Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Construction of Paving Blocks by using Plastic Waste

FARHAT SHABIR1 AND JASPREET KAUR2
1
Research scholar, 2Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering Department,
CT University Ludhiana, India

Abstract:- Countless plastics have been gathered from a waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the
variety of locations, including commercial and open bricks [6]. Plastic waste which is increasing day by day
places. When making plastic paver blocks, high density becomes eyesore and in turn pollutes the environment,
polyethylene plastic is gathered, cleaned, and utilised in especially in high mountain villages where no garbage
place of aggregate. The central governing body of India collection system exists. A large amount of plastic is being
said that more than 30.5 lakh tone of plastic garbage was brought into the tourist trekking regions are discarded or
generated in 2018–2019 and 34 lakh tone of waste in burned which leads to the contamination of environment and
2019–2020 and 2020–21. Waste for 2021 is not computed air. Hence, these waste plastics are to be effectively utilized.
Over the past decade, India's production of plastic waste High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene (PE)
has increased by an average of more than double that bags are cleaned and added with sand and aggregate at
amount, 21.8 % annually. Projects like Plastic Paver various percentages to obtain high strength bricks that
Block help reduce plastic waste in various ratios with possess thermal and sound insulation properties to control
aggregate. Since plastic degrades far more slowly than pollution and to reduce the overall cost of construction, this
other types of waste, the initiative is beneficial in finding is one of the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic
practical ways to reduce plastic waste on the planet. waste which is an on-degradable pollutant [7]. The nearness
According to a study on them, plastic paver blocks are a of the saturated zone to the land surface and the manner of
better choice than conventional cement paver blocks. fluctuation of this zone has direct effect on the geotechnical
properties of the soil. These in turn influence the stability of
I. INTRODUCTION engineering structures such as houses, bridges, dams, and
roads [8-9]. Natural resources such as limestone used in the
Paver block pavement is adaptable, aesthetically manufacture of cement are constantly being depleted
pleasing, practical, affordable, and requires little to no care globally while generation of wastes especially plastic is on
provided it is made and installed properly. Although there the increase on a daily basis thereby creating an imbalance
are two primary areas of concern, most of the concrete block in the sustainability of our dear environment. The
paving constructed in India has also operated satisfactorily: construction sector is therefore in need of non-conventional
infrequent failure brought on by extreme surface wear and and innovative materials, whose availability is not a
variability in block strength. Natural resource depletion challenge in order to replace the diminishing of natural
worldwide is accompanied by a significant increase in waste resource [10-11]. Plastic is very common material that is
produced by industry and human occupancy. Sustainable now widely used by everyone in the world. Waste plastic is
development for the building industry entails the use of used to make plastic paver blocks. The separating area's
unusual and new materials as well as the recycling of waste environment and air are contaminated due to the large
materials in order to make up for the shortage of natural amount of plastic waste being disposed of or burned there.
resources and explore alternative means of environmental Sand is manually placed into heated garbage plastic that is
preservation. also operated mechanically.
The local region provided the plastic garbage that was Recyclable plastic plays a major role in this period as it
utilised in this project. The amount of plastic garbage is compact & light in the weight. The big problem with
dumped in India each year is currently at 56 lakh tonnes [1]. plastic is its decomposition. Plastics are made from polymer
The environment is polluted by the rubbish placed there. chemicals and are not biodegradable. The use of eco-friendly
Consequently, it has direct and indirect effects on both and lightweight building material has grown in popularity in
people and animals. Therefore, it's important to dispose of the building industry. Consumption of plastic materials from
plastic garbage correctly in accordance with the rules set 5 million tonnes in the 1950s to 100 million in the 2000.
forth by our government. Use of concrete paver block in road
pavements is more common nowadays. Concrete paver II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
block is a better option in road construction when compared
to the conventional road which is made by bitumen and A. Materials
gravel [2]. Paver block is versatile, aesthetically attractive, In view of the proposed experimental study, the materials
functional, and cost effective and requires little or no used are:
maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid [3]. They  Cement
stay solid and, unlike thermoplastics cannot be re-melted.  Sand
Based on the advantages of thermoplastics over thermoset  Aggregates
Plastics, it is preferably used in production of paver blocks  Plastic
[4-5]. Brick is one of the most common masonry units used
 Mould
as building material. Due to the demand, different types of

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
a) Cement without significant breakages, the strength class
Portland concrete in the typical sense is utilised should be 42,5 or above. Where the experiments were
throughout the project. Because blocks must gain conducted, the cement was available.
strong strength very soon to allow for early delivery

