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UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE IGCSE
ADD MATHS
(0606)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE ADD MATHS (0606)

Determine the shape

a > 0 – u-shaped ∴ minimum point
1. Functions a < 0 – n-shaped ∴ maximum point
Use the turning point
One-to-one functions: each x value maps to one distinct Express y = ax2 + bx + c as y = a (x − h)
2
+k
y value (check using vertical line test) by completing the square
e.g. n 2 n 2
x2 + nx ⟺ (x + ) −( )
2 2
​ ​

f (x) = 3x − 1
2
a (x + n) + k
Many-to-one functions: there are some f (x) values
which are generated by more than one x value Where the vertex is (−n, k)
e.g. Find the y -intercept:
Substitute x as 0 to get y intercept
f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
Find the x-intercept:
Domain =x values Range = y values Factorize or use formula
Type of root by calculating discriminant b2 − 4ac
Notation: f (x) can also be written as f :x↦ If b2 − 4ac = 0, real and equal roots
To find range: If b2 − 4ac > 0, real and distinct roots
Complete the square 2
If b − 4ac < 0, no real roots
Intersections of a line and a curve: if the equations of the
x2 − 2x + 3 → (x − 1)2 + 2
line and curve leads to a quadratic equation then:
Work out min/max point If b2 − 4ac = 0, line is tangent to the curve
If b2 − 4ac > 0, line meets curve in two points
Minimum point = (1, 2) If b2 − 4ac < 0, line does not meet curve
∴ all y values are greater than or equal to 2. f (x) ≥ 2 Quadratic inequality:
One-to-many functions do not exist (x − d) (x − β ) < 0 ⟹ d < x < β
Domain of g (x) = Range of g −1 (x)
(x − d) (x − β ) > 0 ⟹ x < d or x > β
Solving functions:
f (2): substitute x = 2 and solve for f (x) 3. Equations, inequalities and
fg (x) : Substitute x = g(x)
f −1 (x) : let y = f (x) and make x the subject graphs
Composite Functions:
f (g (x)) or f ⋅ g (x) Transformation of graphs:
Substitute all instances of x in f(x) with g(x) f (−x): reflection in the y -axis
Simplify −f (x) : reflection in the x-axis
If it is f 2 (x) , or f (f (x)) , then for every x in f(x) f (x) + a : translation of a units parallel to y -axis
substitute f(x)’s contents
f (x + a) : translation of –a units parallel to x-axis
Inverse Functions
f (ax): stretch, scale factor a1 parallel to x-axis
Only 1 to 1 functions have inverses
​

af (x) : stretch, scale factor a parallel to y -axis

If f(x) is a function, equate f(x) to y
Modulus function:
Replace all occurrences of x in f(x) with y
Try to make x the subject of the function again Denoted by ∣f (x)∣
Modulus of a number is its absolute value
That is the f −1 (x)
Never goes below x-axis
Transformation of graphs:
Makes negative graph into positive by reflecting
f (−x): reflection in the y -axis
negative part into x-axis
−f (x) : reflection in the x-axis
Solving modulus function:
f (x) + a : translation of a units parallel to y -axis Sketch graphs and find points of intersection
f (x + a) : translation of –a units parallel to x-axis Square the equation and solve quadratic
Relationship of a function and its inverse:

2. Quadratic Functions The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection

of a graph of the function in y = x

To sketchy = ax2 + bx + c ; a ≠ 0

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Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by

4. Indices & Surds substitution or elimination
Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are
generally solved by substitution as follows:
4.1. Indices
Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown & solve it
Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the
Definitions:
linear equation to find the other unknown
for a > 0 and positive integers p and q
The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the
1 solution of their simultaneous equations
a0 = 1 a−p =
ap
​

1
ap = ​ p
a ​
p
a q = ( q a) ​
p
7. Logarithmic & Exponential
Rules: Functions
for a > 0, b > 0 and rational numbers m and n
Definition
am × an = am+n an × bn = (ab)n
for a > 0 and a ≠ 1
m n
a a a n
= am−n =( ) y = ax ⇔ x = loga y
an bn b
​ ​ ​

n
(am ) = amn For loga ​ y to be defined

y > 0 and a > 0, a ≠ 1

4.2. Surds
When the logarithms are defined
Definition
An irrational root is a surd, not all roots are surds loga 1 = 0
​ loga b + loga c ≡ log
​ ​

Rationalizing the Denominator loga a = 1

​ loga b − loga c ≡ log
​ ​

When the denominator is a surd, we can simplify by

multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the log b
rationalization factor to rationalize loga b ≡ loga bn ≡ n log
log a
​ ​ ​

