Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Chapter 4
Carbon and its Compounds

Page Number: 61
Question 1
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO 2?

Chapter 1 Class 10 Science

Question 2
What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur.
Answer:

Page Number: 68 – 69

Question 1
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer:
Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 2
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds
we see around us?
Answer:
(i) Tetravalency
(ii) Catenation.

Question 3
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10.
The electron dot structure of cyclopentane is given on the next page.

Question 4
Draw the structures for the following compounds :
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
Answer:
(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)

(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)

Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers for bromopentane
depending on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.

Positions 4 and 5 are same as 1, 2.

Question 5
How would you name the following compounds?

Answer:

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1 – Hexyne

Page Number: 71
Question 1
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:
Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because addition of oxygen
to a substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is added to ethanol by oxidising agent like
alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into
acid.

Question 2
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne
and air is not used?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces
a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.

Page Number: 74
Question 1
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?
Answer:
Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid

Test Alcohol Carboxylic acid

(i) Litmus test No change in colour. Blue litmus solution turns red.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa

(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate C2H5OH + NaHCO3 → No reaction
H2O + CO2 Brisk effervescence due to
test No brisk effervescence.
evolution of CO2.

(iii) Alkaline potassium

On heating, pink colour disappears. Does not happen so.
permanganate

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 2
What are oxidising agents?
Answer:
Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to other substances or which remove
hydrogen from a substance.
For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises) ethanol into
ethanoic acid.

Page Number: 76

Question 1
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Answer:
No, because detergents can lather well even in hard water. They do not form insoluble
calcium or magnesium salts (scum). On reacting with the calcium ions and magnesium ions
present in the hard water.

Question 2
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’
the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in
a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer:
It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles which entrap oily or
greasy particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to be removed from its surface. When the
cloth wetted in soap solution is agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt
get removed from the surface of dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets cleaned.

Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) 7 covalent bonds.

Question 2
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(a) carboxylic acid

(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) Ketone.

Question 3
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer:
(b) The fuel is not burning completely.

Question 4
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer:
Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms complete their
outermost shell.
In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C – 2,4, H – 1 and
Cl – 2, 8, 7

Three hydrogen atoms complete their shells by sharing three electrons (one electron each) of
carbon atom.
Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons with one electron
of carbon atom.
Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one of chlorine
atom and completes its outermost shell and single covalent bonds are formed in CH3Cl.

Question 5
Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) propanone
(c) H2S

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(d) F2.
Answer:

Question 6
What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Homologous series: A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ
by -CH2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series :
(i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. For
example, the general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is C nH2n+2, in which ‘n’
denotes number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in one molecule of alkane.
(ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their
molecular formulae.
(iii) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14u.
(iv) All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
(v) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their physical properties
with increase in molecular mass.
For example, general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is C nH2n+2, in which ‘n’
denotes number of carbon atoms in one molecule of alkane. Following are the first five
members of the homologous series of alkanes (general formula C nH2n+2).

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Value of n Molecular formula Name of compound

1 Carbon and its Compounds

CH4 NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE
Methane

2 C2H6 Ethane

3 C3H8 Propane

4 C4H10 Butane

5 C5H12 Pentane

Question 7
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?
Answer:
Difference on the basis of physical properties

Property Ethanol Ethanoic acid

(i) State Liquid Liquid

(ii) Odour Sweet smell Pungent vinegar-like smell

(iii) Melting point 156 K 290 K

(iv) Boiling point 351 K 391 K

Difference on the basis of chemical properties

Test Ethanol Ethanoic acid

No change in the colour of litmus

(i) Litmus test Blue litmus solution turns red.
solution.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa

(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate C2H5OH + NaHCO3 → No
+ CO2 Brisk effervescence due to evolu
test reaction No brisk effervescence.
CO2.

(iii) Alkaline potassium On heating, pink colour

Does not happen so.
permanganate disappears.

Question 8
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will a micell be
formed in other solvents such as ethanol also ?

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Answer:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of
soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insoluble in water, but the ionic
ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium
salt of fatty acids do not dissolve.

Question 9
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Answer:
Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used
as fuels for most applications.

Question 10
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium on reacting
with soap form insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation lessens the cleansing
property of soaps in hard water.

Question 11
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer:
Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains blue in soap
solution.