Fig. 1: Cement

S.NO Properties Result IS-Required

1 Specific gravity 2.5 -
2 Initial Setting Time 30 mins As per IS4031-1986 max 30 min
3 Final Setting Time 600 mins As per IS4031-1986 max 600 min
Table 1: Property Tests on Cement

b) Sand project. On-site supplies of sand were made available

Considering that crusher sand is less expensive than for use throughout building and testing.
regular sand, it was utilised throughout the whole

Fig. 2: Sand

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
c) Aggregates shape, and hardness all work together to determine
The project uses coarse aggregates. The aggregates how well aggregates perform during the moulding
were offered on the property where the tests and process and in the hardened block.
construction were done. Particle size, grading, particle

Fig. 3: Aggregates

Coarse Aggregate Size

Fine gravel 4mm - 8mm
Medium gravel 8mm - 16mm
Coarse gravel 16mm - 64mm
Cobbles 64mm - 256mm
Boulders >256mm
Table 2: Size of Coarse Aggregate.

S.NO Properties Result

1 Specific gravity 2.70
2 Water absorption 0.53
3 Bulk density 1406 kg/m³
Table 3: Property Tests on Coarse Aggregate

a) Plastic hardened to take the form of a solid or slightly elastic

This project made use of LDPE plastic (low density material. Plastic was collected from the nearby
polyethylene). a synthetic material that can be landfill. Plastic bags are used for the project.
moulded into shape while still being soft and is then

Fig. 4: Plastic

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
S.NO Properties Result
1. Specific gravity 1.5
2. Water absorption 0.18
Table 4: Property Tests on Plastic

b) Mould blocks and iron casted mould for construction of

Mould used in this project are PVC plastic dumbbell plastic paver blocks. The mould was provided on site
shaped mould for construction of concrete paver where the tests and construction were carried out.

Fig. 5: PVC plastic mould. Fig. 6: Pre casted iron mould

Size:
350*250 – PVC plastic mould.
350*250- Pre casted iron mould.

III. EQUIPMENTS USED whole length and projects radially 88 mm into the
cylinder. The shelf must be mounted using bolts or
The equipment used while performing these tests can be another method that has been approved so that it is
described as below: sturdy and rigid.
A. IMPACT TESTING APPARATUS C. Compression Testing Machine
An impact testing device that adheres to the following The ability of a material or structure to support loads on
standards and is of general form its surface without cracking or deflecting is known as
 An inside measurement steel cup that is cylindrical with: compressive strength. When a material is compressed, its size
50 mm of depth, a minimum thickness of 6.3 mm, and a tends to decrease, and when it is stretched, its size elongates.
diameter of 102 mm.  Load Frame:- A load frame is typically made up of two
 A case-hardened, cylindrical, lower end of a metal powerful supports for the machine. Some compact
hammer with a weight between 13.5 and 14.0 kg, a machines only have one support.
diameter of 100.0 mm, and a length of 5 cm. The upper  Load Cell:- A force transducer or equivalent device for
end should also have a 2 mm chamfer. For the bottom measuring the load is needed for a load cell. Usually, a
(cylindrical) portion of the hammer to be above and quality system or regulatory regulations call for periodic
concentric with the cup, it must freely travel between calibration.
vertical guides.  Cross head:- A cross head that can move up or down is
 A way to raise the hammer to a height of 380.0 mm and controlled. Usually, a steady pace is used. Hydraulic servos
then let it fall freely between the vertical guides onto the are employed.
test sample in the cup. a way to change the height of the  Output device:- A method of distributing test findings is
fall by no more than 5 mm. offered. Older machines occasionally contain dial gauges or
displays. A computer display for analysis and printing is a
B. Los Angeles Abrasion Testing Apparatus feature of many modern devices.
 A hollow steel cylinder with a diameter of 700 mm on
the inside and a length of 500 mm on the inside will D. Vibrating table
make up the Los Angeles abrasion testing device. It will Vibrating table was provided on site where the tests and
be closed at both ends. The cylinder must be mounted construction were carried out. It is used to compact concrete
on stub shafts that are attached to the ends of the in mould and remove air voids present in concrete.
cylinders but do not extend inside of them. It must also
be fixed in a way that allows for horizontal rotation of E. Melting Barrel
the cylinder around its axis . 1 barrel of melting (an oil drum cut in half, 80cm wide
 The cylinder must have a hole for the entry of the test and 50cm high). To keep the fire confined to the area beneath
sample. the barrel, if at all possible, employ a shield. Simple oil drums
 One element of the cylinder's interior surface must be should be split in half, and three rebar legs should be attached
attached with a detachable steel shelf that extends its to create the melting barrel. The ideal barrel height and width,
with the legs attached, are 50 cm and 80 cm, respectively. Try