When solving logarithmic equations, check solution with

original equation and discard any solutions that causes
logarithm to be undefined
5. Factors of Polynomials Solution of ax = b where a ≠ −1, 0, 1
If b can be easily written as an , then
To find unknowns in a given identity
Substitute suitable values of x ax = an ⇒ x = n
OR
Equalize the given coefficients of like powers of x Otherwise take logarithms on both sides, i.e.

log b
log ax = log b and so x =
log a
​

Factor Theorem:

If (x − t) is a factor of the function p(x) then p(t) =0 log ⇒ log10

ln ⇒ loge ​

Change of base rule:

Remainder Theorem:
logb (x)
loga (x) =
​

If a function f (x) is divided by (x − t) then: loga (x)

​ ​

Remainder = f (t) Logarithmic & Exponential Graphs

The formula for remainder theorem:

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

6. Simultaneous Equations

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Mostly in the form y= axn or y = Abn , that must be

converted to the form y = mx + c.

9. Circular Measure
Radian measure:

π = 180º 2π = 360º

8. Straight Line Graphs π

Degree to Rad = × 180 Rad to Degree =
​ × 180
π

Arc length:
Equation of a straight line:
s = rθ
y = mx + c
Area of a sector:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
​ ​

1 2
Gradient: A= r θ
2
​

y2 − y1
m=
10. Trigonometry
​ ​

x2 − x1
​

​ ​

Length of a line segment:

Trigonometric ratio of special angles:
2 2
Length = (x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 )
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Midpoint of a line segment:

x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( , )
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​

Point on line segment with ratio m:n

nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2

( , )
​ ​ ​ ​

m+n m+n
​ ​

SINE CURVE COSINE CURVE

Parallelogram:
ABCD is a parallelogram ⟺ diagonals AC and BD
have a common midpoint
Special parallelograms = rhombuses, squares,
rectangles
Special gradients:
Parallel lines: m1 = m2 ​ ​

Perpendicular lines: m1 m2 ​ ​ = −1
Perpendicular bisector: line passes through midpoint
To work out point of intersection of two lines/curves, TANGENT CURVE CAST DIAGRAM
solve equations simultaneously
Find Tangent: Once the gradient is obtained, substitute
the point into the slope-intercept form to get c and the
equation.
Find normal: Obtain the gradient by taking the negative
reciprocal (see perpendicular gradients ). Once the
gradient is obtained, substitute the point (original point)
into the slope-intercept form to get c and the equation.
Find Area, using two methods
Straight Line graphs: find variables when an equation that
does not involve x and y but rather other forms of x and y
example: (x3 ) or ln(y) . This is represented as a straight
line.

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Trigonometric ratios: 4
e.g. Expand (2x − 1)

1 1 1 (2x − 1)4 =4 C0 (2x)4 +4 C1 (2x)3 (−1)

sec θ = cosecθ = cot θ = ​ ​

cos θ sin θ tan θ

​

Trigonometric identities: +4 C2 (2x)2 (−1)2 +4 C3 (2x) (−1)3 +4 C4 (−1)4

​ ​ ​

sin θ = 1(2x)4 + 4 (2x)3 (−1) + 6 (2x)2 (−1)2

tan θ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
cos θ
​

3 4
+4 (2x) (−1) + 1 (−1)
2 2 2 2
cot θ + 1 = cosec θ tan θ + 1 = sec θ
= 16x4 − 32x3 + 24x2 − 8x + 1
Sketching trigonometric graphs:
The powers of x are in descending order

12.2. Sequences & Series

Arithmetic Progression

A sequence made by adding the same value each time.

A common difference d is added or subtracted (n-1) times
11. Permutations & General form: Un = a + (n − 1) d
​

Where n is the number of the term, a (U1 ) is the first term

Combinations and d is the common difference
​

Formula for the sum of the first n terms between ustart ​

Basic counting principle: to find the number of ways of to uend ​

performing several tasks in succession, multiply the

number of ways in which each task can be performed: n
Sn = (ustart + uend )
2
​ ​ ​ ​

e.g. 5 × 4 × 3 × 2
Factorial: n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) … × 3 × 2 × 1 Example:
NOTE: 0! = 1 Sequence: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Permutations: Sum: 21
The number of ordered arrangements of r objects
taken from n unlike objects is:
Geometric Progression
n n!
Pr = A sequence made by multiplying by the same value each
(n − r)!
​ ​ ​

time.
Order matters A common ration r is multiplied or divided (n-1) times
General form: Un = ar n−1
Combinations:
​

