AD602379

A REVIEW OF DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY IN METALS

19 MAR 1964

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pait

SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... I
INTRODUCTION ..... ................. ... 1
RECOVERABLE DIMENSIONAL CHANGES ................ 2

PLASTIC DEFORMATION (MICROSTRAIN) 3

DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY ............. ............... 3

Mechanisms Leading to Dimensional Instability in Metals . 3 !.

MetallurgicalMechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Residual-Stress Mechanisms . . . . ... 4
Evaluation of Dimensional Instability. ..... ........... . 4

RESEARCH ON DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY AND

ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. 5
PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING TO REDUCE DIMENSIONAL
INSTABILITY . . . . . . . . . .................. 5

LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . ............. 7

APPENDIX

COMPILATIONS OF DATA. . . . . ...... ..... ... .. AI

: ~Ii

"4"
-'- .- __
 A REVIEW OF DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY IN METALS

F. C. Holden*
SUMMARY In the past, the distortion or dimensional
Interest in maintaining very close dimen- instability of metals was studied mainly for the
sional control in precision parts has led to in. purpeose of eliminating or reducing relativelylarge
creased research activity in areas usually asso- changes in dimensions in such parts as astings
ciated with the subject of dimensional stability, and die blocks. Most of these applications involved
Included are the related phenomena of elastic- ferrous alloys, and a considerable volume of
limit determinations, microcreep, microstrain, research was conducted to study the mechanisms
the mechanisms which cause them, and- the leading to distortion. and methods for its reduction.
practical methods that can be employed to improve A summary of the information available on this
dimensional control, subject was presented in a recent DMIC report,
"Control of Dimensions in High-Strength Heat-
This memorandum discusses some of the Treated Steel Parts". DMIC Report No. 163.
problems that arise as a result of dimensional
instability, and presents information that has Additional irnformation of a somewhat differ-
been made available to the Defense Metals Infor- ent character is needed to meet material require-
mation Center. General recommendations are ments for recent developments in precision
made for the processing of parts for use i devices, such as bearings, gyros, accelerometers.
applications where a high degree of dimensional and missile-guidance systems. In these applica-
stability is required. tions, very high degrees of precision and dimen-
sional stability may be needed over long periods
INTRODUCTION of time. The metals involved range fron the more
conventional alloy steels and aluminum alloys to
The dimensional stability of a material the newer metals - titanium, beryllium, and the
refers to its ability to maintain its original size refractory metals. Interest also has been shown
and shape over a period of time under specified in composite structures (sandwich, laminates, etc.)
environmental conditions. Although the term is and innonmetallics - glass, ceramics, and plastics.
self-explanatory, it becomes necessary not only to In general, material selection is limited by factors
specify the conditions to which the material in other than dimensional stability: examples are
exposed, but also the accuracy to which dimensional strength/density, resistance to corrosion, elastic
changes are measured. Because true dimensional modulus, and magnetic behavior. The necessity for
stability can be defined as an absolute concept, it achieving specified physical or mechanical prop-
may be more realistic to consider the degree of erties in addition to stability of dimensions fre-
instability that can be measured with suitable quently leads to difficulties, since the processing
accuracy. requirements often are incompatible.

Improved techniques of metrology developed Another problem area is involved with the
during the past decade or two have increased the conditions of service under which dimensional
potential accuracyofsuchmeasurementsbyoneor stabili' is to be maintained. The influence of
two orders of magnitude. Similarly, the require- temperature and stress, both steady and cyclic,
ments of industry and Government. as exemplified combined with the presence of various types of
by the needs of missile and space systems, have fields are the most important variables. A part
become increasingly stringent. Manufacturing of the dimensional change is (in most materials)
methods have been improved to the point where unavoidable but predictable: thermal expansion
tolerances specified in microinches (millionths of and contraction from temperature changes, and
an inch) are becoming commonplace; in many elastic strain from stress application, for example.
instances, it is important not only to manufacture These effects usually can be compensated for by
a component with such precision, but also to enSure suitable design, and can be minimized by careful
that its dimensions do not change during service, selection of material. For example, the thermal
It may be expected that the standards for producing expansion can be reduced to essentially zero over
and maintaining very high degrees of precision in a restricted temperature range by selecting a suit-
Manufactured parts willcontinue to increase during abla alloy of the Invar type. Elastic strains can
the next decade, and that these will be extended be minimized by using a material with a high
into broader segments of industry not yet fully elastic modulus, and by designing for low stress
affected by the increased requirements for pre- levels. The thermal-expansionandelastic-strain
cision. effects are ',bentially reversible, and are not
*Chief, Mechanical Metallurgy Division, Battelle ordinarily considered as a form of dimensional
Memorial Institute. instability.
 2

Many of the available data have been-wbtained or metallurgical instability (such as

on specimens that are not subjected to external precipitation or phase changt s); that is.
loads other than their own weight. This probably changes that occur in the absence of
is because much of the initial research in this field external forces.
ws~s done to develop improved methods for making
w~s oneto dvelp
iprovd mthod fo ugIn the discussions that follow, these three
reference standards, such as gage blocks, rather c n of dimensiona cha tgeollowitheseethree
than components subject to external loads. Onthe causes of dimensional change are discussed, and
other hand, most parts in precision equipment available information on how they can be con-
are subjected to stress during service, even though trolled is presented. Emphasis is placed upon
the stress levels usually are relatively low. It the causes and effects of dimensional instability.
has been observed that deformation, both time
independent and time dependent, can occur at the RECOVERABLE DIMENSIONAL
microinch-per-inch level at stresses well below CHANGES
the conventional yield stress or proportional
limit. As an example, the conventional yield
strength (0.2 per cent offset) for wrought 6061 Certain recoverable dimensional changes
aluminum alloy was reported to be 40,000 psi. result from external changes in stress.tempera-
whereas the precision elastic limit was about lure, and magnetic fields. Bothlinear and volume
12,000 psi. changes are involved; however, here we will be
Studies on the mechanipms of microstrain concerned primarily with linear changes. The
have been carried out rather intensively in recent elastic modulus (E) relates the magnitude of an
years. Although terminologies vary, the terms applied stress to the corresponding elastic strain;
"precision elastic limit" and "microcreep limit" the coefficient of linear expansion (a) relates the
have been used to designate the stresses at which change of temperature to the resulting thermal
time-independent and time-dependent plastic flow strain; and the Joule magnetontriction coefficient
occur. The precision elastic limit is defined as 0,) relates the magnitude of an applied magnetic
the lowest stress at which a specified residual field to the corresponding linear dimensional
strain (usuallyof I microinch per inch) is detected. change. Within restricted ranges of these primary.
It is ordinarily determined by loading to succes- variables, the dimensional changes are essentially
sively increasing stresses in tension until a reversible, andtheirmagnitudes canbe cle-ulatea.
1 It remains a design problem to ensure ,Luac these
residual strain is detected.( ) The microcreep
2 changes in dimensions are Pnitably ac!.:unted for
limit, as defined by Hughel( ). is the lowest stress
sufficient to cause a progressive increase in in each specific applicatio..
residual strain on three successive loadings.
Although these parameters (E. a, X) are
As a result of the foregoing. it appears that sometimes expressed as cons•nts over restricted
in a stressed part, the importance of microstrain, ranges of stress, temperaturt, and field strength,
as distinguished from true dimensional instability, it is well known that these are really average
must be recognised. For convenience.-therefore. values. Further,. there is usually a difference in
the total dimensional change is considered to be the strain path which is determined by whether
composed of three parts: the applied force, temperature, or field is increas-
ing or decreasing. This path dependence is
(1) Recoverable dimensional changes; time reflected by a hysteresis loop, indicating an absorp-
independent (these generallyareuuider- tion of energy. This energy can be related to the
stood and predictable. and include elastic mechanisms involved in the strain by suitable
strain, thermal expansion, and magneto - theoretical treatment.
strictive strain) and time dependent
(these include stress-induced andmag- As pointed out previously, these reversible
netically induced ordering), effects can be predicted and, to a degree, mini-
mised individually, provided that other consider&-
(Z) Plastic deformation (microstrain); this tions do not preclude a free choice of material
term includes the irrecoverable plastic and condition. The three effects described here
strains, time dependent and time Wnds- frequently aoe,L to a degree, related. For example,
pendent, that result from an applied alloys of the iron-nickel type designed for low
stress. coefficient of expansion depend upon magneto-
strictive effects to accomplish this, as do similar
(3) Dimensional instability; this term is alloys with a controlled variation of elastic modulus
reservedhere for changes in dimensions with temperature. Invar and Ni-Span-C are t%
reasulting from internal stress systems. examples of such alloys.
 3

For most purposes, the conventional hand- increase in residual strain on three successive
book values for the parameters E. a, andX are loadings to the same stress level.(?) For beryl-
sufficiently accurate to provide design informa- lium, it was found that the microcreep limit was
tion. Where greater accuracy x3 needed for a significantly higher than the precision elastic
specific application, it probably will be necessary limit. In other work. microcreep in Invar and
to conlduct experiments on the particular mate- 356-T6 aluminum at room and slightly elevated
rial and condition to be used, since variations temperatures has beenobserved at stresses near
4
in composition and structure are likely to be (and in scme instances below) the el&stic limit.( )
significant. A few data on selecter4 materials are
included in the Appendix for the values of elastic DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY
modulus and expansion coefficient.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION The term "dimensional instability", as it is