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
to make the burner large enough to contain a substantial IV. METHODOLOGY
volume of liquid plastic while keeping it from being too tall
to make mixing difficult. If the legs can be sunk into the A. Manufacture of Concrete Paving Blocks
ground, the barrel will be more stable for mixing. The steps below are part of the process used to make
cement concrete pavement blocks:
 Measuring
 Mixing
 Compacting
 Curing

PROPORTIONING MIXING COMPACTING CURING

a) Proportioning 80 mm. The vibration's frequency and amplitude must

For cement concrete paving blocks, a concrete mixture be tailored to the materials being utilised and the
of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: stone chips) by volume with a number of blocks being moulded in a cycle.
water to cement ratio of 0.62 may be used. Before
mixing, the cement to mixed aggregates volume ratio d) Curing
in the concrete mix should not be higher than 1:6. The The quality of concrete pavers is enhanced by water
aggregated aggregates' fineness modules should fall curing, as it is with all concrete products. But it is not
between 3.6 and 4.0. feasible to spray or immerse freshly-moulded pavers
in water or apply a substantial amount of water to them
b) Mixing afterwards.
In a concrete mixer, all the raw components are added,
and the mixer is turned for 15 minutes. After 30 B. Manufacturing of plastic paving blocks
minutes, the prepared mixture is removed from the  Procedure
mixer and consumed. The sand content of the mixture affects the floor tile's
strength. The best composition, according to laboratory
c) Compaction testing, is 3 parts sand to 1 part LDPE (3:1 sand to
Using a vibrating table, the concrete mixture can be plastic), however it is highly advised that you
compacted into the necessary sizes and forms of experiment with other ratios. To determine what works
moulds. Ideally, vibration should last between 3 and best for you, start with a 50:50 sand: plastic ratio and
12 seconds, however this must be tested then increase the ratio of sand to 60:40 and 70:30. For
experimentally in the plant. Thicker blocks and blocks floor paving tiles to be utilised in a residential
with acute angles make it more difficult to accomplish compound, a 75:25 mixture works well. The plastic acts
good compaction. Because of this, it is uncommon to as a bonding agent to keep the sand together, therefore
produce concrete pavers with a thickness of more than typically the tiles have more sand than plastic.

SELECTION OF
RIGHT PLASTIC MELT MIX

MOULD SET

a) Select the right plastic shopping bags, and plastic film. Use of other plastics
It is necessary to just choose the right kind of plastic. should be avoided since they could be detrimental to
This is due to the physical characteristics and your health. Make sure most of your plastic garbage
varying melting and burning temperatures of various is clean. Get rid of everything that is not LDPE
varieties of plastic. With LDPE, the procedure as (including other plastics). Leave something out if
described here performs nicely. LDPE is typically you're unsure of its LDPE composition.
used to make water bags, non-woven plastic

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b) Melt amounts can be utilised to create different types of
Light a small fire under the metal drum and gently slabs, tiles, or bricks.
heat it. Add the plastic waste. As it warms up it will
reduce in size. Light the plastic at the top using a V. TESTS PERFORMED
small flame to help it melt down. Make sure the fire
does not get too hot. Keep adding plastic gently at A. TESTS ON AGGREGATES
the side of the melted plastic until it melts down to a a) Test for Aggregate Impact Value
black liquid. Keep adding plastic until you have  Objective: Using this test procedure, coarse
around a 20cm depth of melted plastic. Do not stand aggregate's aggregate impact value is determined.
directly over the melting barrel; try to avoid
b) Test for Aggregate Abrasion value
breathing any gases from the fire; and take care as
 Objective: Using a Los Angeles machine, the
tools can get hot.
following test procedures are used to determine the
abrasion value of coarse aggregate.
c) Mix
A steady black liquid will form once thorough B. TESTING OF PAVING BLOCKS
mixing continues after all the plastic has melted. a) Test for Compressive Strength:
Even at very high temperatures, LDPE lumps can One of the significant and practical characteristics of
occasionally persist. Since lumps impact the concrete is its compressive strength. Compression
material's strength, stirring and heating must go on testing equipment was used to make the determination.
until all of them are eliminated and a homogeneous The test techniques are outlined in Annex D of IS
paste is produced. It can take up to 20 minutes to 15658: 2006. Two steel bearing blocks for holing the
complete this. Avoid allowing the liquid to become specimen are part of the compression testing machine.
so hot that it violently burns; if this occurs, the Between the steel plates, the specimen was put. The
substance will be useless for construction. It is specimens' dimensions and plan area were established
acceptable for a small amount of the liquid to catch in accordance with the instructions in Annex B. The
fire. Sand should be added until the proper specimen was set on the testing device once it had
consistency is reached, and then the mixture should dried. Up until the specimen's collapse, the load was
be continuously mixed until the plastic, which serves introduced progressively. N represents the greatest
as a binder, is thoroughly incorporated, and load that was applied to the specimen.
resembles grey cement.
b) Test for Water Absorption:
d) Mould To better understand the characteristics of the plastic
Make sure the mould is ready by making sure it is block, a water absorption test was performed on the
very clean, well-oiled, and free of any fragments of cast specimen. Following the drying process, the
plastic from prior mouldings. Use the metal-shafted specimen was submerged in a water tank and left there
spade to quickly remove the mixture, then use the for 24 hours. The blocks must then be taken out of the
trowel to quickly place it into the mould. Wearing water and allowed to drain for a minute on a wire mesh
gloves is recommended because the combination is made of 10 mm or coarser. Any visible surface water
quite hot. To ensure there are no air holes, press and must then be wiped away with a damp towel, and both
stir the contents into the mould. the soaked and surface-dry blocks must then be
weighed right away. All blocks must be dried in a
e) Set
vented oven at 100 to 115 C for at least 24 hours after
Wait a few minutes for the heated fluid in the mould
being weighed, or until two subsequent weigh-ins
to cool before shaking the mould vigorously to free
spaced by two hours show an increment of loss of no
the edges (a rocking motion works well). Continue
more than 0.2% of the preceding weigh-in.
attempting to lift the mould. Remove the mould and
depart when the mixture has sufficiently solidified c) Oven Test
to prevent the slab from collapsing. Its ought should Since the paver block is made of plastic it is required
solidify in about two hours. Try experimenting with to know its heat resistance. Hence plastic paver block
different sand and LDPE amounts. The various is placed in oven for 2 hours.