Question 12
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Answer:
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydro-carbon is
called hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel (Ni)
or palladium (Pd) metals as catalyst.

Application: The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial application. It is used

to prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from vegetable oils.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 13
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions:
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer:
Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So, addition reaction take
place only in C3H6 and C2H2.

Question 14
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer:
Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated carbon compound.
An unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a saturated compound cannot
decolourise it. So, we can distinguish chemically between a cooking oil and butter by the
bromine water. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-
tubes.
 Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated compound.
 Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated compound.

Question 15
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
OR
Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Answer:
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon end of the
soap molecules in micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty
cloth. In this way the soap micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its
hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain
attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the oily and greasy
particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in water due to
which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned
thoroughly by rinsing in clean water a number of times.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 1
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Solution:

Question 2
What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur, which is made up of eight
atoms of sulphur? (Hint – The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a
ring.)
Solution:

Question 3
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Solution:
We can draw 3 structural isomers for pentane.

Question 4
What are the two properties of carbon that lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we
see around us?
Solution:
Due to its large valency, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with a number of carbon
atoms as well as with a large number of other atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, chlorine and many more atoms. This leads to the formation of a large number of
organic compounds.

Question 5
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of Cyclopentane?

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Solution:

Question 6
Draw the structures for the following compounds.
i. Ethanoic acid
ii. Bromopentane
iii. Butanone
iv. Hexanal
Solution:

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 7
How would you name the following compounds?
Solution:
i. Ethyl bromide
ii. Formaldehyde
iii. Hexyne

Question 8
Why is the conversion of ethanol to Ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Solution:
The conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is called an oxidation reaction because oxygen is
added to it during this conversion.

Question 9
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne
and air is not used?
Solution:
When a mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt, it burns completely producing a blue flame.
This blue flame is extremely hot which produced a very high temperature which is used for
welding metals. But the mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding purposes because
burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame, which is not enough to melt metals for
welding.

Question 10
What are oxidizing agents?
Solution:
Oxidizing agents are the substances that gain electrons in an redox reaction and whose
oxidation number is reduced.

Question 11
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation of CH3Cl.
Solution:
CH3Cl(methyl chloride) is made up of one carbon atom, three hydrogen atoms and one
chlorine atom. Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom has one valence
electron, and a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. Carbon atom shares its four valence
electrons with three hydrogen atoms and 1 chlorine atom to form methyl chloride as follows:

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

From the above reaction, in the dot structure of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) there are four pairs
of shared electrons between carbon and other atoms. Each pair of shared electrons constitutes
one single covalent bond. So, methyl chloride has four single covalent bonds.

Question 12
Draw the electron dot structures for-
Solution:

Question 13
What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
Solution:
Homologous series is a series of compounds with a similar general formula, possessing
similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, and shows a
gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. For
example, methane has a lower boiling point than ethane since it has more intermolecular
forces with neighbouring molecules. This is because of the increase in the number of atoms
making up the molecule.

Question 14
How can ethanol and Ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties?
Solution:
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of vinegar.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii) Ethanol has no action on litmus paper whereas ethanoic acid turns blue litmus paper red.
(iv) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate but Ethanoic acid gives brisk
effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Question 15
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be
formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Solution:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water. This is because when soap is
added to water in which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolves
in two different mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic
head dissolves in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the
clothes in the water by the soap molecule. In this way the soap does its cleaning work on
dirty and grimy clothes or hands.
The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the
positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle.

Question 16
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications?
Solution:
Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels for most of the applications because they burn in
air releasing a lot of heat energy.

Question 17
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Solution:
The precipitate form of scum is formed when soap is used for washing clothes. With hard
water, a large amount of soap is wasted in reacting with the calcium and magnesium ions of
hard water to form an insoluble precipitate. The precipitate form formed by the action of hard
water on soap, sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of
the additional soap. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.

Question 18
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Solution:
Soap is the salt of a strong base (NaOH) and a weak acid (carboxylic acid), so a solution of
soap in water is basic in nature. Being basic, a soap solution turns red litmus paper blue.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 19
What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?
Solution:
It is a class of chemical reactions in which the net result is addition of hydrogen (H2) to
unsaturated organic compounds such as alkenes, alkynes, etc. Hydrogenation is widely
applied to the processing of vegetable oils and fats. Complete hydrogenation converts
unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones.

