1) The document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and matter. It explains that light exhibits both wave-like properties under some experimental conditions and particle-like properties under others.
2) De Broglie hypothesized that if light has both wave and particle properties, then matter should also exhibit wave-like behavior. He introduced the concept of the de Broglie wavelength to describe the wave-like properties of matter.
3) Experiments such as electron diffraction and the Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave-like diffraction of electrons, providing evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter. The results supported de Broglie's hypothesis.
1) The document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and matter. It explains that light exhibits both wave-like properties under some experimental conditions and particle-like properties under others.
2) De Broglie hypothesized that if light has both wave and particle properties, then matter should also exhibit wave-like behavior. He introduced the concept of the de Broglie wavelength to describe the wave-like properties of matter.
3) Experiments such as electron diffraction and the Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave-like diffraction of electrons, providing evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter. The results supported de Broglie's hypothesis.
1) The document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and matter. It explains that light exhibits both wave-like properties under some experimental conditions and particle-like properties under others.
2) De Broglie hypothesized that if light has both wave and particle properties, then matter should also exhibit wave-like behavior. He introduced the concept of the de Broglie wavelength to describe the wave-like properties of matter.
3) Experiments such as electron diffraction and the Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave-like diffraction of electrons, providing evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter. The results supported de Broglie's hypothesis.
1) The document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and matter. It explains that light exhibits both wave-like properties under some experimental conditions and particle-like properties under others.
2) De Broglie hypothesized that if light has both wave and particle properties, then matter should also exhibit wave-like behavior. He introduced the concept of the de Broglie wavelength to describe the wave-like properties of matter.
3) Experiments such as electron diffraction and the Davisson-Germer experiment demonstrated the wave-like diffraction of electrons, providing evidence for the wave-particle duality of matter. The results supported de Broglie's hypothesis.
Matter wave, sections 5.1 and 5.2 in page 152 and 154. Recap
Photoelectric Effect Particle nature of Light Compton Effect
Interference Wave nature of Light Diffraction Quantum theory gives light a more flexible nature by implying that different experimental conditions evoke either the wave properties or particle properties of light. In fact, both views are necessary and complementary.
Recap
Photoelectric Effect Particle nature of Light Compton Effect
Interference Wave nature of Light Diffraction
Thus we are left with an uneasy compromise between wave and
particle concepts and must accept, at this point, that both are necessary to explain the observed behavior of light.
In General Does light consist of waves or particles?
Phenomenon Wave Nature Particle Nature
Re ection Yes Yes
Refraction Yes No
Interference Yes No
Diffraction Yes No
Polarisation Yes No
Photoelectric effect No Yes
Compton Effect No Yes
fl Simple Idea
h⌫ h For photon: p= = c
h = p More Complications
While people are struggling with this dual nature of
radiation (particles or waves), de-Broglie jumped in and made the situation more complicated (or did he make it simple?)
He said: If waves behave like particles, then why can’t particles
behave like waves?
Classically, we view massive objects (such as protons and
electrons) as particles and electromagnetic radiation as a wave.
In de-Broglie’s point of view, both of these should have both particle
and wave properties. More Complications
This is surprising! Massive objects occupy well
defined positions in space at any given instant. How can they have wave like properties? Wave-Particle Duality In 1923 Louis de Broglie gave hypothesis
If waves behave like particles, then why not
particles behave like waves?
Everything (matter and radiation) has both wave
and particle properties; which property you see depends on the experiment you perform.
h⌫ h For photon: p= = c h h For a particle of momentum p, the wavelength is dB = = p mv Wave-Particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis and Bohr’s Quantization condition
One of Bohr’s assumptions concerning hydrogen atom model
was that in a stationary state L = me vr = n~ Wave-Particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis and Bohr’s Quantization condition Wave-Particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis and Bohr’s Quantization condition Wave-Particle Duality
Consider Jofra Archer
bowling at 145 km/hr.
Mass of the cricket
ball is 163 gm.
34 dB of the cricket ball is 10 m
Wave-Particle Duality A ball of m = 150 g, v = 40 m/s 34 h 6.626 ⇥ 10 J-s 34 dB = = = 1.1 ⇥ 10 m mv 0.15 kg ⇥ 40 m/s
An electron with v=5.9 x 106 m/s
6.626 ⇥ 10 34 J-s 10 dB = = 1.2 ⇥ 10 m 9.11 ⇥ 10 31 kg ⇥ 5.9 ⇥ 106 m/s
Atomic dimension:10-10 m; Nuclear dimension: 10-14 m
Wave-Particle Duality de Broglie wavelength is negligibly small for macroscopic objects
de Broglie wavelength is important for microscopic objects
like electron
Objects that are large in the absolute sense have the
property that the de Broglie wavelength associated with
them are completely negligible compared to their size.
Therefore, large particles only manifest particle nature.