(MICROSTRAIN) used here, refers to changes in dimensions that
occur over a period of time in a specimen without
external loading. Data have been reported for a
As it isemployed here, the term microstrain number of metals and alloys exposed both at
is defined as the irrecoverable plastic strain cntn eprtr n otmeaueccig
een
as been
frm stress. It has
aan apliedstrss.It constant temperature and to temperature cycling.
resulting fromresutin applied
point-d out for many years that the values of the
elastic limit and the proportional limit of a metal. Mechanisms Leading to Dimensional
as conventionally defined, depend upon the preci- Instability in Metals
sion of the strain measurement. Advances in
measurement techniques now have progressed to
the point where residual strains can be measured The two primary mechanisms that cause
to a resolution of about 1 x 10-6 with resistance dimensional instability in metals are reasonably
gages, and as great as I x 10-7 or I x 10-8 by well known. These are (1) metallurgical in-
suitable capacitance gages. The elastic limit (or stability and (2) relaxation of residual stresses.
precision elastic limit) usually is defined as the There are, in addition, more subtle metallurgical
lowest stress for which a measurable residual reactions that are not so well understood. These
strain is obtained; this is sometimes arbitrarily may include the effects of ordering of interstitial
set at I microinch per inch.* In some recent and substitutional atoms, the effects of grain-
studlez( 3 ), the term anelastic limit (OA) has been boundary migration, and movements of magnetic
used to denote the same quantity; that is,the low- domain walls. The effects of radiation on dimen-
est stress at which the hysteresis loop on the sional changes and on properties of materials,
stress-strain curve is not closed. Again. these particularly fuel element materials, have been
values reflect the resolution of strain measure- studied exte..sively; however, these are considered
ment. to be beyond thv scope of this report. Some of
the characteristics of the mechanisms leading to
The precision elastic limit is a useful dimensional changes are discussed in the follow-
quan ity to the designer because it represents a ing sections.
limit.ng value for the design stress. It is neces-
sary, however, to specify the corresponding
residual strain. This ordinarily will be the Metallurgical Mechanisms
smallest strain that can be detectedbythe strain-
measuring system, or an arbitrary value such as (1) Metals or alloys that do not undergo a phase
I microinch per inch. change form one of the simplest classes of
materials. The only apparent microstruc-
The residual microstrains corresponding to tural changes are in grain size, shape, and
the (precision) elastic limit or the anelastic limit orientation. One metallurgical change which
are considered to be essentiallytime independent, can cause small dimensional changes is
Studies of time-dependent deformation at micro- ordering. Individual solute atoms oftenwifl
strain levels also have been conducted. The term tend to occupy specific positions in the sol-
"microcreep limit" has been defined byHughel as vent lattice relative to like or unlike atoms•
the stress just sufficient to cause progressive Because these reactions are controlled bythQ
diffusivity of the solute in question, the re-
*Elastic limit alsohas been defined(3) as the lowest action rates are distinguished by a relatively
stress at which a hysteresis loop is observed on strong temperature dependence. SmaU di-
the stress-strain curve after unloading. mensional changes will follow changes in
 streso, magnetization, or possibly temper- As was pointed out previously, both metal-
ature. Such reactions can be responsible lurgical and residual-stress mechanisms are
for warm-up times for oscillating devices, operative in most cases: therefore, the gross
hysteresis behavior during the stress cycle, dimensional change measured will be the sum of
or time dependence after reaching some the two types of distortions. Under very special
fixed new temperature. conditions, it may be possible to balance the two to
obtain satisfactory dimensional stability, as has
(2) An alloy that rejecti a second phase from been done by the National Bureau of Standards in
solid solution (typical of the age-hardening some of its gage-block studies. More usually, it
alloy systems) will usually undergo a grad- will be necessary to reduce both the metallurgical
ual change in volume. The rate of the re - instability and the residual-stress levels to attain
action is dependent upon time and temper- the necossary degree of dimensional stability.
ature, and upon the degree of departure from
phase equilibrium. The reaction also may
be sensitive to applied stress, the applica- Evaluation of Dimensional Instability
tion of vibrational energy, and the level of
impurities in the alloy.
The lack of exztensive data
onthe dimensional
(3) A metal or alloy that undergoes a trans- instability of metals and alloys reflects the dif-
formation from one allotropic form to ficulties encountered in making highly precise and
another will change in volume. The change accurate measurements. In many instances,
may be positive or negative, depending upon changes in dimensions are inferred from the drift
the relative specific volumes of the two observed in a completed instrument or system
phases. In steel, for example, the trans- rather than from actual measurements of dimen-
formation from austenite to martensite re- sions. This frequently leads to the anomalous
sults in a volume increase, the magnitude situation in which changes in the calibration of an
of which is dependent upon alloy composition. instrument can be measured to a precision much
greater than that of measuring dimensional
(4) Combinations of the several mechanisms changes in the parts that are causing the change.
described above may occur concurrently. Perhaps the most advancedmetrologytech-
For example, a steel may exhibit simul- niques in use today are those developed by the
taneously a positive volume changelTrom the National Bureau of Standards for its gage-block
transformation of retained austenite and a
program, whereby changes in length approach-
negative volume change from the tempering ing 10"7 inch per inch (1/10 microinch per inch)
of martensite. Thus. the net volume change can be detected. The basis of measurement is
may be positive. negative, or zero; it also the interferometer, with which the length of the
may change from one to the other over a reference gage block is determined. An Inter-
period of time as one mechanism becomes ference comparator is used to intercompare the
dominant over another. reference and specimen gage blocks. To increase
the capacity of the measurement system, an elec-
Residual-Stress Mechanisms tromechanical comparator was used in conjunction
with reference gage blocks. With errors mini-
Shape distortions introduced by the relaxa- mixed by statistical procedures, an accuracy of
tionof residual stresses are somewhat more diffi- about 0.2 microinch was obtained in a 2-inch
cult to analyse. Residual stresses most fre- length. It should be pointed out that extremely
quently are introduced during fabrication or heat careful control of environmental and testing condi-
treatment, and'are characteristically nonuniform. tions is vital to the attainment of this high degree
Distortion then takes place through time -dependent of accuracy.
plastic flow. The analysis of this problem is
complicated by the fact that distortions in the In studies of dimensional instability in the
microinch-per-inch range can result from rosid- range of a microinch per inch per year, it is
ual-stress changes well below the present limits important to note the distinction between accuracy
of experimental stress measurement. Further, and resolution of measurements. It was pointed
present methods for the measurement of residual out earlier that the resolution of strain measure-
stresses are quantitatively useful only for sec- m euts :an b* as high as 1 x 10-8 inch per Inch
tions of simple geometry. The stress distribution with a device such as the capacitance gage. This
and consequent distortion of parts with more means that very small relative changes inlength
complex shapes can be predicted only qualita- over a reasonably short time period, can be o@
tively. served with comparatively simple equipmet
 5

Accuracy in the measurement of absolute lengths studies, which are generally basic in na-ure, in.
calls for a highly advanced measurements facility .'olve the observation of microstrain effects in
and for careful techniques f standardization. tension-compression, bending, and torsion, boiis
with static and dynamic (internal friction) loading
techniques. The recoverable elastic strains and
the associated hysteresis loops are related to
RESEARCH ON DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY mechanisms such as the bowing of dislocation loops
AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS between pinning points. Theoretical exp-rssicns,
based upon dislocation dynamics, have seen de-
veloped which show pronrise of provirding a rational
An examination of the open literature and basis for expressing the energyloss involved with
available Government weports dealing with dimen the fundamental dislocation parameters.
sional instability reveals a cormparativaly small
amount of useful data. This reflects in part the The stress at which the dislocation loops
experimental difficulties in obtaining truly signifi- break away from their pinning points likeA ise has
cant data, and the consequent high investment in- been related to the stress at which a measurable
volved in such measurements. It also indicates residual strain is observed. This effect has been
the fact that such informatio-n frequernly is re- studied in various ways including direct tension
garded as highly proprietary by those industrial and internal-friction experiments.
companies who have developed it.
Much of the most recent inlormation
"I ie most compi ehensive published compila microstra',n was presented at a symposium spor-
tions of data on this subject were prepared by the sored by AIME,( 1 1) for whichthe proceedings will
Instrumentation Laboratory of the Massachusetts serve as a reference. In summary, it appears' that
Institute of Technology.( 5 .6) The data presented an improved understanding of the 6asic mechan-
in these reports were collected over about a isms that lead to microstrain has already been
15-year period, and have formed the basis for developed, and that application of these concepts
many of the materials-processing schedules that to the over-all dimensional control of metals should
are in use today for the manufacture of precision be possible in the near futurv.
devices.

A study has beon in progress for a nt;mber PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING TO

of years at the National Bureau of Standards REDUCE DIMENSIONAL INSTABILITY
to improve the stability of gave-block mate-
rials., 77,8,9.10) It is restricted to those materials
that are potentially uaeful as gage blocks (that is, The degree of dimensional instability that is
with surface hardness values of at least RC 65), found in a finished metal part is influenced b."
and it has resulted in several materials nid (1) material composition and structure, (2) its
processing methods that produce extremely good thermal and m-echanical history, and (3) the en-
dimensional stabili'y. vironmental cmnaitions of exposure and use. The
designer )has only limited control over these
A current research program, sponsored by factors. For example, the material selection is
the Naval Applied Science Laboratory, is being frequently based upon physical or mechanical-
conducted by Alloyd General Corporation.( 4 ) It nroperty -'-quirements other than dimensional
presently is developing data on elastic limits, control: strength, kaiensity, magrnetic b-ehavior,
creep, and dimensional stability for a number of t.,-rosion resistan"-, etc. The thermal and me-
selected alloys incluiing Invar, 356-T6 cart chanical history is like'xise limited 1y, for ex-
aluminum, and 310 stainless steel, ample, the necessity for fabricating into a given
configuration, or the need to develop a high
Only scattered data in addition to those strength or hardness by heat treatment. The
listed above have been found. Anumberof papers conditions of environment atif ute likewise are
in the cpen literature have been published, most largely fact 's that cannot be comnpiete'v con-
of which deal with bearing steele, and a report trolled by the designer, although he may be able
on berylliurr, was released by the Ge"ral Motors to limit some of their effects; for instance, the
Laboratory.( 2 ) All of the data presented in this stress level in a part may be reduced through an
report were taken from the sources listed above, increase in section size.

