Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis 4. Select indoor design conditions, such as indoor DB temperature, WB temperature, and ventilation rate. Include permissible variati control limits. 7 5. Obtain a proposed schedule of lighting, occupants, internal equipmen. appliances, and processes that would contribute to the internal thermay + indogy ions ang load. 6. Select the time of day and month to be the cooling load calculations Frequency, several different times on a given day, is required. Pafticuta, day and month are often dictated by peak solar radiation, determined from tables. 7. Calculate the space-cooling load at design conditions. G. HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS 1. Sensible Heat Gains . a. Thermal Transmission - refers to heat gain or heat transfer through . the structure due to temperature difference, from high temperature to low temperature. 170P Methods of Handling SupP'Y Air prom Figure 5-1, AAt a -UAAtSUA (t= ot 4. uieces sd: = the Red transmission, W R, = total thermal resistance, m°-K/W gly AU = Ru R. = total thermal resistance, “K /W U_ = over-all heat transfer coefficient, w/ mK | A = surface area, m? t, = outside air temperature, °C t= inside air temperature, °C ‘outside Air Film ayy Non-homogeneous Sem Material 2 Ls ‘ier Material aterial 1 Figure 5.2. Composite Wall For over-all heat transfer coefficient: ayaGuidebook in Air Condit Where ff, = ning Design and Analysis inside and outside air film coefficient aceon ei for convection and radiation, W/m? conductance of materials 1 and 2, W-"K/m2 conductance of non-homogeneous materia} from surface to surface, W/m? heat transmission from surface across an ai, space convection, conduction and radiation, W/m?—"K Note: Values of U, R, fand a could be obtained from any of the following tables: a. Table 4-4, p68-69 (Stoecker and Jones) b. Table p74 (MRI Tables and Charts) c. Table p68-69 (MRI Tables and Charts) d. ASHRAE Tables external wall with a cross section shown. Inside temperature is 24°C and outside temperature is 32°C. The wall has a 1.5 m x 2 m window flat glass. Given: Wall Cross-Section shown: iFilm Ex. 5.1] Determine the heat transmission gain through the 12 mx 6m 232°C = 1 @ Outside Ai Inside Air Fim | Face brick <1 Airspace <—__] 372, Sheathing Fiber <————______| L___» Gypsum Board Airspace Insulation Mineral FiberWall Elevation View; Methods of Handling Supply Air Required: The heat transmitted Solution: For the heat transmitted a, = Faw * Gag Where, q,, = the heat gain through the wall, W q,, = the heat gain through the glass, W For the heat gain through the wall, (At oe R=. total resistances, m™"K/WGuidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis From Table 4-4 (Stoecker} p68-69: WALL MATERIAL R, m*K/w Outside air film (heating season) |__ 0.0290 Face brick, 90 mm = (0.76)(90 mm)(1 m/1000 mm) | 0.0684 “Air space rena 0.1700 Sheathing, 13 mm, fiber board 0.2300 Insulating material 1.9400 Air space 0.1700 | Gypsum board, 15 mm TT Sp | 0.0800 Inside air film 0.1200 Total, R, See 2.8074 A, = wall surface area A, = (12 m)(6 m) ~ (1.5 m)(2.0 m) = 69 m? Therefore, - 69(32-24) oe = oe = 196.620 For the heat transmission through the window glass, a, = UA, (At) Where, U = 5.9W/m*°K — from Table 4-4, p64, for single glass (Stoecker) Then, 4G, = (5.9) [(1.5) (2.0)] (82 — 24) = 141.6W Therefore, Wy = 196.62 + 141.6 = 338.22 W ans. 174b. Methods of Handling Supply Ai Solar Load Through Solar Radiation bl. Solar load through transparent surfaces lar energy incident on a surface will > Heat gain due to sol ¢ surface. depend on the physical characteristics of th Description of surface optical properties: Yeptasl Where, Y = Transmittance p = Reflectance a = Absorptance GLASS SUN Absorbed Inward flow of Inward flow of Absorbed radiation Absorbed radiation 0%) (4%) Transmitted (80%) 3, Solar Load, Transparent Surfaces Figure 5. Solar energy passing through a window slass: Q=(SHGF,,,) (sc) (CLF) A * Where, SHGF,,, = Solar Heat Gain Factor for a single sheet of clear window glass (Table 4-10, Stoecker, page 75). sc = Shading Coefficient used to adjust the value of SHGF for other types of glass. (Table 4-11, Stoecker, p76). 175Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis ae CLF = Cooling Load Factor (Table 4-12, Stoecker, p77) A = total surface area of window glass if no external shading, m? A = sunlit area of window glass if extemal shading is considered, m? Estimation of Sunlit Area for Window Glass with External Shading Figure 5.4. Isometric view of the windowMethods of Handling Supply Air Figure 5.6. Section view of the window Figure 5.7. Elevation view of the window Notations from the figures y= Wall azimuth angle B =. Solar altitude angle $ = Solar azimuth angle, which is the angle between the sun's rays and the south y = Angle of a vertical plane normal to the wall makes with southGuidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis d= the amount or depth at which the window glass recessed from the wall surface : y = the depth of a shadow cast by horizontal projection above window : xX =. width of the shadow cast by vertical projection depth, d, Considering the geometric figure, md. eq. 1 tanB=2 B= w=t 2 Cee 7+ cosy eq. z, Substituting eq. 2 to eq. 1, tan B= 73 =~ (za) dtanB cosy For the width x, x = w (sin 7) eq. 3 d From eq. 2, + cosy eq. 4 Substituting eq. 4 to eq. 3 dsiny i= =dtany ‘cosy Where, y= OV Note: > Positive (+) sign is chosen if f and y are on the opposite sides of south. > Negative (-) sign is chosen if f and y are on the same side of south. For the sunlit area, A=(h-y)(L-x)Methods of Handling Supply Air Ex. 5.2] A window 2.4 m long and 1.5 m high is recessed 300 mm from the outer surface of a wall facing 10° west of south. Using the following data, determine the sunlit area and the solar heat gain: Design month March 21" Direction 10° west of south Condition /location 40° north latitude Solar time 2:00 P.M. Glass Specifications: Thickness 6mm heat absorbing medium Venetian blind with interior shading Type Shading Given: A certain window glass L=24m h-15m D = 300 mm y= lo Design month March 21* Location 40 degrees north latitude Solar time 2:00 P.M. Glass Specifications: ‘Thickness 6mm Type heat absorbing Shading medium Venetian blind with interior shading Required: ‘The sunlit area and the solar heat gain E Oa sunlit Area Figure 5.a.Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis Solution: From Table 4-13, p78 (Stoecker), for March 21* at 2:00 pm and 40° north latitude, B= 42° $= 42° For the azimuth angle, 17 6-W= 42°— 10° = 32° For the depth of the shaded area, dtanB _ 0.30(tan42°) cosy cos32° y= =0.32 m For the width of the shaded area, x=dtany=0.30(tan32") = 0.19 m For the sunlit area, A= (h-y) (L-x) = (1.5 - 0,32) (2.4 - 0,19) = 2.61 m? Solving for the Solar Heat Gain, dy, = (SHGF,,,,.) (SC) (CLF) A 180Methods is i Nasdnmidcd is fethoda of Handling Supply Air 5 north latitude (from Table 4-10, Stoecker, SHGF,. = 730 W/m? fe : cat absorbing glass (from table 4-11, Stoecker, p76) SC = 0.57 At 2: 2:00 P.M. and SW (from table 4-12, Stoecker, p77) CLF = 0.75 Therefore, eg = (730) (0.57) (0.75) (2.61) = 814.52 W b2. Solar load on opaque surfaces > The process of solar heat gain for an opaque wall is illustrated schematically in the figure below. A portion of solar energy is reflected and the remainder is absorbed. Of the energy absorbed some is convected and some radiated to the outside. The remainder of the absorbed solar energy is transmitted to the inside by conduction and temporarily stored. Convected Absorbed Conducted Radiated Reflected WALL Figure 5.8. Solar Heat Gain On Opaque SurfacesGuidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis Solar heat gain through an opaque surface dy = U, A [CLTD + (25 - t) + (t, - 29)] = solar heat gain through an opaque = heat transfer coefficient of the wall, Where, Quy wall, W U,, W/m?°K cLTD = 4 t, Cooling-Load Temperature Difference, °C (Table 4-14 and Table 4-15, Stoecker, p81-82) = surface area, m? inside or room temperature, °C = outside temperature, °C Ex. 5.3] Calculate the solar heat gain through opaque wall 22 m x 15 m made up of 100 mm concrete block with 50 mm insulation (blanket and batt, mineral fiber). Facing SW with a solar time 2:00 P.M. The outside temperature is 37°C, and inside temperature is 24°C. Given: A 22 m x 15 m wall shown below es7ec Outside Alc film Concrete block 182 SS = f=24eC Insulation Inside Air film x,= 100mm ~_- x, =50mmMethods of Handling Supply Air Required: The solar heat gain through an opaque wall Solution: For the heat gain, Guy = U, A[CLTD + (25 - t) * (t, ~ 29)] Where, the wall falls to F-type wall (from Table 4-15, Stoecker) CLTD = 14°C From Table 4-4 (Stoecker), Thermal Medium