Chapter (2)
Hydraulic Power (pumps)
Positive
displacement
pumps
Gear pumps
Vane pumps
Piston pumps
B-Vane pumps
The operation of the vane pump is based on , the rotor which contain
radial slots rotate by a shaft and rotate in cam ring (housing), each
slot contain a vane design as to comes out from the slot as the rotor
turns. During one half of the rotation the oil inters between the vane
and the housing then this area starts to decrease in the second half
which permit the pressure to be produced , then the oil comes out
pressurizes to the output port.
Types of vane pump
1- Fixed Displacement vane pump
2- Variable Displacement vane pump
Vane pumps
Fixed Displacement
Vane pump
Unbalanced
Vane pump
Variable Displacement
Vane pump
Balanced
Vane pump
1- Fixed Displacement vane pump
In this type of pump the eccentricity between pump cam-ring and
rotor is fixed and pump discharge always remain same at
a particular pressure.
There are two types of fixed displacement Vane Pump:1- Unbalanced Vane Pump
2- Balanced Vane Pump
1- Unbalanced vane pump
1. A slotted rotor is eccentrically supported in a cycloidal cam.
The rotor is located close to the wall of the cam so
a crescent-shaped cavity is formed.
The rotor is sealed into the cam by two sideplates.
Vanes or blades fit within the slots of the impeller. .
1- As the rotor rotates (yellow arrow) and fluid enters the pump,
centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure, and/or pushrods push the
vanes to the walls of the housing. The tight seal among the vanes,
rotor, cam, and side plate is the key to the good suction
characteristics common to the vane pumping principle.
2. The housing and cam force fluid into
the pumping chamber through holes in
the cam (small red arrow on the bottom
of the pump). Fluid enters the pockets
created by the vanes, rotor, cam, and
side plate.
3. As the rotor continues around, the
vanes sweep the fluid to the
opposite side of the crescent where it is
squeezed through discharge
holes of the cam as the vane approaches
the point of the crescent
(small red arrow on the side of the
pump). Fluid then exits the discharge
port.
Unbalanced Vane Pump
Advantages
1- Handles thin liquids at relatively higher pressures
2- Compensates for wear through vane extension
3- Can run dry for short periods
4- Can have one seal or stuffing box
5- Develops good vacuum
Disadvantages
1- Complex housing and many parts
2- Not suitable for high pressures
3- Not suitable for high viscosity
2- Balanced vane pump
a balanced vane pump is one that has two intake and two outlet
ports diametrically opposite each other.
Pressure ports are opposite each other and a complete hydraulic
balance is achieved.
One disadvantage of the balanced vane pump is that it can not be
designed as a variable displacement unit.
It have elliptical housing which formed two separate pumping
chambers on opposite side of the rotor. This kind give higher
operating pressure.
FIXED VANE PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Typical displacements to 200 cm3/r
Typical pressures to 280 bar
Fixed displacement only
Provides prime mover soft-start
Simple double assemblies
Low noise
Good serviceability.
Advantage of balanced pump over unbalanced vane pump
1- it has bigger flow
2- it has bigger pressure
3- its life is bigger
4- constant volume displacement
2-Variable Displacement Vane Pump
In variable displacement the discharge of pump can be changed
by varying the eccentricity between rotor and pump cam-ring.
As eccentricity increases pump discharge increases.
With decrease in eccentricity discharge decreases and oil flow
completely stop when rotor becomes concentric to pump cam ring.
VARIABLE VANE PUMP PRINCIPLE
VARIABLE VANE PUMP PRINCIPLE
VARIABLE VANE PUMP PRINCIPLE
VARIABLE VANE PUMP
VARIABLE VANE PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Typical displacements to 100 cm3/r
Typical pressures to 160 bar
Simple multiple assemblies
Range of pump controls
Low noise
Low cost.
Advantage of vane pump
1- low noise but higher than screw pump.
2- range of work from 500 1800 r.p.m
3- semi continuous flow
4- pressure of work between 50 80 bar
5-the vane motor must have spring backward to the vane to face
the flow.
C- Piston pumps
A piston pump works on the principle that a reciprocating piston
can draw in fluid when it retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge
it when it extends.
They are mainly used in systems which need pressure of 140 bar
and above.
It used in high efficiency at high pressure which is important
when a constant flow is required independent of pressure
variations.
Piston pump mainly divided into two main types, axial design
which having pistons that are parallel to the axis of the cylinder
block. Axial design have three kinds,
1- bent axis pump.
2- swash plate pump.