.A.number o! i esearch programs now are ix Of the three factors, the processing treat-
progress which with microstrain and the
deal ments which determine the thermal arn -. echanical
mechrinisms that are associated with it. These history are most under the control of the Manu-
 6

factvrer. Thus. xhe attainment of a satisfactory Stabilization treatments generally are de-
degrs,. of dimentional stability in a finished part signed to accelerate any aging that otherwise
wil: depend stronfly upon the selectior of suitable would take place at the service teraperature. For
processing procedures. These can be reiAted to a part that is to be used at room temperature, a
the mechanisms leading to instability that were stabilization treatment of 24 hours at ZOO F is
discussed previously. It is usual practice to stress su.ggested.( 5 ' It is pointed out further that the
relieve betwees su.ccessive machining ope-tions, stabilization temperature should not exce•J the
and to perform stabilizing heat treatments before last temperature of the main heat treatment to
and after fAnish machining, avoid the loss of mechanical properties.

The general proedures recommended in the (2) Residual stresses leading to distortion
MIT work(S) are as fcl- .s. can be introduced by drastic heating or cooling
during processing. Wherever possibla, parts
(1) Stress relieve shouh; 4e heated and cooled slowly to prevint the
(2) Rough machine forming of large temperature gradients. This is,
of course. more important where large and corn-
(3) Stress relieve plex shapes are involved. Where quenching is
(4) Perform main heat• tre*~tment needed as part of a heat-treatment process, it
may be desirable to reduce the severity of the
(5) Machine slightly ov'ers!se quench as much as possible. For example, a
(6) Stabilize quench into boiling water rather than cold water
may be used after solution annealing certain age-
(7) Machine to fina! dimensions hardening aluminum alloys.
(8) Stabilze. (3) Residual strasses and consequent dis-
tortion may be introduced during machining and
Steps (1), (3). an• (8) are indicated as optional.- grinding operations. In addition, the presence of
There are certain general observations that residual btresses in a heat-treated part may lead
to distortion during machining due to the unequal
can be madecncertheets ofdthermal removal of metal. This in turn may make it
blndy:modifficult to attain the desired dimensional toler-
bility: ances, and may require that finish machining be

(1) Phase equilibrium under service condi- carried out in steps, each followed by an ap-
tions should be approached as cloamly as possible. pr _..-sAte sLress-relieving treatment.
iince gradual transformation is one cause of V.- (4) The attainment of a suitable degree of
stability. In quenched aad,< tempered steel&. it is stress relief without a loss of mechanical prop-
usual practice to elirm.inate as much retained aus er~ies may require that a compromise of time and
tenite as postsible fperarstre structure by quenching temperature be made. Newer techniques for in-
to subesero tempinratcorirs bore temperieng. Ths creasing the rate of stress relief, notably by the
is because definite correlations have been found application of ultrasonic energy, are in the de-
between dimensional inst&b•lity and the gradual velopment stage and may be of consid-rable value
rnformatonin the future. Temperature cycling also has bee
p w~ ed @"~bzero exposures som etim es are recom -in t etof relieve
ur . Tresidual
m ra stresses.
re c l ngThis
ls usually
h s b is
e"
mended soreduber tep sometimesre recoin-d
moures used
mended to reduce" the amount of austenite retained doebcylnbtwnromeprauera
moderty eleted ar
temperature
in the str~icture. there is some question as to the
actul f Puh ccli
efectvenss tretmets.moderately elevated temperature and a subzero
a~ual effectiveness of such cyclic treatments. temperature. It has been reported(5 ) that 10 cy'iles
or less usually are sufficient.
 7

LIST OF REFERENCES (6) Schetry, L. M., "The Proporties of Metals

and Alloys of Particular Interest in Preci-
(1) Muir, H.. Averbach. B. L.. and Cohen, M, sion Instrument Construction". Massachu-
etlsiueo.ciooyJaur,15)
of
"The Elastic '.imit and Yield Behavior
Hardened Steels". Trans. ASM. 47. 380 (7) Meyerson, M. R. Young, T. R. and Noy. W. R..
(1955). "Gage Blocks of Superior Stability: Initial
Developments in Materials and Measure-
(2) Hughel, T. J.. "An Investigation of the Pre- ment", Journal of Research of the National
cision Mechanical Properties of Several Bureau of Standards, 64C, 3 (July-September.
Types of Beryllium", General Motors Re- 1960).
search Staff Report MR-120 (April 3, 1960).
(8) Meyerson. M. R. Young T. R. and Ney, W. R.
"The Development of More Stable Gage
(3) Kossowsky. R., and Brown, N., "Microyleld B lo materilsRe e Standare
Study of Dispersion Strengthening in Spheroi-
discd Steel at Room Temperature", Tech- 5 (May. 1961).
nical Report on Contract Nonr 551(20). to
Office ofNavalBesearch(February7. 1964). (9) Meyerson, M. R., and Pennington. W. A.,
"Gage Blocks of Superior Stability 11: Fully
(4) Hordon. M. J., and Weihrauch, P. F.. "The Hardened Steels". Trans. ASM, 57, 3(1964).
Dimensional Stability of Selected Alloy Sys -
Dmernsional
rSarbhit pof ress at AUoyd (10) Meyerson, M. R., and Sola, M. C., "Gage
tenr", research 14 progressat Aled Blocks of Superior Stability III: The
General Corporation for Naval AppliodSci- Attainment of Ultrastability", Trans. ASM,
ence Laboratory. 57, 164 (1964).

(5) Lement, B. S.. and Averbach, B. L.. "Mea- (11) Symposium on Microstrain, 93rd Annual
surement and Control of the Dimensional Meeting of the American Institute of Mining.
Behavior of Metals". Report R-95. Massa- Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers.
chutetts Institute of Technology (December. February 17-18, 1964, New York City
1955). (proceedings to be published).
 A-I

APPENDIX

COMPILATIONS OF DATA

The data presented in this Appendix have Data From R-95, Summary Report
been taken from the sources cited in the preceding No. 1, "Measurement and Control of
section. With few exceptions, no changes have been the Dimensional Behavior of Metals"
made except for the correction of a few obvious
misprints. by

B. S. Lament and B. L. Averbach

There are some precautions that should be Metals Processing Division, Depart-
observed in using the information presented in ment of Metallurgy, December. 1955.
these tables. First, it should be noted that even Instrumentation Laboratory, Masaa-
where a specific Frocessing schedule is recom- chusetts Institute of Technology.
mended, it does not necessarily follow that this Cambridge 39, Massachusetts
procedure develops the optimum degree of dimen-
sional stability for that alloy. Also, treatments These data were obtained using test speco-
leading to a high degree of stability of dimensions mono 3/8 inch in diameter and 4 inches long,,
in samples exposed without stress do not nec- with the ends spherically ground to a Z-.Lch
essarily produce the highest stability in parts radius. Length measurements were made wit•h a
that are subjected to external loads. Finally, it 5000X comparator at 70 F. Changes in length
should be pointed out that some of the informa- were measured after l/Z hour at 70 F followýag
tion presented here has been taken from sources heat treatment for time periods up to I year of
that may not now be considered to be fully aging at constant temperature. The precision of
authenticated. the length-change determination was reported to
be about 10 per cent for changes greater than
about 30 microinches per inch, and about 63
With these reservations in mind, the data microinches for smaller changes. In the tables
presented here should provide a useful source cf of data, length changes are reported to the nearest
information for the selection and processing of 5 microinchos per inch.
parts for applications in which dimensional sta-
bility is needed. Each grot.; of tables taken fronm Dimensional-stability data are reported for
a single source is identified, and the pertinent three types of exposure- (1) 70 F, (2) 160 F.
information on experimental techniques is pre- and (3) after cycling 10 times between 70 F and
sented briefly. -95 F, with a 30-minute holding period at -95 F.
 A-Z