VI. CALCULATIONS & RESULTS

Observations Table 5
GRADING SELECTED SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3
Total weight of the collected dry sample taken = W1 g 340g 345g 350
Weight of the portion passing through 2.36 mm sieve = W2 g 50g 53g 55g
Aggregate Impact Value = (W2/W1) * 100 14.70% 15.36% 15.71%
Table 5: Impact Value Test

Mean aggregate impact value =15%

Result:-The aggregate Impact value of the provided sample of coarse aggregate is 15%.

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Observation Table 6
GRADING SELECTED SAMPLE 1 SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3
Original Weight = W1 5000g 5000g 5000g
Weight Of Aggregates Retained On 1.7mm Sieve = W2 1994g 2010g 2005g
Percentage wear = (W2/W1) * 100 39.88% 40.2% 40.10%
Table 6: Los Angeles abrasion value

Result:-The aggregate Abrasion Value of the provided sample of coarse aggregate is 39.84%.

strength test value of plastic paving blocks

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
S.NO TRAILS N/mm2
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 14 DAYS
1 Trail 1 12 13 15
2 Trail 2 11 14 15
3 Trail 3 13 15 16
Table 7: Compressive Strength of Plastic Paver At 3, 7 And 14 Days

S.NO TRAILS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/mm2

3 DAYS 7 DAYS 14 DAYS
1 Trail 1 14 15 16
2 Trail 2 13 14 14
3 Trail 3 14 15 15
Table 8: Compressive Strength of Plastic Paver at 3, 7 And 14 Days

18

16

14

12

10
Trail 1
8

4
Trail 2
2

0
Trail 3
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 3 DAYS 7 DAYS 14 DAYS

N/mm2 N/mm2

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (50% Sand and COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (60% Sand &
50% Plastic) 40% Plastic)

Fig. 7: WATER ABSORPTION TEST

S.NO SPECIMEN DRY WEIGHT Kg WET WEIGHT Kg %age OF WEIGHT ABSORPTION

1 A 4.1 4.141 1
2 B 4.25 4.265 0.9
3 C 4.3 4.35 1.42
Table 9: Observation Table 6.4

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Volume 7, Issue 12, December – 2022 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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SPECIMENS Temperature (ºC) Remarks
50 No change
Specimen 1 100 No change
150 Melts
50 No change
Specimen 2 100 No change
150 Melts
50 No change
Specimen 3 100 No change
150 Melts
Table 10: Oven Test Result

VII. CONCLUSION [6.] Manish kumar sahu, Lokesh singh, “Critical review on
types of bricks type 14: plastic sand bricks”,
The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental International Journal of Mechanical and Production
investigation. Engineering, Volume- 5, Issue-11, Nov.-2017, ISSN:
 The utilization of waste plastic in production of paver block 2320-2092.
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 The cost of paver block is reduced when compared to that of waste plastic in manufacturing of bricks and paver
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