1

COMPREHENSIVE
GUIDELINES FOR
ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
O'LEVEL (4037) & IGCSE (0606)

O'Level (4037) & Compiled By: Sir Danish Rehan 0322-6353636

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 FUNCTIONS 2

One-to-one functions: each 𝑥 value maps to one distinct

𝑦 value
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 1
Many-to-one functions: there are some 𝑓(𝑥) values
which are generated by more than one 𝑥 value
e.g. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
Domain = 𝑥 values Range = 𝑦 values
Notation: 𝑓(𝑥 ) can also be written as 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦
To find range:
Complete the square
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 ⇒ (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2
Work out min/max point
Minimum point = (1,2)
∴ all 𝑦 values are greater than or equal to 2. 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 2

One-to-many functions do not exist

Domain of 𝑔(𝑥 ) = Range of 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
Solving functions:
𝑓(2): substitute 𝑥 = 2 and solve for 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓𝑔(𝑥 ): substitute 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ): let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and make 𝑥 the subject
Transformation of graphs:
𝑓(−𝑥): reflection in the 𝑦-axis
−𝑓(𝑥 ): reflection in the 𝑥-axis
𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎: translation of 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑦-axis

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 3
𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑎): translation of – 𝑎 units parallel to 𝑥-axis
1
𝑓(𝑎𝑥): stretch, scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑥-axis
𝑎𝑓 (𝑥 ): stretch, scale factor 𝑎 parallel to 𝑦-axis
Modulus function:
Denoted by |𝑓(𝑥)|
Modulus of a number is its absolute value
Never goes below 𝑥-axis
Makes negative graph into positive by reflecting
negative part into 𝑥-axis
Solving modulus function:
Sketch graphs and find points of intersection
Square the equation and solve quadratic
Relationship of a function and its inverse:
The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection
of a graph of the function in 𝑦=𝑥

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 4

Simultaneous Equations Surds

There are 3 methods in solving simultaneous linear

equations: m n mn
1.) Substitution Method m

2.) Elimination Method n n
3.) Graphical Method a m b m ab m
There are several steps to follow: ( a  b )( a  b )  a  b

1.) Express one unknown in terms of another ab k cd k

unknown (avoid fractional expressions) a  c and b d .
2.) Substitute this newly – formed equation into the Rationalising Denominator:
non-linear equation Multiply the square root to
3.) Solve for the unknown
4.) Use the linear equation to find the other unknown. both numerator and denominator.

Indices Logarithms

a m  a n  a m n
(a m ) n  a mn
a m  b m  (ab) m
a m  a n  a mn
a
a m  bm  ( )m
b
a 1
0

1
a n 
an
x
x(a n ) 
an
m
a  n a m  (n a ) m
n

x
a
x 
When a > 1

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 5

Quadratic Functions and Inequalities

Sum and Product of Roots Intersection Terms

In ax 2  bx  c Crosses / Cuts 2 points of intersection, 2 real/distinct roots/

b discriminant more than 0.
Sum of roots      Touches / 1 point of intersection, 2 real/equal roots/
a
tangent discriminant = 0.
c
Product of roots   Does not 0 points of intersection, no real roots,
a intersect / meet discriminant < 0.
Meet Discriminant more than or equal to 0.
We can use the sum and product of
roots to write an equation. Quadratic Inequality
x2  (sum of roots)x  (product of roots)  0 ( x  a)( x  b)  0, x a or x b
( x  a)( x  b)  0, a  x b

Linear Law (STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS)

The graph of a linear equation Y = mX + c is a straight line with gradient m and y intercept c.
There are 2 parts to solving linear law questions: Draw a straight line graph to determine gradient and y-intercept, and to
find the equation of the straight line.

Key Steps:

1.) Force the equation into the form of Y = mX + c.

2.) Take some experimental values of x and y and compute the corresponding values of X and Y.
3.) Use these computed values to plot the points on a graph with X and Y axis.
4.) Draw a line passing through the plotted points. Always have more space at the lower end of graph for the line to cut
the Y axis for Y-intercept.
5.) Obtain the Gradient and the Y-intercept.