The second type is the radial design, which has pistons arranged
radially in a cylinder block.
Piston pumps
Axial Piston Pump
Bent Axis
Pump
Radial Piston Pump
Swash Plate
Pump
A- Axial piston pump
these consists of a number of pistons which are caused to reciprocate
by the relative rotation of an inclined plate or by angling the piston
block.
1- Bent axis design
1- Bent axis piston Pumps have a rotating cylinder containing parallel
pistons arranged radially around the cylinder centre line.
2- The pressure in the fluid causes the pistons to reciprocate over a stroke
based on the relative angle of the shaft and cylinder.
3- The motion of the pistons results in the rotation of the shaft.
4- The cylinder is driven by an shaft which is arranged at an angle to the
cylinder axis.
5- The shaft includes a flange with a mechanical connection to each piston.
6- The greater the angle of the cylinders to the shaft axes the longer the
pistons stroke and the less the rotation speed per unit fluid flow rate.
Bent Axis Piston Pump
BENT AXIS PISTON PUMP
Typical displacements to 500 cm3/hr
Typical pressures to 350 bar
No through shaft option (multiple
assemblies not possible)
High overall efficiency
Compact package.
2- Swash plate Pump
1- Swash plate pumps have a rotating cylinder containing pistons.
2- A spring pushes the pistons against a stationary swash plate,
which sits at an angle to the cylinder.
3- The pistons suck in fluid during half a revolution and push fluid
out during the other half.
4- It contains two semi-circular ports.
5- These ports allow the pistons to draw in fluid as they move
toward the swash plate (on the backside and not shown here)
and discharge it as they move away.
6- For a given speed swash plate
pumps can be of fixed
displacement like this one, or
variable by having a variable
swash plate angle.
Swash plate Piston Pump
FIXED AXIAL PISTON PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Typical displacements to 500 cm3/r
Typical pressures to 350 bar
Multiple assemblies possible
High overall efficiency
Compact package.
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - MAX FLOW
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - MAX FLOW
STROKE
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - REDUCED FLOW
STROKE
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - REDUCED FLOW
STROKE
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - ZERO FLOW
STROKE
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - ZERO FLOW
STROKE
Q = (No. of Pistons) x (Piston Size) x (Piston Stroke) x (Drive Speed)
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP - REVERSED FLOW
Variable Displacement Piston Pump
Variable AXIAL PISTON PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Displacements to 750+ cm3/r
Pressure capabilities to 350/400 bar
High noise level
Sensitive to poor inlet conditions &
contamination
High overall efficiency
Good life expectancy
Large, bulky units
Good fluid compatibility
High cost.
B- Radial piston pump
This kind of pump consists of piston mounted radically in a
housing and spring loaded which permit the piston to goes out to
be filled with oil.
Another type the pistons remains in contact with the reaction ring
due to the centrifugal force, as the piston rotate the piston comes
out to make a suction and by returning around the ring it goes
back to the cylinder to make the pressure. Certain models are
operate at 1000 bar and flow rate 1000 liter/min
The outer ring for bracing of the pumping pistons is in eccentric position
to the hollow shaft in the center. This eccentricity determines the stroke of
the pumping piston.
The piston starts in the inner dead center (IDC) with suction process. After
a rotation angle of 180 it is finished and the workspace of the piston is
filled with the to moved medium. The piston is now in the outer dead
center (ODC). From this point on the piston displaces the previously
sucked medium in the pressure channel of the pump.
RADIAL PISTON PUMP CHARACTERISTICS
Displacements to 250 cm3/r
Pressure capabilities to 350 bar
Suitable for open & closed loop
High overall efficiency
Good life expectancy
Short, wide shape
Simple multiple pump
assemblies
High cost.
Different Types of
Type of
Pressure
Speed Rating
Overall
HP per
Flow in
Pump
Rating (bar)
(rpm)
Efficiency
Ib Ratio
Ipm
(%)
External gear
130-200
1200-2500
80-90
5-550
35-135
1200-2500
70-85
5-750
Vane pump
70-135
1200-1800
80-95
5-300
Axial piston
135-800
1200-1800
90-98
5-750
200-800
1200-3000
85-95
5-750
pump
Internal gear
pump
pump
Radial piston
pump
Factors Affecting Pump Performance
1- Presence of
2- Foams and bubbles
3- Overheating of oil
4- Wrong selection of oil.
Major aspects in the selection of pumps
1- F
2- Operating speed
3- Pressure rating
4- Performance
5- Reliability
6- Maintenance
7- Cost and Noise
8- Fluid Type
