TRY ME

kJ
A Carnot engine receives 250 s of heat from a heat-source reservoir at 523 ℃
and rejects heat to a heat-sink reservoir at 50 ℃. What is the power developed
and the heat rejected?

Given:
kJ
Q H =250
s
T H =525 ℃

T c =50 ℃

Solution:
W T
=1− C
QH TH

kJ 50+273.15
W =250
s (
1−
525+273.15 )
kJ
W =148.8
s
W =Q H −Q C

kJ kJ
148.8 =250 −Q C
s s
kJ
QC =101.2
s

Problem 1

The following heat engines produce power of 95,000 kW. Determine in each
case the rates at which heat is absorbed from the hot reservoir and discarded to
the cold reservoir.

(a) A Carnot engine operates between heat reservoir at 750 K and 300 K.
(b) A practical engine operates between the same heat reservoirs but with a
thermal efficiency ƞ = 0.35.

Given:
W = 9500 kW
T H =750 K

T c =300 K

Ƞ = 0.35
Solution:
W TC
=1−
QH TH

3
Q =95,000 kW
5 H
kJ
Q H =158333.333 ∨kW
s
W =QH −QC

kJ
Q c =158333.333 −95000 kW
s
kJ
Q c =63333.33 ∨kW
s
W
b.) ƞ = Q
H

0.35 Q H =95000 kW
kJ
Q H =271428.5714 ∨kW
s
W =Q H −Q C

Q c =¿ 271428.5714 kJ/s – 95000 kW

kJ
Q c =176428.5714
s
Problem 2

A rigid vessel of 0.06 m3 volume contains an ideal gas, C V = (5/2) R, at 500 K

and 1 bar.

(a) If heat in the amount of 15,000 J is transferred to the gas, determine its
entropy change.

(b) If the vessel is fitted with a stirrer that is rotated by a shaft so that work in
the amount of 15,000 j is done on the gas, what is the entropy change of the gas
if the process is adiabatic? What is ∆ Stotal? What is the irreversible feature of the
process?

Given:
P1=1 ¯¿

T 1=500 K

V =0.06 m3

n=1.443 mol

5
CV= R
2
Q=1500 J
 Solution:
Q=nC V ∆ T

1500 J =( 1.443 mol ) ( 52 ( 8.314 ) )( T −500 K )

2

T 2=1000.1208 K

Tf
∆ S=n CV
Ti

¿(1.443 mol) ( 52 (8.314)) ln 1000

500

J
¿ 20.7894
K
∆ S surr =0

∆ Stotal =∆ Ssurr +∆ S sys

¿ 0+20.7894
J
¿ 20.7894
K

 The stirring process is irreversible.4

Problem 3

A Carnot engine operates between temperature levels of 600 K and 300 K. It

drives a Carnot refrigerator, which provides cooling at 250 K and discards heat at
300 K. Determine a numerical value for the ratio of heat extracted by the
refrigerator ( “cooling load” ) to the heat delivered to the engine (“heating load”)

Given:
T H =600 K
1

T H =300 K
2

T C =300 K
1
 T C =250 K
2

Solution:
T C T H −T C
r = T T −T
H H
2

1 C
( 1

2
1

2
)
250 600−300
(
r = 600 300−250 )
r = 2.5

Problem 4

A refrigeration system cools a brine from 25℃ to -15℃ at the rate 20 kg/s. Heat is
discarded to the atmosphere at a temperature of 30℃ . What is the power
requirement if the thermodynamic efficiency of the system is 0.27? The specific
heat of the brine is 3.5 kJ kg-1℃ -1.

Given:
kJ kg
T1= 25℃ T2= -15℃ Tσ = 30℃ CP= 3.5 kg . K ṁ= 20 s η= 0.27

Solution:
kJ
∆H = CP∆T = (3.5)(-40) = -140 kg

T2 258.15 kJ
∆S = CPln T 1 =( 3.5 ) ln 298.15 =−0.5042 kg . K

Ẇideal = ṁ(∆H- Tσ ∆S)

kg kJ kJ
[
= 20 s −140 kg −( 303.15)(−0.5042 kg . K ) ]
= 256.9646 kW
Ẇ ideal 256.9646 kW
Ẇ= = =951. 7207 kW
η 0.27

Problem 5
 A Hilsch vortex tube operates with no moving mechanical parts, and splits a gas
stream into two streams: one warmer and the other cooler than the entering stream.
One such tube is reported to operate with air entering at 5 bar and 20 ℃ , and air
streams leaving at 27℃ and -22℃ , both at 1 atm. The mass flowrate of warm air
leaving is 6 times that of the cool air. Are these results possible? Assume air to be
an ideal gas at the conditions given.

