CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

CRESCENT HIGH SCHOOL MOSQUE ROAD, BASAVANAGUDI, BENGALURU-560004

Carbon AND its compounds

Question 1
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the formula CO2?
Answer:

Question 2
What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur.
Answer:

TEXT BOOK PART-2 PAGE NO.12

Question 1
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane ?
Answer:
Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.

Question 2.
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of carbon compounds we see
around us?

Answer: Catenation: It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.

Tetravalency: With the valency of four, carbon is capable of bonding with four other atoms.

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

Question 3
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .
The electron dot structure of cyclopentane is given on the next page.

Question 4
Draw the structures for the following compounds :
(i) Ethanoic acid
*
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
Answer:
(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)

(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)

*
Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers for bromopentane
depending on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.

Positions 4 and 5 are same as 1, 2.

Question 5
How would you name the following compounds?

Answer:
(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1 – Hexyne
TEXT BOOK PART-2 PAGE NO.15

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

Question 1
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction?
Answer:
Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because oxygen is added to ethanol by
oxidising agent like alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted
into acid.

Question 2
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a mixture of ethyne and air is
not used ?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of ethyne in air produces a sooty flame
due to incomplete combustion, which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
TEXT BOOK PART-2 PAGE NO.18
Question 1
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid ?
Answer:
Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid

Test Alcohol Carboxylic acid

(i) Litmus test No change in colour. Blue litmus solution turns red.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
C2H5OH + NaHCO3 → No
(ii) Sodium hydrogen CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Brisk
reaction No brisk
carbonate test effervescence due to evolution of
effervescence.
CO2.

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

(iii) Alkaline potassium On heating, pink colour

Does not happen so.
permanganate disappears.

Question 2

What are oxidising agents ?

Answer:
Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another substances or which remove hydrogen
from a substance.
For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises) ethanol into ethanoic acid.
TEXT BOOK PART 2-PAGE N0.20
Question 1
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?
Answer:

 No. Because Detergent gives lather both with hard and soft water.
 But a soap gives lather with soft water only.
 Thus, it is not possible to check if the water is hard by using a detergent

Question 2
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes
on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing
machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?

Answer:

 A soap molecule has two parts namely hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

 With the help of these particles, it attaches to the grease or dirt particle and forms a cluster
called micelle.
 These micelles remain suspended as a colloid.
 To remove these micelles, it is necessary to agitate clothes.
Exercises
Question 1
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) 7 covalent bonds.
Question 2
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) Ketone.
Question 3
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer:
(b) The fuel is not burning completely.
Question 4
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3Cl.
Answer:
Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining atoms complete their
outermost shell.
In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C – 2,4, H – 1 and Cl
– 2, 8, 7

Three hydrogen atoms complete their shells by sharing three electrons (one electron each) of carbon
atom.
Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons with one electron of
carbon atom.
Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms and one of chlorine atom
and completes its outermost shell and single covalent bonds are formed in CH3Cl.
Question 5
What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer:
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds differ by -
CH2 group. Example : (1) all alkanes- CnH2n+2 (2) all alkenes- CnH2n (3) all
alkynes-- CnH2n-2
Characteristics of homologous series :
(i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula. For
example, the general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2,
(ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms in their
molecular formulae.
(iii) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent homologues is 14u.
(iv) All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
(v) They show change in their physical properties with increase in molecular mass.
Question 6
Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) propanone
(c) H2S

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

(d) F2.
Answer:

Question 7
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties ?
Answer:
Difference on the basis of physical properties

Property Ethanol Ethanoic acid

(i) State Liquid Liquid

(ii) Odour Sweet smell Pungent vinegar-like smell

(iii) Melting point 156 K 290 K

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

(iv) Boiling point 351 K 391 K

Difference on the basis of chemical properties

Test Ethanol Ethanoic acid

No change in the colour

(i) Litmus test Blue litmus solution turns red.
of litmus solution.

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
C2H5OH + NaHCO3 →
(ii) Sodium hydrogen CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 Brisk
No reaction No brisk
carbonate test effervescence due to evolution of
effervescence.
CO2.

(iii) Alkaline potassium On heating, pink colour

Does not happen so.
permanganate disappears.

Question 8
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micell be formed in other
solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the hydrocarbon chains of soap
molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling) which are insoluble in water.

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

But the ionic ends of soap molecules are hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in which sodium salt of fatty acids
do not dissolve.
Question 9
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?
Answer:
Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight and are therefore, used as fuels for
most applications.
Question 10
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium on reacting with soap form
insoluble precipitate called scum. The scum formation lessens the cleansing property of soaps in hard water.
Question 11
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and blue)?
Answer:
Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus remains blue in soap solution.
Question 12
What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
Answer:
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated hydro-carbon is called
hydrogenation. The process of hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel (Ni) or palladium (Pd)
metals as catalyst.

Application : The process of hydrogenation is used to prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from
vegetable oils.
Question 13
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions :
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer:
Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So addition reaction take place only in
C3H6 and C2H2.

Question 14
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
Answer:
Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated carbon compound. An
unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water, while a saturated compound cannot decolourise
it. Add bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-tubes.

 Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an unsaturated compound.

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CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS CLASS-10

 Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a saturated compound.

Question 15
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
OR
Explain the cleansing action of soaps.
Answer:
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the hydrocarbon end of the soap molecules
in micelle attach to the oil or grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap
micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends. The ionic ends of the soap
molecules in the micelles, however, remain attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap
solution, the oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed in
water due to which the soap water becomes dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned thoroughly
by rinsing in clean water a number of times.

16.Why should we consume vegetable oil and not animal fats?

(or) Why should we choose oils containing unsaturated fatty acids for cooking?

 Vegetable oils have unsaturated carbon chains that are healthy.

 They are healthy for our body.
 Animal fats contain saturated fatty acids .
 They are harmful for health.

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