TAN.IA-i. MWWIOM=" STAIMYT OF M"fl-CAUOI AND LOW-ALLOY STEEL

Uroache per Such Leqth

Mic or inem
well at IC
Cycle
ftrd.
at e N!! t IME lox Cf
Af &P.n Tt9vSE I_I.P0. lameamAmL4!2 o Mo to 96SF bo""JC
Isis coldsu
drw a rweiwd) 5 . . . .
S roeterIw
fire"2. MrS. I hr.. A.C. -(a) M6 .5 0 so -a - 5#- 0 13.6
12SFM,I hr..A. C. -M) i2 to .t -100 & 55.
IM666 14 3,.
. annala 3656. Ihr..F.C. 374 -15 -311 -25 -10 -10 -15 -31 11.4
IT¶".A. 2. maiwat 565S. lhr..F C. W74 -5 - 5 -10 -40 -35 -40 -15
X1480 eglddrawe
e6123 to@ received) 836 -5 -50 -55 .5 -10 -15 -31
16-4.6.6 air*"m r#live 5266F. 11r. .A.C. 362 -15 -30 -30 .S - 5 -10 0
56.$.0. Nomative I
I OSff.t/r.. A. C. 3B4 -56 -16 -15 -41 -50 -65 -as
1S-16.51112 hard.. ISOF. 5/MirE. Q. C40 #411 .50 .46 .160 1065 .520 .60
10.55.14.16 !up=r 3W6. 1/Ahr. .A. C. C40 -5 - 6 *6 S 15 420 .20 450 11.6
on5 11-1411. Ite" cwdra (" sreestos) 364 -1 -56 -is 0 0 -26 -56
6.0.16.21 ogre" retie am65. I b.. P.C.-(It) 036 -5I -S -to 0 0 -1 -S6
-166 asmaS ISM6. 1/2hr.. F. C. B6 -5a -5 . .5 .5155 - S .2
5-.5512,I stahmlias 2SF, 15hr..A.C.-(11 236 6s 6 -5 -I - .
6-22.33.34 normUel. 166SF. 1/2 hr. .A.C. 3a5 -21 -25 -45 -20 -35 -35 -15
56draw OWS. $b . A.C. 365. 6 -1is-
Itf?' hIerd..e I5SF. I/Sbr.. 9.Q. C" -s6 .50 -1 .56 .65 .5 -61
5.6.36.56.8 tempr 2SFW. Mhr.. A.C. CIS - 1 -to -to -so -as -it
5544 13.1.5.10 amis law. /3/ hr. . P.C. us5 2 6 . 6 6
13-4..6s .. msalum 16SF. 1/2 hr.. A.C. "sO *16 -20 . .16 -51
12-6 draw 66S. Ilhr. . A.C. ass - 6 - 6 - - -
bard"e 15SF. 1/2 hr.. O.Q.
5252 temper I360,. Ithr.. W.9. C33 9 0 6 0 5 - 11.1
4146 41-9.18.15 amueS 11146F. liar.. V.C.-(R3 965 6 . s 6 -51 + 1.
6.6.1 Oml~ise 366SF. 13/ hr.. A.C. CI 30 25
#2 .20 6* .251
draw 1/2 hr.. A.C.
114066S. C33 -56 -5 I -
6.4 ardm 315SFP. 1/2 hr., 0.9. C54 .66 .108 .5W . - -
4140 6-5 embe@ *I 32W.F the., A. . C64 -i6 -I6@ e -e -
harise 166S. 3/Sbr..06..
61-13.14. 15 temper 84SF, Ahme. A.C. C54 -56 .5a~ + 5* SS
41-tS. I I. to 365S. Ihre..A.C.-(U) CIS .16 .16 .560 - 5 - & - 55 -I
6-3.2,2 516F
lo. .. W0.4. CIS -25 -25 -36 -.3 -46 -60 16 11.1
I60 10-4.6.s mmow IOWF. I /Shr. .F. C..P() W36 6 5 0 0 - 0 11.11
to-1.6.6 hard"a 515S. 1/Uhe..O.Q. CSS .60 .6 .* -25 -so .200
M-6. 4.5SIT tamper 26S. Sh.-.., A.C. CIS - I - 5 .5 +16 .35 +400 #10
1061.32.3 156S. thr.. W.9. CIS . a - I -1e -is -36 -to -5 3.
aaskeaisa I5SFO. liaer,
10_1.1_t____ý N, Q. to "SF A. C. C40 * #10a .+4 +70
367600
2-1.6. 3/Ik
11 M4r. . .C. 111" .51 .6 .56 - SO I. -16 -1 26
I
Normative 11SF. a/l br.. A.C.
8-45.6. draw 535SF, I hr. . A. C. 014 -15 -51 -20 . a - I S .
hardwi. 165. t/2 hr.. 3.0.
2.1.1.2 twooer 25S. the.. A.C. CIS 5 -26 -as -25
_ -15 -3 -to

imne ag Own C. - ta we Coal

OP.
as-laaftdlst 4io~e5 A.C. -a "tMS
"o
00o01soag dbum*im 0.0w.-au "we
e1) eafte"Wd teNmasm W.4L-go qmm&~
IL0. hbri "Mush
U... -bN qs
AM -air h"%
 A-3

TALE A-2. DOWflNSIONAL STABILITY OF TOOL STEMS

Miroinch per Inch L"ngth Chagro in

Rock Time and Cyclic Stabi•ity Terts Cyled Thermal
Hard. d a -r 7 Aged at 6ISO lox C•,
Sp5ec. No. Treatment nee Ifmo. Smo. 12mo. 1tMo. 3mo. -Imo. to -liSP 10"1 C
10100 l.1,8,. awnal 1450?, ,hr.. F.C. I? -10 -IS .1- is .20 -20 -20
normalize I1150F., I2hr.. A.C.
8-4.5,6 drew II00P, I hr.. AC. 357 -10 -10 -.
25 - . .5 -I.
harde 14501P?, I,2hr.. W.Q.
8-:.3,. temper 300P. Ihe.. A.C. CoS - 5 -10 -iS 10 - $ .30
10100 X.61,62 hardem 1460?. 1/2%r, W.Q. CM41 -125 -215 -.40o ."

K-N.f$ temper 300P. hkr., A.C. COS 5 - S - I)

K-I,86 360r. Ihr.. A.C.-(9) C64 - S 5 S- 10 I1.O
K-II1 400F, Ihr.. A.C. C63 0 - S - 5 -

K-Ill S10?, Ihr.. A.C. C63 0 - - s I

harde 1440F. Ihkr... W. Q.
K-910 subcoot -3201. Iht.. A.N. CIT -240 4#*0 -526 -
K-1i temper 3901. ith.. A.C. CU - 1 -10 -15
K-0 404f, I2r.. A.C.- CM -5 - a .- la
K-Ill SMS1. Ihr., A.C. - Q Cio . b - 6 - I
harde" 1411W. 1/22wr., W.Q.
temper 31OW. thr.. A.C.
xK_-1114 sulJoeo -210?F. the.. A.M. CU -10 -to -IS
1 -
K-% temper 306P'. thr., A.C. C" -10 -10 -15 -
aveaitkise 1450?. I/Xhr.
q4We oil at 1211. A.C.
K-IS? temper 106F. Ihr.. A.C. C"i - 5 - 6 -

KU-11 406?. the.. A.C. Chb -10 -I5 -

aeeDie N-44U4C harde" 14507. I/Zkr., O.Q. Col .0 .3 0 .0O -

U-46.47 temper 300P. the.. A.C.-(R) COS 0 0 0 .- 11.s
f-IS Oatemoel -*20?. ihr.. A.M. C63 -10 -10 -1$ -

temper 300?. hkr.. A.C. CoI - s - 1i -1

harden 14631. 1/Skr.. O.Q.
N-I.E subes•l -20?r, the.. A.H. CSS -I0 -.10 -I-5
N-SI temper 2007. thr., A.C. Cos - a - I -10
svtentsiea 14610. I/3hr.
q4e1ch o±! at 225r. A.C.
N-SI. C.II.
0. 73., S temper 100r. lhr.. A.C. C63I .1 *.20
N-7I 400r. thr.. A.C. CI * S
+
sse"ea•etta 14110f. ,/2hr.
1rqueekh H Q. 1o9450F. A.C.
U-10 temper 300F. thr., A C. C63 +10 *21
U-71 400F. the., A C. coo 0 - 5 -

Die G-311.31 hoardes IlOW?. I/lr .. O.Q. COS -100 -ill -. 00

G0-24. 2 temper MrO?. Ihr.. AC. -(R) C1II 0 0 0 l
0-31 aireool -32M. Ihr., A.N CIS -10 -i: -1i
a-" temper 3090. tlr.. A C Cis - I - 5 -10
harde" OW?. I/she.. O Q.
0-12 esubtei -$1Or. li.. A H C44 -205 -310 -301
0-3 temper 3001P. lhr. . AC C" - I - ! -10
 A-4

TAKEI A -2. (Coctmgi4ud

Nki rmeb per tech Luagi Chospinge

Rock- Time OWd Cielte INAblity Testa Thermal
**It Cyclod kBpO.a
Nerd- A~da O A@"d a IS? IO cow.
ALWLe !M e Treaet a de too. 8rn. ilme. Imc. Sue. 12.0. to0-357 1401/ aC

535hordes 11160. I/ abr.. O.Q.

oubeco .?SIP. the.. A. M
116-1.3.3 doeble, temper NWS. lbr.. A. C. (2) Coo -5 .1 -10 .1 6 .3
-i5s 250 11.9
931" hordes 1550?. 1/2ke.. 0.0.
K!* -. 3.2,3 temper 30017, Ihr., A. C. CGO - 1 0 0 *i* *16 1
21e.1.2.3 temper 3061. lbr., A. C. C" - 6 - a 0 .10 .20 + 16
Ulu6 T1. harde 15547. af/uir.. O.Q. EU .40 -84 -316 -
T-06. $1 temper 3118. Ifhra.. A.C. - (RitCOS 0 0
T-410. 03 SOW.the.. A.C. CU 0 0 0 -

T.54 4Off. Ihr.. A.C. -(M) C93 0 0 - 11.0

5041P, hr.. A. C. CGO 0 0 6
harden ISSOW. 1/2%r.. 0.Q.
T.80.42 oubeest -2307. ltar. A. N. cis -94 -25 -1in-
T-64 temper 3607r. 10hre.. A.C. CK 0 0 11.0
T-0 30SFP.thr., .AC. CU 11 .5 1m
04657.tr.. P.C. cot a, 5 1
5007. hr..,A.C. CIO 0 0 a
hordes 155Wr. I/2hr.. 0.Q.
temper 2007. thr. * A. C.
T-fl oubcoel -32017. Ihr. * A.M. CU I I 1
T.12 temper 306F. lhr.. A.C. C" 0 - 1 - 6
aawwkes"Itl 11560?. 1/2 hr.,.
,w me oiltoISMAI .AC.
7.22.5 temper 306F. Ihr.. A.C. COS #15 +26
7-I400?% lhr.. A.C. C43 o *sI

6535 inAe tise 35507. I3/ hr.

me I kc H.Q. to'~SOI, A.C.
T-121. 53 temnper 200F. Ibr.. A. C. CUo 0 0 - . -

7.50 4001P. lr.. A.C. Cu2 _11 .5 .

aueteulale 35507. 1/2%r

marqeeh N. Q. To.454W. A.C.
ewbegt -3301P. Mhr.. A.M.
T-0 lempor 3507P. 0 hr*..* A. C. Cos 5 5S .