Question 20
C2H5, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Solution:
Alkenes and alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) undergo addition reactions. From the above
hydrocarbons C2H2 is an alkyne, whereas C3H6 is an alkene. So, C3H6 and C2H2 will undergo
addition reactions.

Question 21
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Solution:
Bromine water test can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test tubes. <font
a. Decolourising of bromine water by cooking oil (unsaturated compound)
b. Butter (saturated compound) does not decolourise bromine water

Question 22
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
Solution:
We all know that soap is used to remove dirt and and grime from substances. Generally dirt
and grime get stuck because they have an oily component, which is difficult to remove, by
plain brushing or washing by water. A soap molecule has two parts, a head and a tail i.e. the
long chain organic part and the functional group –COO– Na+.
A soap molecule has a tadpole like structure shown below.
The organic part is water insoluble but is soluble in organic solvents or in oil or grease. The
ionic part is soluble in water, as water is a polar solvent. When soap is added to water in
which dirty clothes are soaked, the two parts of the soap molecule dissolve in two different
mediums. The organic tail dissolves in the dirt, grime or grease and the ionic head dissolves
in water. When the clothes are rinsed or agitated, the dirt gets pulled out of the clothes, by the
soap molecule. In this way soap does its cleaning work on dirty and grimy clothes or hands.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

The soap molecules actually form a closed structure because of mutual repulsion of the
positively charged heads. This structure is called a micelle. The micelle pulls out the dirt and
grime more efficiently.

Question 23
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?
Solution:
We would not be able to check whether a sample of water is hard by using a detergent, this is
because a detergent forms lather easily even with hard water.

Question 24
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’
the clothes on a stone, or beat ii with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in
a washing machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Solution:
It is necessary to shake to get clean clothes because the soap micelles, which entrap oily or
greasy particles on the surface of dirty clothes, have to be removed from their surface. When
the clothes which are wet by soap solution are beaten, the micelles containing oil or greasy
dirt particles get removed from the surface of dirty clothes and go into water and the dirty
cloth gets cleaned.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Buckminster fullerene is an allotropic form of [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) phosphorus
(b) sulphur
(c) carbon
(d) tin
Answer:
(c) Buckminster fullerene is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon atoms

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

joined together to form spherical molecules. Its formula isC 60 (C-sixty). It is a dark solid at
room temperature and as compared to another allotropic form of carbon (diamond and
graphite), it is neither very hard nor soft.

Question 2.
The hetero atoms present in
CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH2Cl are [NCERT Exemplar]
(i) oxygen
(ii) carbon
(iii) hydrogen
(iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) Atoms other than C and H, if present in organic compound, are called heteroatoms.

Question 3.
In which of the following compounds -OH is the functional group?
(a) Butanone
(b) Butanol
(c) Butanoic
(d) Butanal
Answer:
(b) Butanol, CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH
The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1— OH.
For butanol, n = 4. So, formula is
C4H9—OH or CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH

Question 4.
The soap molecule has a
(a) hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
(b) hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail
(c) hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail
(d) hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail
Answer:
(a) A soap molecule is made up of two parts- a long hydrocarbon part and a short ionic part
—COONa+ group. The long hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic (water repelling) and ionic

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

portion is hydrophilic (water attracting).

Question 5.
Structural formula of benzene is

Answer:
(c) Benzene molecule contains alternate single and double bonds. Its formula is C6H6. In
structure (b) formula is C6H12. In structure (a) double bond is not at alternate position. In (d)
formula is C6H8.

Question 6.
Which of the following is not a straight chain hydrocarbon?

Answer:

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

chain hydrocarbon not straight chain hydrocarbon. Rest three are straight chain hydrocarbons.

Question 7.
Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

(a) (i) and (iii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(c) Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bond in the structure. Both (ii) and (iv)
structures have triple and double carbon-carbon bonds respectively.

Question 8.
Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid
Answer:
(b) Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbon at room temperature in the presence of
sunlight.

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

Question 9.

In the above given reaction, alk. KMnO4 acts as

(a) reducing agent
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst agent
(d) dehydrating
Answer:
(b) KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent, because it removes hydrogen from CH3CH2OH and adds
one oxygen to it.