Note: In Y = mX + c
(a): Y must not have any coefficient,
(b): mX is part constant and part variable.
(c): c must not contain any variable X and Y.
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 6
Polynomials & Remainder Factor Theorem

Polynomial An expression that is a sum of terms in the form axn where n is non-negative and a
is constant.

To find unknown constants, either equate coefficients of like powers of x or substitute values of x.

Remainder Theorem Factor Theorem

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by a linear If (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x),

divisor (x – a), the remainder is f(a). f(a) = 0.

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 7
Formulas:
The Modulus Functions
x  k  x  k or x  k
For a real number x, |x| represents the modulus /
f ( x)   g ( x), g ( x)  0
absolute value of x. It is always non-negative. f ( x)  g ( x) , f ( x)   g ( x)
To draw a modulus graph of the function, first ab  a b
draw the function then reflect the part of the
function which is below the x axis upwards. a a

b b
Coordinate Geometry

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 9

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 10

Trigonometry Functions, Simple Trigonometric Identities/

Equations
Trigonometric Ratios of Complimentary Angles
Angle in Radian
Measure

180   rad

1  rad
180
180
1rad  57.3


Trigonometric Ratios Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles

for Acute Angles
The acute angle formed when a line rotates about the origin is called
the basic angle, denoted by  . Always make the basic angle positive.
Just remember that the
1st Quadrant 2nd Quadrant 3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
surd form of these
numbers:
  180    180    360 
 
          2 
3
 0.577
3
2 Trigonometric Ratios of their General Angles and their Signs
 0.707
2
3
 0.806 In the 1st quadrant, all 3 are positive. S A
2 In the 2nd quadrant, only tangent is positive.
In the 3rd quadrant, only sine is positive.

Trigonometric Ratios
In the 4th quadrant, only cosine is positive. T C
If still turning anticlockwise after 4 th quad, add 360 or 2 .
of Negative Angles

Solving Basic Trigonometric Equations

sin( )   sin 
cos( )  cos 1.) By considering the sign of k, identify the possible quadrants where
theta will lie.
tan( )   tan 
2.) Find the basic angle alpha, the acute angle from e.g.: sin   k
3.) Find all the possible values of theta in the given interval.

Graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions

360 or 2
In general, the curves y  a sin bx  c and y  a cos bx  c have axis y  c, amplitude a and period
b

Graphs are shown on the next page.

O'Level (4037) & Compiled By: Sir Danish Rehan 0322-6353636

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 11

Trigonometric Identities

Simple Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Basic Identities Reciprocals of 3 trigo functions: The "Squared Ratios"

sin  1
tan   sec 
cos cos
cos 1
cot   cosec 
sin  sin 
1
cot  
tan 

In proving a trigonometric identity, always start from the more complicated side (with the secant,
cosecant and cotangent). The rest of the proving is all mechanical in nature!
Sketching trigonometric graphs:

CIRCULAR MEASURE
Radian measure:
𝜋 = 180° 2𝜋 = 360°
𝜋 180
Degree to Rad =× 180
Rad to Degree =× 𝜋
Arc length:
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
Area of a sector:
1
𝐴 = 𝑟2𝜃
2

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
 PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS 12

The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a line is n!