T-TO 3414. thr. * A.C. C6U 5 -5 . . -

T14840P, lhr.. A.C. C63 - 5 -5 . -

92183W I5- hardre 133WP. illr.0 .Q. So0. - -

WI- subool .22#Xihr. A.M. -110 -140 . . -

boides 355W. Ike.. O.Q.

12-11 temper SOW. thr.. A.C. .02 -50 - -

U3-4 SOW,. the..* A.C. . S -10 .2 1

IC-SCr 62-2 hordes 114W. Itihr., A.C. CH .250 .223 -2207 - -

43-2.4.5 temper "OW. 3bre.. A.C. C6.4 .5 -5 0

-11 -10 -is 0"8 12.3
62-.S.0. OW. Ohe.., A. C. CU .40 .4,9 *45
#44 a-425 +430 4,40' 00#410 30.0
RitoC. V.512 hard" 1900WP. 13/21.. A.C. cgs .16 .5 -to .

SupeCr IP-44 %onpe" 50S. akee.. A.C. -(it) cot 0 15 -14

SOW. Ike,.. 0.0.ý COD .20 .251 .0 -

hordes iSSUF I/Shr.. A.C.

triple tempor N6W. th.. 0.Q. (1) C43 .114 .270 .-

7.017 strose P*IUe 4MW. Ihr. . A. C. Cal * 1154 *102,. .

 A-5

TALE A -2. (Cointnued)

Wc roainc per lack Length Chases IN

Rock- Time and Cyclic Stability Trota Thermal
Cycle Sapaso.
~a~ Aged at 107 Api at 360sX 1 cot 3
Allft Spec. Me. Treatment scess Imo. Sma. l2mo. I mu. 3nto. iamo. to -357 10

*lo C. harden i07

sor i~uS.. A.C.
161 cr r-46 asubcool 1211r. Iks.. A.H,
-. CO .50 -30 .120
tempe*r 6510. lkr. . 0. Q. C413 - -t0o
7.41 30V0. 2ko. . A.C. Cot #05 .55 .6
hordes 3,007 I/ 2kr. , A. C.
aubcool .2207. 1hr. . A. H,
triple temper 3507. I hr,. *O.Q. (3)
10.60 4110r. Ihr.., A. C. C33 #35 .1325
harden 30007r. I/Iks'.. A.C.
aubcool a. -2207. lr. * AN.M
tempe~r b. $50OF. I hr.. O.Q.
eyceIt . Repeat stes a anW
b6four times
E-02 A. 4101. r C"
, C_ _121 0 0 . .10.2

060C. 04-8.0.10 anneal 31607.2 bra.. r.c. 1101 15 s be a a* 6

W4 Cu
crG- harden 16007. 13/3 hr. , 0.Q. COS +100 +601 .?@
44.2, S.4 temper 2007. 2 hr*s.. A.C. -(R) C63 0 0 0 t3o -10 .3? 1 10.2
4444.7, 3007P. 2 hr*s. . A. C. CSS0.260 .200 *I30* .0
*no+65 .43? -43S 10.0
w.Uo ca3 air hordes 22201P. 3.1.... A.C. COO .5 .1-5 .54k -

3t"
-.6.3 harden 222M. 3 mi.5.. 0. Q. CIS .70 -100 -150 .

temper 1Q60?. 2 ld2bra.. O.Q.

.161 stresamrelteve 601F. I hr,. A.C. C64 -5 0 .5 .

kardeet 22207p, 2 min., 0. Q.

8-11 temper 10507P. 2 112 hre.. AC.COCS .25 .25 #60 -
3-I13 stres" retew 60117. ltar.. A.C. Cot #10 .15 .20 .

2-12 s007. tkr.. A.C. CIS #20 .20 +411 .

11.3 *10 hartent 22207. lain.. O.Q

%Wqddimilite temper 0107r.2 1/2 kra..* A C 43)
5-34 sire@* rellWv 6007 31w.. A.C. (64 .30 +10 .15 -

kae. 3mms.. 0.Q.

22207n~o.
triple temper , os07. 2 1, 3hmr@. . A. C.(3)
C.35 fire"s relm-W 600, Ihr. , A.C. CGS .30 4.10
hordes 22201P. 2mAm.. 0-Q
triple temper 30507.I132 kra. , 0. Q. (3)
3.25 earets rrlwve 6001r. lar , A.C. C6$ S 3
5.26 3007. ]hr. A.C.-(R) CGS 0 0 .

heardes 22207. 3amind,. 0.Q.

6.24 st~cou3 -.1307, lhr. * AN.
166 -235
.33-10
temper I0501P. I 3j2hr.. A.C.
9.11 virreaarcliev 600. lkar.. A.C. C64 .?S .3s
hordes 3336F. Smma.. 0. Q.
swsbceel -.22076, I Pir,, AN.Of
tripie temprr 3*07r. 2 3,2hro. ,0 Q (3)
1.6
Is lsre"a relws-w 600f. thr , A C. (64 0 0.
9.19 9001F.1w . A.C. -(R) C64 0 0 . 3
Is

06 moub ofaqsm r c . furnar co.<

#0 L - uiga~ dinst dirrcs,.a A. C, mar coot
000~T 4ranswvvre dirertwo CQ . oil qasench
(1) - retcamffnded trveseftqnt WS Q .wsirr qwrwh
NQ .hqqc4
 A-6

TABLE A-3. DIMEN'SIONAL STABILITY OF STAINLESS STEELS

Microinch per Inch Length Change in

0 ek. Time and Cyclic Stability Tests Thermal
0ell Cyc led Rapan@.
Hard. Aged at OF Ig~4orlox COWL
spv2 N~~JO Treatment ness lmo m-_R-.-1 3m6. 0 3iJ131 lamG. to .95F_ t--
$03 15-11. 12.12 quench anneal lS50F.1/2!%r.. W.Q. 979 -5 -5 -I0 -10 -15 .20 .60
15-8,.9.10 stream relieve 6007. thr. . A. C. SIC 0 -C . #S 16.3
15-14.15.16 7507. lhr.. A.C. 117# 0 0 5 -6 10 -15 -10
sa)3 cold drawn (as roeleelw)
T-2.26,.30 atre*&relieve 7507P. lhr.. A.C. 396 -t -IS -20 - a -to .20 1
7-4.2,3 quaemch anseal 13507, l/2br.. W. Q. us62 5 a -to .20 -20 .45 -SO
7.13.14.15 stabilise 200P. 20hre.. A.C. us2 0 . 6 - 6 -21
7.22,12324 qwewh anseal 1350P. Valor-, W.Q. U32 -to i. to'-a .10-t o .40
7.s, tresa relieve 600P. lher.. A.C. M62 5
6 - . 6 - 5 .10
1-1.253.27 16017, the.. A.C. 1102 0 0 0 -10 -to -1S -1I
qwweeNewestl 19507, l/2hr., W.Q.
ala" Weiete 6007. thr. * A. C.
1.119.20.21 ataillee 200P. g2bes.. A. C. -(R) 3W2 I 5*5-s
a *5 16.1
316 25s-4.5,6 q
%ft sehammel loser. 1/23h.. W.Q. 1014 .10 .10 .10 - S - - s .20
25.161.3 itrass relieve 7107. thr.. A.C. 3104 - 5 - 5 - 5 - a - 5 -10 .20 14.6
416 24.11,12.12 sasweal 1600F., bre. . F. C.
to.11007. A. C. 316 - S . s .10' -t0 -to -10' -1s
24.4 harden 19007P. 1/2 hr., O.Q. C47 +15 010 +5 -

24-1.2.3 temper 450F. lhe.. A.C.-(R) C46 . 5 -5 -10 - a - 5 - 5 -10

24-5.6.7,14 6007, lht.. A. C.-(R) C41 0 0 -5a 5 - 5 -10 5 10.2
.24-6-9. 10 12401P. Mhrs.. A.C. C33 -10 -- 10 -is . - 5 .12: -15
"O4C! 26-6.7.3 sawaen 16507, 2htra.. 7.C. 3a" - s .5 .1 s 0 0 0W 0
harden Ig00r. l/2hr.. O.Q. CB3
31-3,41.5 tamper 5007, Mhr.. A.C. -(3) CII 0 - s .10' o 0 - s" - 10.2

$6 mosethe of agisg W.Q. -water quench F. C. -fornace cool

(it) reecommendiued treatment A. C. -air cool 0. Q. -oil quench
 A-7

TABLE A-4. DIMENSIONAL STABILrrY OF NICKEL ALLOYS

Microtnch per toch Length Change in

Rock- Time and Cyclic Stability Teats Thermal
well W
Cfc_7d apama.
Hard.- Agd t B701 A at IGO? lox Coo.
Alloy Spec. No. Treatment neon linoe me2mo. 0e.J3m.2me. so .ii? I "

