Hydraulic And Pneumatic Systems,

MPE 441
4th year Mechanical Power Engineering Dept.
2nd Semester

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Mohamed Sayed Soliman
Mechanical Power Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Port-Said University.
1
2023-2024
 Lecture 3

Chapter 2 Hydraulic Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps;

Rotary Pumps
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4
 B. Vane Pumps
 A vane pump is a rotary positive displacement pump.

 The vane pumps can work to pressure of 210 bar, and there are many vane pumps especially
has a small volumetric displacement can works under delivery pressure reaches to 280 bar.

 Van pumps working with volumetric displacement from 8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 ⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 to 400 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 ⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 .

 Vane pumps are noted for their; (1) dry priming, (2) ease of maintenance, (3) good suction
characteristics over the life of the pump, (4) vanes can usually handle moderate viscosity
liquids, (5) vane pumps have no internal metal-to-metal contact and self-compensate for wear,
enabling them to maintain peak performance on these non-lubricating liquids.

 There are two types of Vane pumps:

a. Unbalanced vane pumps (fixed or variable displacement)
b. Balanced vane pumps (fixed displacement)
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B.1. Unbalanced vane pump

Unbalanced vane pump 6

 B. Vane Pumps
Basic Design and Operation
 The rotor, which contains radial slots (typically 10 or 12), is splined to the drive shaft and
rotates inside a cam ring.
 Each slot contains a vane designed to mate with the surface of the cam ring as the rotor turns.
 Centrifugal force keeps the vanes out against the surface of the cam ring.

 During one-half revolution of rotor rotation, the volume increases between the rotor and cam
ring.
 The resulting volume expansion causes a reduction of pressure. This is the suction process,
which causes fluid to flow through the inlet port and fill the void.

 As the rotor rotates through the second half revolution, the surface of the cam ring pushes the
vanes back into their slots, and the trapped volume is reduced.

 This positively ejects the trapped fluid through the discharge port.
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Rotary Vane Pump working animation with
detail explanation _ TS7STUDYZONE

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 Analysis of Volumetric Displacement
Careful observation of Figure, will reveal that there is an eccentricity between the centerline of
the rotor and the centerline of the cam ring. If the eccentricity is zero, there will be no flow. The
following analysis and nomenclature is applicable to the vane pump:
• From geometry, we can find the maximum possible eccentricity:
𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 − 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅
𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
2
• This maximum value of eccentricity produces a maximum
volumetric displacement: 𝜋𝜋 2
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐2 − 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 . 𝐿𝐿
4
• Noting that we have the difference between two squared terms yields
𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 + 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 − 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 . 𝐿𝐿
4
• Substituting the expression for 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 yields 𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 + 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 2𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 . 𝐿𝐿
4
• The actual volumetric displacement occurs
when 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 e: 𝜋𝜋
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 + 𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 . 𝑒𝑒. 𝐿𝐿 9
2
 Some vane pumps have provisions for mechanically varying the eccentricity.

 Such a design is called a variable displacement pump and is illustrated in figure.

 A handwheel or a pressure compensator can be used to move the cam ring to change the
eccentricity.

Variable displacement, pressure-compensated vane pump. 10

 B.2. Balanced Vane Pump
A balanced vane pump is one that has two
intake and two outlet ports diametrically
opposite each other. Thus, pressure ports are
opposite each other, and a complete hydraulic
balance is achieved.

One disadvantage of a balanced vane pump is

that it cannot be designed as a variable
displacement unit. Instead of having a circular
cam ring, a balanced design vane pump has an
elliptical housing, which forms two separate
pumping chambers on opposite sides of the
rotor.
This eliminates the bearing side loads and thus
permits higher operating pressures.
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Balanced vane pump
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1. Shaft, 2. Rotor, 3. Stator ring (cam ring), 4. Vanes, 5. Fixed side plates, 6. Casing,
7. Bearing mount, 8. Intra-vane
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Typical characteristics of vane pumps are:

 The gradual transition from inlet to outlet pressure provides a relatively low
pulsation, quiet pump
 The internal-pressure-balanced design provides a comparatively long service
life
 The direction of pump rotation can be changed easily
 They are less tolerant of poor inlet conditions or contaminated fluid than are
gear pumps
 They are more expensive than gear pumps.

