |
̅ |.
Solution:
Given,
| ̅ | | ( ) ( ) ( )|
| ( ) |
| |
|( ) ( )|
|( ) ( )|
√( ) ( )
√ .
Argument/ Amplitude: Argument of is the angle produced
by ( ) with the x-axis and denoted by arg( ) .
arg( ) 𝜃 tan
Principal Argument:
Principal argument is the argument defined in the interval 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
The principal argument can be obtained by four ways if the complex
number
i. In the first quadrant, 𝜃 tan | |
ii. In the second quadrant, 𝜃 𝜋 tan | |
iii. In the third quadrant, 𝜃 𝜋 tan | |
iv. In the fourth quadrant, 𝜃 𝜋 tan | |
Example: Find the modulus and principal argument of the complex
number √
Solution: Here,
Modulus, r √ (√ ) √ √
The complex number lies in the first quadrant, so the principal argument
√
is 𝜃 tan tan (√ ) tan (tan )
Example: Find the modulus and principal argument of the complex
number
Solution: Here,
Modulus, r √( ) ( ) √ √
The complex number lies in the third quadrant, so the principal
argument is
𝜃 𝜋 tan ( ) 𝜋 tan ( ) 𝜋 tan (tan ) 𝜋
𝜋
Example: Find the modulus and principal argument of the complex
number
Solution: Here,
Modulus, r √( ) ( ) √ √
The complex number lies in the fourth quadrant, so the principal
argument is 𝜃 𝜋 tan ( ) 𝜋 tan ( )
𝜋 𝜋 7𝜋
𝜋 tan (tan ) 𝜋
Example: Find the modulus and principal argument of the complex
number
Solution: Here,
Modulus, r √( ) ( ) √ √
The complex number lies in the second quadrant, so the principal
argument is 𝜃 𝜋 tan ( ) 𝜋 tan ( )
Exercise
1. Consider , and evaluate of
the following
(i) z12 2z2 4 (ii) ( z3 z3 )2 (iii) z2 z3 z3 z2
z1 z2 i z3
(iv) (v) Re{2 z13 3z2 2 } (vi) Im{ }
z1 z2 i z1 z1 .
2. Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex
numbers
3 3 3 i, 5 5 i, 6i 2 , 4 i, 1 i, 1 3i, 2 2i , 2, and i 3
THANK YOU
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