resistance, R, m2-K/W Concrete block, 200 mm, R, = (0.18/200)(100) Blanket and batt, mineral fiber, 75 - 90 mm, R, = (1.94/82.5)(50) 1.176 Outside air film, surface moving air, heating season, 6.7 m/s 0.029 Inside air film, vertical, heat flow horizontal 0.120 ‘Total thermal resistance, R, 1.415 For the value of U,, Ped Hl —1_ =0.706714 W/m? +" 1415 a Nien sh 183Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis c. Therefore, Guy = (0.706714) [(22) (15)] [14 + (29 - 24) + (37 - 29) Gay = 5,363.96 W = 5.364 kW Heat Gain through Infiltration or Air Leakage with the Space % Infiltration is the uncontrolled entry of unconditioned outside air directly into the building, resulting from natural forces, such as wind and buoyancy due to the temperature difference inside and outside. 4, = (1-23) Q (t, - t) Where, q, Q Q Note: eoosgr ag heat gain through infiltration, kW rate of infiltration air through opening of doors and windows as well as cracks, m°/s H)(L)(W) ey = room height, m = room length, m = width of room, m = 1.0, for room with one outside wall = 1.5, for room with two outside walls = 2.0, for three or more outside walls > For rooms with weather-stripped windows or storm sash, use 50% of this value of Q. > For each person entering or leaving through a door which ‘opens to the outside (or unconditioned space), the additional infiltration for 914 mm (36 inches) swinging door may be taken as 0.047 m*/s-person. > Additional infiltration air for 183 cm (72 inches) revolving door (m*/s-person):U: sage Freely Revolving| Door Equipped [> with brake Infrequent 35 0.028 “I pa oe 0098 2 | [ee 0.028 0.024 Beevy 0.019 0.019 Methods of Handling Supply Air pe These figures are based on the assumption that there is no wind pressure and that swinging doors are in use one wall only. Any swinging door in other wall should be kept close to ensure air conditioning in accofdance with these recommended standards. Computation of q,, based on the number of air changes per person Gi, = (1-23) Q (t, - t) Where, t, = outdoor temperature, °C t, = indoor temperature, °C Q = volume rate of infiltration air, m*/s Q = (room volume, m).(N, / 3 600) N, = at+bV+C(t,-t) V_ = wind velocity, m/s ve a = 12 kph = 3.33 m/s for summer. b, & c = constants obtained from experiment, (Stoecker, Table 4-5, p70) d. Heat Emission from Occupants a, = (4p) (N,) (CLF) Where, q, = heat gain per person (Stoecker, Table 4-7) N, = number of occupants, obtained from Table 4-8 (Stoecker) for a given floor area. CLF= Cooling Load Factor per person, Table 4-9, p74 (Stoecker). 185,Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis 186 Ex. 5.4] Determine the heat gain from the occupants for an Office building 150 m x 70 m. Working time of occupants is 8 hours, Given: Office Building Floor area 150 mx 70m Working time 8 hrs Building office building Required: The heat gain from the occupants Solution: For the total floor area, A, A= (150 m) (70 m) = 10 500 m? For the number of occupants (Stoecker, Table 4-8): Average area per persons = 12.5 m?/person N, = 10500 40 persons or occupants From Table 4-9 (Stoecker), CLF = 0.84 per Person From Table 4-7 (Stoecker), 4p = (heat gain) (sensible heat gain) = (150) (0.55) = 82.5 w er person. Therefore, the heat gain ou ~ (82-5) (840) (0.84) = 58 212 W = 58.2 KWe Methods of Handling: supply A" Heat Gain from Electric Lights 4q,, = (amp rating, wattage) (F,) (F,) CLF Where, F, = 7 * Roe CLF= utilization factor or fraction of installed ballast factor for flourescent lamp 1.2 for common flourescent lamp Cooling Load Factor, Table 4-6, p72 (Stoecker)- f{, Heat Gain from Products a.m, 6, (4-8) Where, “qj, = m, = ? ° % to= heat gain from products, kW mass of products, kg/S specific heat of products, kJ/kg" product temperature, °C room temperature, °C g. Heat Gain from Motors Gg, = (motor rating) (power factor) (no. of motors) 2. Latent Heat Gains a. Latent Heat from Infiltration Air a, = (3 000) Q (W.