Report score13/21
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering Dr. Ahmed H. Kaleel
Department of Energy ......
AhmedHkaleel
Deniz Mustafa Mohammed
Third class - Mechanical Equipment
and Systems
________________________________________________________________________
Hydraulic pumps-piston pump - axial piston pumps
-bent-axis piston pumps
________________________________________________
Piston pump : is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or compress
gases. They can operate over a wide range of pressures. High pressure operation can be
achieved without a strong effect on flow rate. Piston pumps can also deal with viscous
media and media containing solid particles .These pumps convert the rotary motion of
the input shaft to the reciprocating motion of the piston. These pumps work similar to
the four stroke engines. They work on the principle that a reciprocating piston draws
fluid inside the cylinder when the piston retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge the
fluid when it extends. Generally, these pumps have fixed inclined plate or variable
degree of angle plate known as swash plate . When the piston barrel assembly rotates,
the swash plate in contact with the piston slippers slides along its surface. The stroke
length (axial displacement) depends on the inclination angle of the swash plate. When
the swash plate is vertical, the reciprocating motion does not occur and hence pumping
of the fluid does not take place. As the swash plate angle increases, the piston
reciprocates inside the cylinder barrel. The stroke length increases with increase in the
swash plate angle and therefore volume of pumping fluid increases. During one half of
the rotation cycle , the piston move out of the cylinder barrel and the increases during
another half of the rotation piston move into the cylinder barrel and the barrel volume
decreases.
_______Fundamentals of Hydraulic Pump ______
Piston pumps are basically if two types:
> Axial piston pumps .
> Radial piston pumps .
___________________________________________________________________
Axial piston pumps :
Axial piston pumps are positive displacement pumps that use multiple cylinders grouped
around a central axis. The group of cylinders, usually containing an odd number, is called
a cylinder block. The pistons within each cylinder are attached to a swashplate. The
swashplate is also known as a cam or wobble plate and attaches to a rotating shaft. As
the shaft turns, the angle of the swashplate changes, which drives the pistons in and out
of their respective cylinders.
Since the swashplate is at an angle to the axis of rotation, the pistons must reciprocate
axially as they orbit around the cylinder block axis. The axial motion of the pistons is
sinusoidal. As a piston rises, it moves toward the valve plate. At this point in the
rotation, the fluid trapped between the buried end of the piston and the valve plate is
expelled to the pump's discharge port through one of the valve plate's semi-circular
ports. As the piston moves back toward the valve plate, the fluid is pushed through the
discharge port of the valve plate.
They are used to power the hydraulic systems of jet aircrafts, being gear-driven off of
the turbine engine's main shaft, and are often used for automotive air conditioning
compressors for cabin cooling. The design of these pumps meets the limited weight and
space requirement in the vehicle's engine bay and reduces vibrations.
Pressure washers also use these pumps, and axial reciprocating motors are used to
power many machines. They operate on the same principles as axial piston pumps,
except that the circulating fluid is provided under substantial pressure and the piston
housing rotates and provides shaft power to another machine. A typical use of an axial
reciprocating motor is powering small earthmoving machines such as skid loader
machines.
__________________________________________________
Axial piston pump has subtypes as :
> Bent axis piston pumps.
> Swash plate piston pumps.
I will talk about the first type , (Bent axis piston pumps ) :
In this pump consists of a drive shaft which rotates the pistons, a cylinder block, and a
stationary valving surface facing the cylinder block bores which ports the inlet and
outlet flow. The reciprocating action of the pistons is obtained by bending the axis of
the cylinder block.(1) The cylinder block rotates at an angle which is inclined to the drive
shaft. ( The drive shaft axis is angular in relation to the cylinder block axis. Rotation of
the drive shaft causes rotation of the pistons and the cylinder block ) ,The cylinder block
is turned by the drive shaft through a universal link. The cylinder block is set at an offset
angle with the drive shaft. The cylinder block contains a number of pistons along its
periphery. These piston rods are connected with the drive shaft flange by ball-and-
socket joints. These pistons are forced in and out of their bores as the distance between
the drive shaft flange and the cylinder block changes. A universal link connects the block
to the drive shaft, to provide alignment and a positive drive.
____________Bent Axis Piston Pump____________
Because the plane of rotation of the pistons is at an angle to the valving surface plane,
the distance between any one of the pistons and the valving surface continually changes
during rotation. Each individual piston moves away from the valving surface during
one-half of the shaft revolution and toward the valving surface during the other half.(2)
The valving surface is so ported that its inlet passage is open to the cylinder bores in
that part of the revolution where the pistons move away. Its outlet passage is open to
the cylinder bores in the part of the revolution where the pistons move toward the
valving surface. Therefore, during pump rotation the pistons draw liquid into their
respective cylinder bores through the inlet chamber and force it out through the outlet
chamber. Bent axis pumps come in fixed and variable displacement configurations, but
cannot be reversed.
The valving surface is so ported that its inlet passage is open to the cylinder bores in
that part of the revolution where the pistons move away. Its outlet passage is open to
the cylinder bores in the part of the revolution where the pistons move toward the
valving surface. Therefore, during pump rotation the pistons draw liquid into their
respective cylinder bores through the inlet chamber and force it out through the outlet
chamber. Bent axis pumps come in fixed and variable displacement configurations, but
cannot be reversed.(3)
pressure flow curve of variable-displacement hydraulic pump with ideal flow and
pressure compensation
The volumetric displacement (discharge) of the pump is controlled by changing the
offset angle. It makes the system simple and inexpensive. The discharge does not occur
when the cylinder block is parallel to the drive shaft. The offset angle can vary from 0° to
40°. The fixed displacement units are usually provided with 23° or 30° offset angles
while the variable displacement units are provided with a yoke and an external control
mechanism to change the offset angle. Some designs have arrangement of moving the
yoke over the center position to reverse the fluid flow direction. The flow rate of the
pump varies with the offset angle θ. There is no flow when the cylinder block centerline
is parallel to the drive shaft centerline (offset angle is 0°). The total fluid flow per stroke
can be given as:
( V= n A D tan θ )
The flow rate of the pump can be given as:
( V= n A D N tan θ )
here, ( tan θ= S/D )
where S is the piston stroke, D is piston diameter, n is the number of pistons, N is the
speed of pump and A is the area of piston.(4)
The design of an axial piston pump for electro-hydrostatic transmission systems requires
accurate information where and how much the internal friction and flow losses are
produced.
______________________________________________________________________
References
(1)-(2)-(3)- www.hydraulicspneumatics.com
(4)-https://www.researchgate.net