Young’s Young’s double double slitslit experimen experiment Young’s Double Slit Experiment Path difference between two rays Path Path difference difference between between two two rays: rays: = r2 r1 = d sin ✓ r2 r2 r1 r1 d sin d sin
Constructive Constructive interference interference Constructive Interference Destructive Destructive interference interference Destructive Interference ✓d=sin d sin = d sin n mm ddsin d=sin m((n sin ✓ (= m1+/ 121/2) /) 2) Double Slit versus Multiple Slit Replace two slit Double slitsversus with multiple Multipleequi-spaced slit slits Replace two slits with multiple equi-spaced slits
? comparable 51 # : sin > to @ X-ray Diffraction X-ray Diffraction (1912) X-ray Diffraction A p c a d in Crystal plane 1 w Bragg Equation Crystal plane 2 B 2d sin ✓ = n Path difference = AB+BC = n n Diffraction order n= AB = BC = d sin Wavelength ~ d-spacing Wavelength d-spacing ~ 0.2-0.3 ~ nmd-spacing X-ray wavele
X-ray Diffraction Crystal structure and Miller Indices
Planes with different
Miller indices in a cubic crystal
Each plane will give
peak depending on d
and many more……
(Additional Information) Wave-Nature of Electron Davisson-Germer Experiment, 1927
Electrons were diffracted from a
Nickel crystal similar to x-rays. The diffraction peaks satisfy the Bragg condition. p p 1 n p 2mE 2meV = = = = 2d sin ✓ h h h
Electron wavelength Acceleration deBroglie through Bragg law relationship voltage V
Wave-Nature of Electron h de Broglie wavelength of electron dB =p 2meV 10 dB = 1.67 Å = 1.67 ⇥ 10 m for 54 eV electron
can be varied by varying accelerating voltage eV
Bragg law: 2d sin ✓ = n
should be of the same magnitude as d
Microscope Resolution ⇠ , shorter , better is resolution
=) Electron Microscope Wavelength versus Size With a visible light microscope, Wavelength we areSize versus limited to being able to resolve Withobjects a visiblewhich are at least light microscope, we about 0.5*10 are limited -6 m = 0.5 µm = to being able to resolve objects which are at least about 0.5*10-6 m = 0.5 μm = 500 nm in size. 500 nm in size. This This is because is because visible visible light, light, with with a wavelengthofof~500 a wavelength ~500nm nm cannot cannot resolve objects whose size is smaller than its wavelength. resolve objects whose size is smaller than its wavelength.
Bacteria, as viewed Bacteria, as viewed
using visible light using electrons! Microscope Using Electrons Ernest Ruska (and others) argued that if electrons behave like waves then it should be possible to focus electron beams like light.
They designed magnetic lenses which could focus the electron
waves and created TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) in 1931.
Electron Microscope allows us to see things much smaller than
typical optical microscopes permit, because the wavelength of the electron is much shorter than that of photons of visible light.
In principle, it can provide magnification factors of a million. Ruska
got a Nobel Prize in 1986. Electron Microscope
The electron microscope is a device which uses the wave
behavior of electrons to make images which are otherwise too small for visible light!
The best optical microscope using UV light have magnification of ~
2000 and resolution of ~ 100 nm, however, electron microscope using 100 kV electrons has magnification of as much as 107 and resolution of 0.2 nm. Electron Scanning Microscope Electron Microscope (SEM) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 3-d images by SEM. An electron beam (20 KeV) is sharply focused on a 3-d images by SEM. An electron beam specimen (20 KeV)andisscanned. sharply The low energy focused on a scattered specimensecondary and scanned.electrons are The low energy detected. scattered secondary electrons are detected.
SEM can resolve features as small as 5
nm.SEM Thiscan resolve100 is about features timesas smallthan better as 5 cannm.beThisdone is aboutwith 100 times better light visible than can be done with visible light microscopes! microscopes!
IMPORTANT IMPORTANT POINT: POINT: HighHigh energy particles energy can particles canbe beused usedto to reveal thestructure reveal the structureofof matter matter ! ! Electron Microscope YDSE with Electrons C. Jönsson (Tübingen, Germany, 1961):
Double-slit interference effects for electrons by
constructing very narrow slits and using relatively large distances between the slits and the observation screen.
This experiment demonstrated that precisely the
same behaviour occurs for both light (waves) and electrons (particles). YDSE with YDSE withElectrons electrons: A historical perspective Claus Joensson (1961) Interference pattern
With 2 slits
With 3 slits YDSE with Electrons electron double slit experiment electron double slit experiment Akira Tonomura and co-workers at Hitachi in 1989 Akira Tonomura and co-workers at Hitachi in 1989 just one electron in the apparatus at any one time just one electron in the apparatus at any one time
they observed the build up of the
fringe pattern they observed the build up of the fringe pattern The Tonomura Experiment YDSE with Molecules Wave Property of C60 molecule