A..4tckel 55-1 c,3!J drawn (as received) M13 0 - S - so -

55-2.3.4 quench anneal 152Sf. 1/2 hr.. W.Q. B36 .-
6 -70 -70 .30 *IS 12.3
Z-Nickrl cold drawn (as received) C29
54-1.2.3 age harden 1O000F. hrs.. P.C.
to 900r. A.C. C4C 0- 0 - S 1! 4
inconel 57-1 cold drawn (&.ireceived) C20 - S -10 -0 -
Inonrel 173-1.2.3 anneal 1700F. lhr.. F.C. 871 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 12,%
173-4.5.6 stabilize 200r. 24hro.,A.C. - )B71 0 0 . 5 0 0 - 5 0 12.7
Inconel anneal 1700P. lhr... P.C.
185-1,2.2.4 atabilize 20o0724hra..A.C.-(R)R?7 - S $ * 0 0 - 5 12.6
lnconelX 58-1 cold drawn (as received) C27 0 -10 .10 -

moael 50.1 cold drawn (as received) O69 0 .10 -iIs' . IL3.L
K-Monel 56-IA cold drawn (au received) A64 0 - S S
age harden 100lr. tre.. F.C.
to 900p.A.C. C3? - S - . 0 -5 - 0 13.4
54-1.2.3
fa1tal- quench awnal 2IOO0. ihr.. W.Q. 0
toy a 170-1.2.3 qurnch anneal IS01r. lhr.. W.Q. 305 -10 -IS -15 -35 -40 -40* -15
179-4.5,1 atresa relie, 6F00. Itr.. A.C.-tR)BI5 0 0 0 0 0 0° 0 10.4

Ni-.en SO-IA cold rolled (as received) AN6 - S o

-1t 10 - - -

45l
Lo4S Iniael" 1800F. I 1/4br.. W.Q.
6-,1.2$ amp I250. 3lhrar.. A.C. C34 -10 -I1 -11' -IS -I$ .l0' -10
42N1- M7-IA qI-ainal INV. 1/2 hr.. W.Q. 372 0 0 0 -10 4IL

Ni-spasi-C 61-1 cold drawn (as reeelved) A"0 - - 5 - . - * -

aoluiitmise 1600F. 1 1/4 hr., W.Q.
!"i*,2 01P. Slbra,, A.C. CIS
126s -IS -10 -10t -is
.e -is -is .30 1.2
ReIular SOL-I.2.3 quen-annweal I1525?. 1/2hr.. W.Q. 377 -IS .20 -20 440 * 6 .70 .1S
1OT-1.2.2l juetck-aaaeal 3525r. /23wr.. W.Q. 377 -45 .40 .-2 -.10 .20 .3*0 ,10
bwar
I-I?.!1. 11 a16e2l 1531?. 13w., P.C. 117? .25 -25
- *S .6 .15
Regular
qwmhk-•aal
1-.1.2.l 1525.F lIShr.. W.Q. 37? - S - S *.25 .25 -.15
*-2C.D stru reslre" INVI. I too., W.Q. 3?? 0 - S . -
51-4.5.6 20F. lith.. P.C. 3?? -IS -..5 a -to - -It
51-10 "0ap. I Mo.. W.Q. ?877 * 5+ 5 i
51-. 400?. I Mo.. W.Q. 37" .10 .10 #10
SI-i soO. I mo.. W.Q. 3?? .1 .5 . 4.
#3
51.20 0op. I hr.. W.Q. 37. .20 .20' -

atreas reliewe 1266P. I hr., A.C.

51-.2,2 atabilize 300T. 4ihrs. A.C. - S . S * IS - 5 0 6' -I6
24
 A -8

TABLE A -4. (ContinuOcI

Micruidch per Inch Length Change in

Rtock. Time and Cyclic Stability Tests Thermal
well Cycled Capons.
Hard- Ajpdat7o Aged at IGO? lWE Cqoe% ,
Alley &2~c
No Tri-atment nces I Mo. iTI 1Ti77Mo. lmi07TMii0-2mo. to .951p to I C
Srep Cut 52-1.2.3 cold drawn (*a received) Bell 0 0 0 +15 0 *90 . 20
Inawr 52.42.42 Stabilize 2007. 20 hr@.. A. C. 9149 . 5 - 5 5 . 5 -
cold drawn (as received) nos
524.45,41 stress relieve 12007, I hr.,*F. C. nos5 .1S .20 -25 0 . S -10 - S
52.21 2007% 1 hr. , A.C. 1095 .1S .20 .20*
52-32.33.34 200P. 3hrs..A.C. .(R)BOS . 5 .5 . s 0 -5 . 5 .3-0 1.5
52-70.6. 300F. I h: .. F.C. 995 -IS .20 .30 -20 -20 .35 -15
52-30 4007, Ilhr., A. C. 1195 -5 5 50
52-10,19.20 quench anneal 1525F. 1/ 2 hr.. W. Q. 1478 - 5 .10 .10 .40 - 10
$a-19 stabilize 1587. I Mo.,* W. Q. 1478 0 0 0 .

33-36.37.38 300F. 40 hre.. A. C. F178 -35 .35 .30 - 5 5 0

52.15 200r. I Mo.. W. Q. 1178 0 0 . S
52.11 1150r, I hr.. F. C. 1418 . S 1 -10 .0
$3_13C 300F~. I mo. . W. Q. H7S .10 -10 -IS
52.17 4007r. I mo.. W.Q. 787 0 - 5 - 5
52.21 door. T-ro. . W. Q. 1178 S 5 S -10 - -

SJ.2?.26,.29 anneal 152Sr. l,2 hr., vc.C1478 -to . S -20Oa - 5 5 *5~ -15
5U.39.40 stabilize .100r. 2Ohro. * A. C. 1477 - 5 S - . -

Pre.. Cut 66-10i. 11.141 cold drawn Ia* received) N#7t

Invar stress reliqeve 12007. Mhr. . F. C.
stabilize 200P. 42hra. * A. C. .(A)3SS -10 -10 .10 0 S
5 5 .D 35 2.0
66.7. 8,9 quench-anneal 15257,112 hr. W.Q.
utress relieve 130417. *.hr..*
A.C.
stabilizeA 2007p. Mrhs. . A. C. (R) "It . S . 5 -100 - 5 a 0e -10
S)1.2.3 quench-anaval 15257. 1/2 hr.. W.Q.876 .20 .20 -25 -20 .20 .20* .2S
4,5.6 sfres@ relieve 600?, I hr..* A. C.
stabilize 200?. 48 hr.. .A. C. 376 -10 -10 -15~ -10 -10 -IS~ -10

cold drawaw (as receiWed on

Uoilwar 9.1.2.3 anneal 15211P.1Mr., P.C. go? .10 * 25
etraea relieve 1206?. 1kr.. * .C.
9-5 stabillse 2007. 24hre. * A. C. 0.6
-322U. - _74-42.3 quesch-anneat 1821? lint-.. W.Q. gel 0 * a 1 1, _ 04 3.4
are
N15pMa. 62.1 cold drawn (as received) A63 0 -30 -11 . -

Ni solwtionise 16000.?1 11/4 kre..W.Q4.

62-t,2.3 age I250P.Xhr9..A.C.-(R)C)@ 5 - I - 5" -1@ -I -is 0 -i9 19.8

0 of
9 gingW.
wath Q. - water I egAhPd
(a). Recommended Treatment P.C. - furace coole
A. C. - air cooled
 A-9

TABLE A-5. DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF COPPER ALLOYS

Microinch per Inch Length Change in

Rock- Time and Cyclic Stability Tests Thermal
well Cycled Expens.
Hard- A at 70r Aed at 160P lox Coef. 0
Alloy Spec. 140. Treatment ness Ine. 1TmoT.rZo. lmo1 s.ino. to -9S7 10"/1 C
8SCu-SZn 29-1.2.3 cast (as rcceivei.l r46-71 -10 -4S -4! -10 - S - S -.1 17.2
- 5:'n-SPb
Beryllium folutinize 14507. 2 hrs. . W.Q.
Copper 31-4,5.6 age 600F. 2hro.. A.C. C37 0 0 0 . S - 5 13.9
solutionise 14007, 1/2 hr.. W.Q.
31.1,2,3 age 625s, 3hre., A.C. C38 -IS 1
-IS .0 0 0 - -1,J
Beryllium 47-1.2.3 cast (as received) B72 -15 -20 1-0 -10 -100 -IC 13.
Copper solutionise 1407r. 3hra.. W.Q.
47-4.5.6 as 6000.2hr.. A.C. C 36 I G..1__
70Cu - 41-1,2.3 cast (as received) r30-50 -30 -30 -30 -35 .45 -500 -30 18.1
3OZn
Aluminum 43-1.2.3 cast (as received) res-go -1o -IS -iS' -10 -IS 5-
Bronze harden 1625i.Mhr.. W.Q.
43-4.5.6 temper 0007.F thr., W.Q. B74 -10 .10 - .10 -IS " _ _ IC.2
Nickel 46-1,2,3 cast (as received) F80 -30 .30 -35 .10 -15 -ju 1S. 5
Silver

6 months of aging W. Q. - water quench

(R)- recommended treatment A.C. - air coot
 A-10

TABLE A -. DIMENSIONAL STABIIY OP ALUM!)DMMALLOYS

Nicroiaich per Inch Leaglth Chaagc to

=Rock- Tint. and Cyclic Stability Tests Thermal
1e1 Cycled KaPeOR.
Hard- A~r at 1?O
~
Allot Treatmentes JiiT1ifo.
Mo.o no ~ If4oa
T m.3
lax
I
6?2
Coal. 0

(27S) 41Ao I muo 6401P, 2hre. . IS.W. Q.

143-1.2.$ SPe 72, 96 bra. , A.C. 940 0 -;.o -15 .10 -13 -20 -

96v.oitlaoma 9407. i/3 he.. W.Q.