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 C. Piston Pumps
A piston pump works on the principle that a reciprocating piston can draw in fluid
when it retracts in a cylinder bore and discharge it when it extends. The basic
question is how to mechanize a series of reciprocating pistons.

There are two basic types of piston pumps:

 One is the axial design, having pistons that are parallel to the axis of the
cylinder block. Axial piston pumps can be either of; the bent axis configuration
or of the swash plate design.

 The second type of piston pump is the radial design, which has pistons arranged
radially in a cylinder block.
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 C.1. Axial piston pump (C.1.1. bent-axis type)
 Figure shows an axial piston pump (bent-
axis type) that contains a cylinder block
rotating with the drive shaft. However, the
centerline of the cylinder block is set at an
offset angle relative to the centerline of the
drive shaft.
 The cylinder block contains a number of
pistons arranged along a circle.
 The piston rods are connected to the drive
shaft flange by ball-and-socket joints.
 The pistons are forced in and out of their
bores as the distance between the drive
shaft flange and cylinder block changes.
 A universal link connects the block to the
drive shaft to provide alignment and
positive drive. 18
1. Drive shaft, 2. Disk, attaching pistons, 3. Cylinder block, 4. Piston, 5. Port plate

Illustration of a bent axis axial piston pump 19

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 Volumetric Displacement and
Theoretical Flow Rate
The following nomenclature and analysis are applicable to an axial piston pump:
• From trigonometry we have
𝑆𝑆
tan 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑆𝑆 = 𝐷𝐷. tan 𝜃𝜃
𝐷𝐷
• The total displacement volume equals the number of pistons multiplied
by the displacement volume per piston:
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
• Substituting, we have
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌. tan 𝜃𝜃

• From Eqs. we obtain a 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖3 ⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) × 𝑁𝑁(𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

relationship for the theoretical 𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ (𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) =
231
flow rate using English units.
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐷𝐷. tan 𝜃𝜃 × 𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 tan 𝜃𝜃
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = =
231 231

• for the theoretical flow rate in metric units.

𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑚3 ⁄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 tan 𝜃𝜃 22
The volumetric displacement of the
pump varies with the offset angle θ.

 No flow is produced when the cylinder

block centerline is parallel to the drive
shaft centerline.

 θ can vary from 0° to a maximum of

about 30°.

 Fixed displacement units are usually

provided with 23° or 30° offset angles.

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 C.1.2. In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)
 The cylinder block and drive shaft are located on the same centerline.
 The pistons are connected to a shoe plate, which bears against an angled swash
plate.
 As the cylinder rotates, the pistons reciprocate because the piston shoes follow
the angled surface of the swash plate.
 The outlet and inlet ports are located in the valve plate so that the pistons pass
the inlet as they are being pulled out and pass the outlet as they are being forced
back in.
This type of pump can also be designed to have variable displacement capability.
In such a design, the swash plate is mounted in a movable yoke. The swash plate
angle can be changed by pivoting the yoke on pintles (for the effect of swash plate
angle on piston stroke). Positioning of the yoke can be accomplished by manual
operation, servo control, or a compensator control. The maximum swash plate angle
is limited to 17 ° by construction. 24
C.1.2. In-Line Piston Pump (Swash Plate Design)

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Fixed Swash Plate 26
Typical design of an axial piston pump with a rotating swash plate
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Axial piston pump. How it works_

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 How piston pump works

Swash Plate Piston Pump (axial flow variable displacement)

Working Animation With Detail Explanation

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Variation in pump displacement

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Summarising the characteristics of piston pumps, therefore:

 They are suitable for high-pressure and high-flow operation

 They are more tolerant of high-water-based fire-resistant fluids than other
types of pumps
 They have a long-life expectancy provided that operating conditions are well
maintained (fluid condition, etc.)
 They can be serviced (but not quite as simply as cartridge-type vane pumps)
 The bent-axis design has no through-drive capability (for multiple pump
applications)
 They are expensive.