Given:

T1= 293.15 K T2= 300.15 K T3= 251.15 K

P1= 5 bar P2= 1.01325 bar

Solution:
T
Cpig dT P2
SG=R∫ −Rln
¿ R T P1
T

∫ Cpig
R T
dT
[ D
= Alnτ + BTo+ CT o2 + 2 2
τ To ( )( τ+2 1 )] ( τ−1)
¿

6
{ [ 2
SG= 7 R Alnτ + BTo + CT o + 2
D
( 2 ( τ +1
τ T o ) 2 )]
( τ−1 )
}
1
{ [ 2
+ 7 R Alnτ + BTo+ CT o + 2
D
( (
2
τ +1
τ To ) 2 ] ) } P1
( τ−1 ) −Rln
P2

6
= 7 (8.3144)

{ [
3.355 ln1.0239+ 0.575 x 10−3 (293.15)+ ( −0.016 x 105
2
1.0239 293.15
2 )( 2.0239
2 )]
( 0.0239 )
}
+1
7 { [
−3
(8.3144 ) 3.355 ln 1.0239+ 0.575 x 10 ( 293.15 ) +
−0.016 x 105
2
1.0239 293.15 (
2 )( 2.0239
2 )] }
( 0.0239 ) −(8.3144)ln
1.013
5

kJ
= 0.0140 mol . K Since SG>0, it is possible.
Problem 6.

A flue gas is cooled from 1,100 to 150℃ , and the heat is used to generate saturated
steam at 100℃ in a boiler. The flue gas has a heat capacity given by:
Cp T
=3.83+ 0.00051
R K

Water enters the boiler at 100℃ ,and is vaporized at this temperature; its latent heat
of vaporization is 2, 256.9 kJ/kg.

Given:

T1= 1100+273.15=1373.15 K T2= 150+273.15=423.15 K

T
(
CP(T)= 3.83+ 0.000551 K R ) Tσ = 25+273.15=298.15 K

kJ
Tsteam= 100+273.15=373.15 K ∆Hv= 2256.9 kg M=29g/mol

a. With reference to a surroundings temperature of 25 ℃ , what is the lost work

of this process in kJ/mol of flue gas?
Solution:
T2

ṅgas∫ Cp ( T ) dT + ṁsteam . ∆ Hv=0

T1
T2 423.15

ṁṅ =
−∫ Cp ( T ) dT
T1
=
− ∫
1373.15
(3.83+ 0.000551 TK ) dT =15.135 g
∆ Hv 2256.9 mol

ṠG = ṠG steam + ṠG gas

Ṡ G ṁsteam
= . ∆ S steam+ S gas
ṅ gas ṅ gas

∆ Hv 2256.9 J
∆ S steam= = =6.048 x 103
T steam 373.15 kg . K
T
T2
∆ S gas=∫
Cp(T )
423.15 3.83+0.000551
dT = ∫
( K
dT =−41.835
J )
T1 T 1373.15 T mol . K
 ṠG = ṁṅ∆ S steam+∆ S gas
= 15.135(6.048 x 103 )−41.835
J
= 49.708 mol . K

kJ
Wlost = ṠG Tσ = (49.708)(298.15)= 14.8 mol

b. With reference to a surroundings temperature of 25℃ , what is the maximum

work in kJ/mol of flue gas that can be accomplished by the saturated steam at
100℃ if it condenses only, and does not subcool?
Solution:
∆Hsteam=-∆Hv

−∆ Hv −2256.9 3 J
∆Ssteam= T steam = 373.15 =−6.048 x 10 kg . K

Wideal= ∆Hsteam- Tσ ∆Ssteam

=−¿2256.9−¿298.15(−6.048 x 103)
kJ
= −¿453.618 kg

T2 423.15

mn = ∫ Cp (T ) dT
T1
∫
= 1373.15
(3.83+0.000551 KT ) dT =15.135 g
−∆ Hv −2256.9 mol

kJ
Wideal. mn = −6.866 mol

c. How does the answer to Part b compare with the maximum work
theoretically obtainable from the flue gas itself as it is cooled from 1,100 to 150
℃?
Solution:
T2

∆Hgas =∫ Cp ( T ) dT
T1

Wideal = ∆Hgas- Tσ ∆Sgas

 423.15

= ∫
1373.15
(3.83+0.000551 KT ) dT−298.15 (−41.835 )
kJ
= −21.686 mol