(pronounced ‘n factorial’). n! = n × (n – 1) × (n – 2) ×…× 3 × 2 × 1

e.g. 5!= 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1
NOTE: 0! = 1
Permutations:
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects
taken from n unlike objects is:
𝑛 𝑛!
𝑃𝑟 = ORDER MATTERS!
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Combinations:
The number of ways of selecting 𝑟 objects from 𝑛
unlike objects is:
𝑛 𝑛!
𝐶𝑟 = Order does not matter
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS

The binomial theorem allows expansion of any expression in the form (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛

(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑦 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑦 𝑛

e.g. Expand (2𝑥 − 1)4

(2𝑥 − 1)4 = 4 𝐶0(2𝑥)4 + 4 𝐶1(2𝑥)3(−1)
+4 𝐶2(2𝑥)2(−1)2 + 4 𝐶3(2𝑥) (−1)3 + 4 𝐶4(−1)4

= 1(2𝑥)4 + 4(2𝑥)3(−1) +6(2𝑥)2(−1)2 + 4(2𝑥) (−1)3 + 1(−1)4

= 16𝑥4 − 32𝑥3 + 24𝑥2 − 8𝑥 + 1 The powers of 𝑥 are in

descending order

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 VECTORS IN 2 DIMENSIONS 13

Position vector: position of point relative to origin, ⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗
Forms of vector:
𝑎
( ) ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗ 𝑝 𝑎i − 𝑏j
𝑏
Parallel vectors: same direction but different magnitude
Generally, ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
Magnitude = √i2 + j2
Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1
Examples: consider vector ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 2i + 3j |⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗ | = √13
1
∴ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (2𝑖 + 3𝑗)
√13
Collinear vectors: vectors on the same line
Dot product:
(𝑎𝒊 + 𝑏𝒋). (𝑐𝒊 + 𝑑𝒋) = (𝑎𝑐𝒊 + 𝑏𝑑𝒋)
Angle between two diverging vectors:
𝑎. 𝑏
cos 𝐴 =
|𝑎||𝑏|
Relative Velocity NOT IN SYLLABUS ANYMORE!
Motion in the water:
𝑉𝑤 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑉𝑃/𝑊 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑊 – 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Course taken by 𝑃 is direction of 𝑉𝑃/𝑊
Motion in the air:
𝑉𝑤 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑉𝑃/𝑊 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑊 – 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑/𝑎𝑖𝑟

Course take by 𝑃 is direction of 𝑉𝑃/𝑊
𝑉𝑃/𝑄 = 𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉𝑄

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 DIFFERENTIATION 14

FUNCTION 1ST DERIVATIVE 2ND DERIVATIVE

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

INCREASING FUNCTION DECREASING FUNCTION

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
>0 <0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Stationary point: equate first derivative to zero
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥
2nd Derivative: finds nature of the stationary point
If value +ve, min. point  negative stationary point
If value –ve, max. point  positive stationary point
Chain rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Product rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Quotient rule:
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
Trigonometric, Logarithimic & Exponential Differentials

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑓 sin 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑓 cos 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑓 tan 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 sec2 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦 15
𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = 𝑎𝑒𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑜𝑓 ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑜𝑓 ln(𝑓(𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

Related rate of change:

If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
the rates of change 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 are related by:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Small changes:
If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and small change 𝛿𝑥 in 𝑥 causes a small
change 𝛿𝑦 in 𝑦, then
𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 ≈ ( ) × 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑘

Integration

𝑛+1
𝑥
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎 +𝑐
(𝑛 + 1)
( ) 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 = +𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values & find 𝑐
Integrating by parts: (usually for A'levels)

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

U: LAT/E
Algebra Trig Exponents
Logs
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 16

To find area under the graph (curve and 𝒙-axis):

Integrate curve
Substitute boundaries of 𝑥
Subtract one from another (ignore c)
𝑑
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
To find volume under the graph (curve and 𝒙-axis):
Square the function
Integrate and substitute
Multiply by 𝜋
𝑑
∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
To find area/volume between curve and 𝒚-axis:
Make 𝑥 subject of the formula
Follow above method using 𝑦-values instead of 𝑥-
values

Trigonometric, Logarithimic & Exponential Integrals

1
∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
( )
𝑎
2(
1
∫ sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
)
𝑎
1 1
∫ = ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫𝑒 = 𝑒 +𝑐
𝑎

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 17
Application of Integration: Kinematics

Particle at instantaneous rest, 𝑣 = 0

Maximum displacement from origin, 𝑣 = 0
Maximum velocity, 𝑎 = 0

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