143-7,.86 aw 3501. likes., A.C as? -S - - 5 S - * 23.5
2026 21-11 ageal 7711P. Ibr. . F. C. 9P41 -10 -10 -IS - -

21-1.2.3 solutlwioma 620?. 3/2 hr., W.Q. 3"2-4 +95 .60 .3642 -as .20* +V5
32-14.17.15,22 a"e 3 7S1.l2hrs..A.C.-(Rk) 911 - 5 - S I S # S *10 +10 - 6 21.5j
21-19.20.21 4007, Ihr. , Ak.C. 310 +5 .10 *20 +5 #10 +15 *IS
21-2s.26.27 400? 2 bra. . A. C. 032 * 5 5 - 6 0
solultioelae 6507. I1/2 hr.. W. Q. 0
22-7.4,0 wg 200P. 20 bra,. A. AC. 837 -30 - -20 -30 - 1-0 -45
..03j 140-1,1%3 350.Slr. 10hra... A. C. 350 -20 - -30 - + 6
4034 51-19-0.21,2 g 2607. 52 bra.. A. C. A1 -10 - -20 -21 -10
so~Woinse 20?. 10 bra.. W.Q.
141-1.2.3 afe 300?, 4bra. . A. C. 365 -20 - -45 -2
'1 . 1,
141-10.11.12 300F, 7 hr-%.. A.C. W36 - 1 5 - -15 -35 0

(43) 34-:'2.3 cost (aPe~vd 70 - 40 -SS - -is .20 -6

26- 4,5,L 650?. 2kra.. 7.C. 373 -13 -20 -21 -31 -30 -33 -1s 21.3
26-7 .".t 46650. 2hr2.. W.Q. 312 -10 -11 -2O0 -20 45s -40* -ISO
44613 18-4 .am,3 750?. 2bra. . F. C. PIT -16 -IC .15 - - -
16
3 i-5.6.7 1?O. 13/2 hr. W.WA.
$ou~aa 2335 20 .30 +3Sa *+0 +00 -2s
- 20.0
11-14.15116 .s C'V, 22 br... AC. C, 90 -13 -10 . -25 -20 - 4
16-1.18.6 3 350r. 6 Lrs. , A. C. M~ 3 -15 -i + 11 - -20
T1V75 19-4 ..a..ea1 775?. I hr. , IF.C. 75U - 5 - 3 -10 - - - -
(762 105.. soluttloftie SO0?, 13/ hr., W.Q. 11412-60 -20 -30 .55 -1SO -200 -375 -50
ag 315T. 6 bra.. A C.
36-6.0.10 wtabitfae 23107. 4 bra... A. C. 58 -23 -20 -20 - -30 22.13

195 371-3273 cas. rerar') 6 -20 -2s 31 -21 . 10

27--. 6,7 scIutionizr 0607. 2 hae . 0. W, ý. -Vo -to .94 -10
27-14,15t.3If p 3307. 4 hrii.. A. C. 343 -15. -0 -25 .43 - -15
27-i3,3!.13 310f.21 hr@...A.C 7'0 -t0 -IC - -l5 - 3 -1 22.,
17.4 anneal 6107. 2 tore..V".C. IF26 -55 -to .60 . - --.

1', 28-1.,23 caml (as received) 770 . - '1 .5

28-4,5,6 stress r.,-
!rvi, 4407P. sh@ - F C F76 . S 5 0 'is
so 'r, I(. 7- 1000f, 11 hr@ W Q.
28-10.2;.22 Aev 440F. $hr*. V C. 930 . - $ . 1 * -20
soliutlo~alar 3000, 2hrg .W. 3.

28-17.40.19 &Ve f401. brim A C 031k S -10 - -5 C -10

! 000F, 2 hra.., 8, W. Q.
29-1,.~ 1307 4Ara., A.C](R) HU1 0 0 S __ z u
A"- Tr--n.
allay6#12- 1.2. 3.4 at revs r'1,Ai Y 4007, Shta.. A C_- I3 I a ~ tZ ..

6 fmofthe o-f agingS 3 b~itftg .aier qw.aio Q.. waleir qi.-Ich

Rirpcý.-rnn, rt8.rl lt at treatmic- A (> air Cool 7r C .furnace co!
 A-11

TALE A-7. DEMENSIONAISTADILITY OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

icroieeb per Inch Lmear Choose in

pock Time ead O'pclic Stabilli, Tee. Therawl
well Cjrelow Camon.
Hard. AnAd at ?0F Ajad at I6f
GOI Cc_
A__WY 6pc. me. Tretmem waoo Iw. -o. Uwe1Tb.l t--
moJ moleto95 1, l'#/*c
DOW N 20-1.2.3 ascoo (masr~ceivd) 107
s0.19.20,21 stress relieve 500, 4 bra. . A. C. a?7 -20 -2C -350 -20 .20 kse .10 25.2
ae1ludoAs, 7501. I bra.,. A. C.
80-12. 14.653 751r, I$ bra., A. C. 371 -15 -15 -15 -20 .20 -20 0 0 2M.
to.16,!7.I6 5MY. 4 bra. . A.C. 375 .10 -20 .23 0 2
-IS 52 -2? .10 25.1
Dow 0-1 wret&* (as received)
322-24.25.36 mames relieve 400F. 4bam.. A.C. 374 -20 .25 -25 . 5 +15 .20 0 *10 24.0
aeoiealaeis 760f. abro. * A.C.
1
b2.15. 11.20 20T. 20 bra. . A. C. 361.-54
36 -15 .1 15 .iis5 -15 .100 +1
33.21.22.13 SOW, 4 bra.,. A. C. 841-44 - 3I -30 .84 -as -a 05 24.1
Due m eziruid (as receied)
33-16.17.10 iaress ratio" SMW 1/4kr.. A.C.-(3k) US 3 .1_ 10 .IO 15 +10 #0e .10 24.2
DO J_ I wrow* (as received)
34-10.11. 12 otraes railewe 500P, 1/4 hr.. A. C. 350 -10 -20 -.90 to -6 -S 15 0 5 25.0
cam (to racetam)
Daw C 100.7,.0. treg. relin. 5001. 4 bra. , A. C. 374 - 5 -14 -1s .1 -t 0 .26 -o0 - a
aolutm~ai 7547. Mbrs- A.C.
109-1.2.3 4Off 1? 4 hr*.. A.C. 35U -10 .10 -1S0 40 .40 -40 -15 23.4.
140-4.5.6 5001, 4 bra. . A. C. 340 -10 -15 *20* -Is .15 *1O9 5 24.4
3_ A Coal (as received)
W.C 110-1.2,3 stree relhee 407.4 bra. , A. C. 354 .20 -20 -406 .110 j .20 -t0 24.2
Dee- .tjam (ac received)
13- 171.1.2.2 -tram relieve 5001, 1/4 hr., A. C 3W54 5 - 5 -10* 10 *L
-10 15 a 24.7

' 6 ago" d acme (R) -rvccmmtvd&d lremtmoMw A. C. - La toot

 A-12

TA"L A-8. DOWENSONAL STADILIT OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

Muc mutch mer IbLOhCheap AN

Nock-Time Sell Cycluc St fy Tod" Thermal

%wt. no Treatment tooLo. 70011610. InvEI70. 00. to ."v to=_

TI ISA 3-1.3.3. he el,ied (as received) we -10 -15 -20 -21 +10
ISIR-10.11.12 stress rollov. 400F. I hr.. A.C. us 0 a 5 0 0 +20
112-4.5.6 6W?. Ihr.. A. C. Iwo 0 - 6 0 0 + 16 6.6
132-1.4.9 190F. thr.. A. C. of6 + S + 5 .0
+3
TtI tWA 11..151mai. 1560, 1j2 r.. A. C, CSI - - 1 -10 -10 -7 - S
12-.. ands. 1510. 1/3 hr.. O.Q. C62 0 0 - -15 -10 - 4 6.2
180-19.11.12 otrees reliev N1W. 4&rs.. A.C. C53 0 a 0 - 1 -10 -15 0
1 -10.0 - O1W, hr-A.C.-fti CS3 0 0 0 0 0 0 .5 6 .2-
"NTi-5O118-4.6.6 colddram (as uoe.Iwi C31 0 9 '6
+ +5 So -
- 2AI 11.21 Memel 134fP. 3 hra.. P.WC. C14 -10 -15 -10 -IS - 115
7. t6abisae 30w, lbr..A.C.-(3t) C34 -10 -10 -10* 0 0 00 It 8.6

I nowtheofehgift A. C. - air cost

(R) - reommooded trg ow 0. Q. - oil Ruescih
W.C. - forman. cool

TAKLE A -9. DDIMNSINALI STABILIY OF MSCRUAN M~S ALLOYS

Microsach per lack Losph Cba*. is

Rock- Ti... and Cyclic Stability Tom#. Thermal
W~lt Cyclow ampes..