Question 10.
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) In butanone, the functional group is

Question 11.
Identify the unsaturated compounds from the following [NCERT Exemplar]
(i) Propane
(ii) Propene
(iii) Propyne
(iv) Chloropropane
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii) and (iii)
Answer:
(d) Propene, CH3CH=CH2 (ii) and propyne, CH3— C = CH (iii) both have double and triple
bonds, respectively, hence are unsaturated compounds.

Question 12.
Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4
(b) C2H6

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(c) C3H8
(d) C4H8
Answer:
(d) Because successive members of a homologous series differ by —CH2 unit.

Thus, C4H10 is the next member of this series. So, homologous series of alkanes is:
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10).
So, C4H8 does not belong to the homologous series.

Question 13.
Ethane with molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) Structure formula of ethane (C2H6) is

It is clear that it has 7 covalent bonds.

Question 14.

Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?

(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(d) (iii) and (iv)

Answer:
(a) Structure (i) is n-butane and structure (iii) is iso-butane. Since, molecular formula is same,
only structures are different. So, (i) and (iii) are isomers while structures (ii) and (iv) have
molecular formulaC4H8.

Question 15.
In the soap micelles (a) the ionic end of soap is on the surface of the cluster while the carbon
chain is in the interior of the cluster
(b) ionic end of soap is in the interior of the cluster and the carbon chain is out of the cluster
(c) Both ionic end and carbon chain are in the interior of the cluster
(d) Both ionic end and carbon chain are on the exterior of the cluster
Answer:
(a) A ‘spherical aggregate of soap molecules’ in the soap solution in water is called a
‘micelle’. In a soap micelle, the soap molecules are arranged readily with hydrocarbon ends
directed towards the centre and ionic ends directed outwards.

Question 16.
Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50% – 60% acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5% – 8% acetic acid in alcohol
(c) 5% – 8% acetic acid in water
(d) 50% – 60% acetic acid in water
Answer:
(c) A 5%-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar.

Question 17.
Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This
is an example of
(a) addition reaction
(b) substitution reaction
(c) displacement reaction
(d) oxidation reaction
Answer:
(a) Oils are unsaturated compounds containing double bonds. Addition reactions are

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

characteristic property of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The given reaction is an example of

addition reaction.

Question 18.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent
atoms, e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic
configuration of
(a) helium
(b) neon
(c) argon
(d) krypton
Answer:
(b) Electronic configuration of carbon (C) = 2, 4 when it forms four covalent bonds by
sharing its four valence electrons with hydrogen, it forms CH4 molecule like this

Now, electronic configuration of C in CH

4 = 2, 8.
Atomic number of Ne is 10. Its electronic K L configuration is 2,8. Therefore, after the
formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of neon.

Question 19.
Mineral acids are stronger acids than carboxylic acids because
(i) mineral acids are completely ionised.
(ii) carboxylic acids are completely ionised.
(iii) mineral acids are partially ionised.
(iv) carboxylic acids are partially ionised.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Answer:
(a) Mineral acids are strong acids which ionise almost completely and carboxylic acids are
weak acids which ionise only partially.

Question 20.
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) food is not cooked completely
(b) the fuel is not burning completely

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Carbon and its Compounds NCERT SOLUTIONS CLASS 10 SCIENCE

(c) fuel is wet

(d) fuel is burning completely
Answer:
(b) The unburnt particles of the fuel present in smoke blacken the vessel from outside.

Question 21.
The reaction in which a reagent (partially or completely) replaces atom or group of atoms
from saturated compounds or A are called B reaction.
Here, A and B respectively refers to
(a) unsaturated compounds, addition
(b) unsaturated compounds, substitution
(c) benzene, substitution
(d) alkene, addition
Answer:
(c) Substitution reaction is usually given by saturated compounds and benzene. Unsaturated
compounds usually give addition reactions.

Question 22.
The table gives information about some esters and the fragrance they produce.

Ester Fragrance

Ethyl methanoate Rum

Methyl butanoate Apple

Ethyl butanoate Pineapple

Propyl ethanoate Pear

Which structure do the ester compounds in the table have in common?

Answer:
(d) All esters have the common structure of carboxylic group represented by the suffix date.

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