-W) Where, Q = Ww, w= > Computation of rate of infiltration air, m°/s outdoor air humidity ratio indoor air humidity ratio Qis the same as ina, b. Latent Heat Gain from Occupants 47 (heat gain per person) (No. of occupants) CLF Where, heat gain per person = = obtained from Table 4-7 (Stoecker) CLF = 1.0 for latent heatGuidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis ts c. Latent Heat from Materials or Produc: Moisture from materials or products may be obtained from the tables, d. Latent Heat Gain from Other Sources i the tables. Moisture from other sources may be obtained from es Ex. 5.5] Determine the latent heat gain from the occupants sig a building with a floor area of 150 m x 70 m. Working time for occupants is 8 hrs. Given: Occupants in an office building Floor area 150 m x 70 m Activity office work Time 8 hrs Required: The latent heat gain from occupants Solution: For total floor area, A= (150 m) (70 m) = 10 500 m? For the number of occupants, from Table 4-8 (Stoecker) Average area per person = 12.5 m?/person No, of Occupants = (10 500}/(12.5) = 840 persons From Table 4-7 (Stoecker), Heat gain per person = (heat gain) (1 — sensible heat gain) Heat gain per person = (150)(1 ~ 0.55) Heat gain per person = 67.5 W/person Therefore, 4 = (67-5) (840) (1.0) = 56.7 Kew 188“Methods of Handling Supply Air Ex. 5.6] is computer room located on the second floor of a five-storey office building is 10 m x 7 m. The exterior wall is 3.5 m high and 10 m long; it is @ metal curtain wall (steel-backed with 10 mm of insulating board), 75 mm of glass fiber insulation, and 16 mm of gypsum board. The single-glazed window make up 30% of the exterior wall. A computer and lights in the room operate 24 hrs/day and have a combined heat release to space of 2.0 kW. The indoor temperature is 20°C. a) Determine the heat load if the outdoor condition is 32°C DB and 23°C WB. b) What would be the load if the windows were double-glazed? Given: A computer room located on the second floor of a five-storey building Floor area 10mx7m Wall size 3.5 m high x 10 m long Window glass 30% of wall surface area and single-glazed Computers & lights 2.0 kw Wall Materials metal curtain wall (steel-backed with 10 mm of insulation board) 75 mm glass fiber insulation 16 mm gypsum board Required: a) Cooling load if outdoor air is 32°C DB and 23°C WB b) Cooling load if window glass is a double-glazed glass Figure: Wall structure 75mm glass fiber insulation 16mm gypsum Indoor air fim 120°C 189Guidebook in Air Solution: a. ‘Conditioning Design and Analysis Determination of the total heat gain a atata., Where, q, = heat gain from occupants 4, = heat transmission 9c = Computer and lights loads For the heat gain from occupants, = 44+ Where, q. = sensible heat gain from occupants 4 = latent heat gain from occupants For the sensible heat gain from occupants, %, = (heat gain per person) (no, of occupants) (CLF) For the number of occupants (Stoecker, Table 4-8), ‘Average space per occupant = 12,5 m?/person For floor area, A= (10 m) (7 m)=70 m2 Then, number of occupants = (70) / (12.5) number of occupants = 5.6, say 6 Persons From Table 4-9 (Stoecker), CLF = 0.84 (Eight-working Office hours) From Table 4-7 (Stoecker), Heat gain = 150 W/person (or office work Sensible heat gain = 55% Then, heat gain per person = 150 (0.55) = g2.5 W/personir Methods of Handling supply A” Therefore, q,, = (82.5 W per person) (6 persons) (0.84) q,, = 415.8 W = 0.4158 kw For the sensible heat gain from occupants, y= (Heat gain per person) (no. of occupants) CLF Heat gain per person = 150.(1 - 0.55) = 67.5 W CLF = 1.0 for latent heat 44 = (67.5) (6) (1.0) = 405 W = 0.405 kW ‘Therefore, q, = 0.4158 + 0.405 = 0.8208 kW For the heat transmission through the wall and window: Ae (49 4 A,u, (at) ug = ws + ee Where, A, = wall surface area, m? A, = (8.5) (10) (1 - 0.30) = 24.5 m* A. = window glass surface area, m? ‘A. = (3.5) (10) (0.30) = 10.5 m? R.. = total wall resistance, m2-°K/W U" = coefficient of heat transfer for the glass, W/m?"K Wall Resistances, obtained from Table 4-4 (Stoecker): 0.3200 Metal curtain wall 73 mm glass fiber insulation (27.7) (0.075) 2.0775, Es 16 mm gypsum board 0.1000 Outdoor air film 0.0290 Indoor air film | 0.1200 2.6465 m2-°K/W [eee 191Guidebook in Air Conditioning Design and Analysis te c re i Coefficient of heat transfer for glass window, Tal ‘oeck: W/mK Single-glazed window, UL 5.90 W/: ‘ 3.5 W/mK Double-glazed window, U, Then, the total heat transmission, 24.5(32-20) | 5 9(10,5)(32-20) = 854.49 W = 0.8545 kw Swe = 96465 Therefore, the total heat gain through the wall and window, d= 4, +4, + 4,, = 0.8208 + 0.85449 + 2.0 = 3.67529 kw For the total heat gain if the glass is double-glazed _24.5(32-20) S = ease * (3-5)(10.5)(32-20) = 552.09 W = 0.55209 kw ws Therefore, q = 0.55209 + 0.85449 + 2.0 = 3.407 kw 192,