Where n is the number of the term, a is the first term and

The number of ways of selecting r objects from n r is the common ratio
unlike objects is:
Example:
n!
n
Cr = Sequence: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
r! (n − r)!
​ ​ ​

Sum: 62
Order does not matter Formula for the sum of the first n numbers of a geometric
series

12. Series 1 − rn
Sn = a1 ×
1−r
​ ​ ​

12.1. Binomial Expansion

Sum to infinity
The binomial theorem allows expansion of any
n
expression in the form (a + b) Where the common ratio satisfies the condition:
−1 < r < 1, it is an infinite geometric progression
(x + y )n =n C0 xn +n C1 xn−1 y +n C2 xn−2 y 2
​ ​ ​

(convergent progression)

+ … +n Cn y n 1
S∞ = a1 ×
​

1−r
​ ​ ​

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dy
13. Vectors in 2 Dimensions dx
=0​

2nd Derivative: finds nature of the stationary point

Position vector: position of point relative to origin, OP d2 y
Forms of vector: If dx2 > ​ 0 → minimum stationary point
d2 y
If dx 2 < ​ 0 → maximum stationary point
( )
a Chain rule:
AB p ai − bj
b
​

dy dy du
Parallel vectors: same direction but different magnitude = ×
dx du dx
​ ​ ​

Generally,AB = OB − OA Product rule:

Magnitude = i2 + j 2 ​

Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1 dy dv du

=u +v
dx dx dx
​ ​

Examples: consider vector AB

Quotient rule:
AB = 2i + 3j
dy v du − u dv
= dx 2 dx
​ ​

∣ ∣ dx
AB = 13
​ ​

v
∣ ∣
​ ​ ​

Special Differentials
1
∴ U nit vector = (2i + 3j)
13 dy
​

(sin ax) = a cos ax

dx
​

Collinear vectors: vectors that lie on the same line

Velocity Vecotr: dy
(cos ax) = −a sin ax
dx
​

( )
a
dy
b (tan ax) = a sec2 ax
​

dx
​

Getting velocity from speed: Find k to get velocity based dy ax+b

on speed (e ) = aeax+b
dx
​

∣ a ∣ dy 1
k × ( ) = speed (ln x) =
∣ b ∣ dx
​ ​ ​
​ ​

x
′
Point of intersection: dy f (x)
(ln (f (x)) =
dx f (x)
​ ​

initial y ) + t ( )
a
Object 1 = ( initial x
b Related rates of change:
​ ​

initial y ) + t (d)
c If x and y are related by the equation y = f (x), then
Object 2 = ( initial x ​ ​

dx dy
the rates of change dt and dt are related by: ​ ​

Object 1 = Object 2 at time t. If both x and y are not same at

intersection time then they will never meet. dy dy dx
= ×
dt dx dt
​ ​ ​

14. Differentiation & Small changes:

= f (x) and small change δx in x causes a small
If y
Integration change δy in y , then

dy
14.1. Differentiation δy ≈ ( ) × δx
dx x=k
​ ​

FUNCTION 1ST DERIVATIVE 2ND DERIVATIVE 14.2. Integration

2
y= xn dy n−1 d y n−2
dx ​
= nx dx2 ​
= n (n − 1) x
xn+1
∫ axn = a +c
(n + 1)
​

INCREASING FUNCTION DECREASING FUNCTION

dy dy
>0 <0 (ax + b)n+1
dx dx
∫ (ax + b) = +c n
​ ​

a(n + 1)
​

Stationary point: equate first derivative to zero

d

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Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values & find c Special Integrals

Indefinite integral: has c (constant of integration)
∫ sin (ax + b) = − a1 cos (ax + b) + c
​

Integrating by parts: ∫ cos (ax + b) = a1 sin (ax + b) + c

​

dv du ∫ sec2 (ax + b) = a1 tan (ax + b) + c

∫ u dx = uv − ∫ v dx
​

1 1
dx dx
∫ ax+b = a ln ∣ax + b∣ + c
​ ​

​ ​

∫ eax+b = a1 eax+b + c
​

What to make u: LATE

Logs Algebra Trig e

14.3. Kinematics

To find area under the graph (curve and x-axis):

Integrate curve
Substitute boundaries of x
Subtract one from another (ignore c)

b Particle at instantaneous rest, v =0

∫ ​ y d̃ x Maximum displacement from origin, v =0
a
Maximum velocity, a = 0
To find area between curve and y-axis:
Make x subject of the formula
Follow above method using y -values instead of x-
values

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