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 C.2. Radial Piston Pump
 Radial piston pumps get their name from the fact that their pistons reciprocate radially
rather than along the axis of the drive shaft.
 There are two different basic design concepts used for these pumps-a rotating cam and
rotating pistons.
 In the rotating-cam type, variable displacement is achieved using a stroke-control
mechanism that limits the stroke of the pistons hydraulically.
 In the rotating-piston type, the eccentricity of the cylinder block and the bearing ring
are changed in much the same way as in an unbalanced vane pump.
 The piston pumps can work to pressure of 400 bar, and there are many vane pumps
especially has a small volumetric displacement can works under delivery pressure
reaches to 700 bar.
 Piston pumps working with volumetric displacement from 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 ⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 to
200 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 ⁄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 .
 Most applications of this type pump are in mobile equipment, particularly in
agricultural and mining machines.
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 C2. Radial Piston Pumps
C.2.1. Rotating Piston Type
 A rotating-piston pump is shown in the next figure.
 It uses a rotating cylinder block that contains the pistons.
 The centerline of the cylinder block is offset from the centerline of the bearing
ring on which the piston shoes ride (similar to an unbalanced vane pump).
 The eccentricity of the cylinder block causes the pistons to reciprocate as the
block rotates.
 During a portion of the rotation, the pistons are thrown outward by centrifugal
force, and fluid enters the piston through the inlet valves.
 As the block continues to rotate, the pistons are pushed back toward the center,
and the fluid is forced out through the outlet ports.
 Both the inlet and outlet ports are located in a fixed (nonrotating) shaft termed a
pintle.
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35
Radial piston pump with an eccentric cam ring. 36
 C.2. Radial Piston Pumps
C.2.2. Rotating Cam Type
 In this design the pistons reciprocate in precision bores machined into the
stationary cylinder block.
 Their reciprocating action is caused by the rotating eccentric cam that is
part of the drive shaft.
 The fluid enters the pump through the inlet port and is distributed through
an annular passage (or gallery) that connects to the inlet valves of each
piston.
 As the cam rotates, the motion of the pistons causes them to alternately fill
with fluid through the inlet valve, then discharge it through the discharge
valve.
 The discharged fluid flows through the discharge gallery to the outlet port.

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1. Housing, 2. Driving shaft, 3. Piston assembly, 4. Suction valve, 5. Exit valve, 6. Piston, 7.
Sleeve, 8. Spring, 9. Pivot, 10. Pumping chamber, 11. Cam, 12. Case inner cavity, 13. Ring
channel.
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Radial piston pump with eccentric shaft (cam).
Radial piston
pumps
rotating cam All SAI Hydraulic Motors
Checking, Servicing &
type Assembly Procedures

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 Reservoirs
The next component of the hydraulic system to consider is the fluid reservoir or
tank. The size and construction of the reservoir will vary between industrial and
mobile systems (for practical reasons). The following description applies primarily
to an industrial system.

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Industrial hydraulic reservoir
The purpose of the reservoir in a hydraulic system is to:

 Store fluid that is not circulating around the system

 Provide volume and storage for fluid displaced from the cylinders or
accumulators
 Provide a degree of cooling for the system fluid
 Enable heating of the system fluid when necessary
 Allow air to separate from the fluid.

Typically, for industrial systems the size of the reservoir is calculated on a rule-
of-thumb basis: reservoir size = 3–5 times the pumped flow per minute.

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