A!O p.xýTroemeelm 8*44 Iwo yFmo. o -911?

tu7Tuo 10 1C
Gray Caml
It 4-1.2,3 as 9aB1 (as received) 1063 -15 -10 + 5 - S - 6 -10 -20 10.3

C!110t res 401-1,.2.3 as cgpt (as roctiwed) me6 0 5 +30 +26 *16 +"0 - s 4.2
£sewemalo 70.1,2.3 ehatred (as rc,c*tod) . 0 -5 a -S - - 4.4

Ku 6332. isdere~d (as rxetwrd) - 0 5 0 0 6 4.0

Keemartal
1si1tIJ a (an received), - 0 a 0 0 + 5 .
17I2
l"tj Iimrf4 (ts rvcpievý4) C21 - 1 - S S -S 3-10 - . 8,41
Ilmdd 14-I fairbdv-J 975f. " krs-.. .C. 54w -10 -1t -1$ -10 -10 -3e -I0 is.s
Rarallsy 14-S at re" rel ieve 1000. lc., .A.C. -(A) 544 0 0 0a 0 0a 13. 1

good

(R).r mou&4eO ~rgae

 A-13

TADLE A-10. RECOMMENDED HEAT TREATMENT FOR OBTAINING HIGH WD4 SIMIIAL
STASILITY IN SEL.CTED ALLOYS

Rock-
well Thermal•
Uapnaell ErlataIll.4il
lantial Dpsired Heat Treatmt walrd- E
Aly Condition Cosdltice -a 04-'"C
I112 steel cold drawn stress r, .levd 800F. I hr.. A.C. a9$ 11.8 31.5 T.
or 12001. 1 hr., A. C. at? II.I 3. 4 68.0
1043 steel cowl draws sire"s relievvd 1200P. I hr.. P.C. 002 -

annealed a) 1OF, 1/l2 hr., P.C.

b) 200F, lh r.. A.C. N0 11.2
1144 oleel hat rolled smeeled 1560?. I j hr.. FP.C. as -
ie doed ai a) 10o?. a/1 hr., O.Q.
tempered b) lI00;". I hr.- W.Q. C23 !1. 1
4140ateel hot rolled tilaled is50/. I I .C. a0s 11.4
hardened mad a) 1350?. 1/3 %r.. O.Q.
tempered b) 1000?. 2 hr.., A.C. C34 -
IOIOatesl &•.w-allid hardened mad a) 1450r. i/a hr.. W. Q.
temprred* b) 360l. I hr.. A.C. C64 It.$

Die910*1 anstaled hardened sad a) 1460F. I it hr.. 0. Q,

temper, d b) 300?. I hr.. A.C. CIIG 11.
Tuamsg.,n alemad hbardend sad a) 1600,1r I12kr.. 0.Q.
Die 8tee tmupered* b) 300P. I hr., A.C'. CGS 6ll
31200 steil aowaled hardened and a) I11O0. 1,2 hr.. 0.Q.
tmppred" b) 210?. 10 hlra, A.C. CGS
or 00F, I hr.. A.tC. C62 11.9
Hich C awaled hardened aind a) 610?r. I1, hr.. A.C.
Hlip Cr tempered b) 300F. l2trs.. A.C. CGS 10.3
Die seel or 100F. 2 hra., A.C. C6I -

kaa*em sad a) 19001P. l,? hr.. A.C.

tempnred b) -320F. I hr.. A.M.
c) 5010r. I hr.. O.Q.
d) Repeat b) h c)
foor times
e) SO?, I hr.. A.C. C40 10.2

M-2 H"10 ammaled I.-devmd arM a) 2220P. 3 mill . 0.Q.

ipeed steel tempered* bI) 300?. 2 I/2 hrs..O.Q.
c) repeat b) throm timfes
d) "OF,. I hr.. A.C. Cos
303 Statnlems cold draw. quench rusei aled a) 13I0?. 1/2 hr., W.Q.
steel sad @are"a! ) 6600. I hr., A. C.
relleved c) 200r. 300rs.. A. C. 312 16.1 XT7.0 10.0
310 Stainless q0enh-asneled a) 1SOF, li/ hr.. W.Q.
0teel sad atroa b) 5?4F, I hi.. AC. 304 14.-
relievd
410 stainless karde4nd am a) 1806F, ll kr., O.Q.
steel tempered b) 4107. I hr . A C. C44 -

or 600F. I hr., A.C. C41 !0. 31i.4 10.1

440 stailless annaled hardsnd and a) 10Mi. I,'S hr.. 0.Q.
2tel1 tampered l) 1"ff. I hr.. A C. CII 10.3
Z-i-kel cold drawn W hardeaed I0",?, # hr 0.. F.C.
to 94Or. A.C. COO it.4 I2.1 114
Incemel celd drawn iawallma a) 17r?, I hr.. U.C
b) 2041?,241ra.,A.C. 311-?Y Ia.? 20.: Ill.0
K-11110et cold draws, W' hardeoed I0WF, 3 hra. , P.C.
100Goof. AC.. CST 32.4 i4.2a l1
Natlwl. a caoo teet•.ncA-slod a) ; IO04. I hr.. W.Q.
&ad jre" b) IPSG?. I hr., W.Q.
relk e c fiCr, 1 hr. , A.C. 1411 10.4
oepular cold omr t,-,rv reliwved a) ,OOF, I hr., A C.
ilvar b) 201?, 46 hra. , A C, -
 A-14

TAKE! A-10. (Camntiaod)

Euiek- Thra
well sqasaý. gmaak music
A!!g 1omAf CEC6Usa a Treaumm MOSS WI*- C M jL
Free Cut eW drawn stress reluewi a) 130M. Ihr..* F.C.
arb) 39W. 20 bra., A.C. mse-" 1.$ 23.u 47.5
Cold drawn qwfmeb-elei 4) 15257 1/2 hr.. W.Q
b) 3260?. I hr.. A. C.

3t.mmaa.i cold drawn

folotiasod a) lowW. 1 1/4 his. * W. Q.
and d b) 12567. 30iAtm. A. C. CHd 15.6
Varyuam.- cow drawn s.Iaheaiom a) 1460U.? hr., W. Q.
Coprand gd b) N66, 3 hia.. A. C. Cal 16.3 30.0 U.S6
80111116 solwtig.ased metwham a) SMI/3 hr.. W. Q.
A' ' .. alley ma"ow b) 2SUP. I1I hr*..A.
AC. 361 21.5 -

3484 (24 0 geltiiesiged aoltattmiud a) "W,7 1/2 hr..*W.Q.

Alu~mmism alley &,ad d b) 3lir. 12 bra.. A. C. 371 21.6 10.6 22.0
or 480F. 2 his.. A. C. 3172
$64 Ak.lbAmm coo .e~gm~utia a) low6. 21hra.. a. W. Q.
anda
agapd 6) 231F,4hbra.. A.C. 3a" 20.6 30.$ 13.0
SMII umpeut.. *aie
No stes rolumws SW, 1/4 hr., A. C. 326 34.2 - -

aftl
IGATnia o old atroasteld b)IW I07.3
hr., A.C. C38 6.

021T-SCr-2AI coid draw omwneskd a) 1340P. 3 hrais.*P.C.

Tuamism aind srms. b) GOOF, I hr. . A.C. C34 9.6-
afts rolhevs
moraulsy aftidesi tore" rhewd I0W?. i hr. . A. C. 35354 32.31
is* mod.

Treasimout recommended A. C. -air cool 3Q.-voter qW e~c

it sorwlc.~empersterv P.C. furaw*cooml A.NI. - air beet
it maineoimd at ~abo-16?. 0. Q. oi *"mque. a. W.Q. - whe4I woter quenh
 A-1 5

TAILI A-il. CHDAICAL COMPOW)ON OF AU.OYS LISTED D1 TAKES A-iI -aMCWH A-10
l. Prmb Carbon wo um M!2 a

Il6Sl a:-, Z
0.11 .0 OE 0.ig -mL - 7
1 AM 0. 6..0. 6010.LOU 610.41416
to 3366 0.A? 66 0.44LI 0.66 0.0311-
a IOm MR L4 LSo 6.01 406.08 - -

Is 1040 6.43 1.10 0.0 %~M IL31-

* L14IS 0.011 11.31 015 0.U 6 1.31 .19 L'14
to em .6 0.0 6.IS 0.614 &M6 LIS LON 1.6?

I 5016* 1.60.L3 I 9.44.046 41.4144 - -

2 M1106 1.0 11111 I IS 0. 094 6.011 -

*

* "wssmeS141.01 1.1? 0.3It01&GIG L.1 LOS. OM

59651531 O 1.31 6.3010.68 0.LM 0.6M IL"1 0-M LI I

a MIN6 LIS.3 LIS 601 6.66 1.84IL - 0L31 -
T MOB6 5.M &N L.84 IL001 0.014 1.64 - LIS
IS wi1l 1.06 ONG L.3 0.04 60.16 1.10.3LIS
a IC-SW .10.4901 t1 &US1 L0.04 LIS31 .118 0.3V
F W4bC*I4Cv 1.00L 86. L06&.606.01S U8.0 LOS &"9 4641
01 MOC.EW*C 1.60.3 LIS3L 6.024 LOU1 1.0 0.IS LIS - -

5 MR S6.0- 0.1Ol P.1 -I 6 or3

1v a
Is US 0.S18 .1 0.31.31 0.66LSI 11.310 LN
T U 6.30 16?
L16 .31 LME 0.0 84.18 P.0.
It 416 G.aO .0.I41 10430 06041 18.6a
Is 4144C L6.61*M
10630.0 66 f- 19. 15 -

IT. OMM5Aft!1

No. Clf E at I _01 in~ PL ML P

IS A-111869 o
'.1 .1a 1 LO
0.9 &3n1.5"
6 0.54 060.1,
"5 5-=U35 9.. ip 16.1? 6.111 6.6 SOL.54 6.15 - I 4.1
CO3 .3
Ill WS
.f 0.~
L A.3 11.90. LI?0.66s91.53 .4 0.64 &.AS
It 1~m 6.01 LIT9 kill 41.01? 11.31: 9.18 14.311 I.1Is
I6n Il"M. 61.011 a."3 I 1.06.011 - 9.44 9.41 Ma O6 0.1

So I Ix 0.31 0. 6. 31 0.31
SI LD
0.3 1 .0 0.468 460 LIT Los
.
31 Ifel 0.i s.IS 1.4 0.50 0.6
& se.23 5.31 - 9.161
.54 a."
034 4L~ 06m.0 - Wit510.011 5.01 LI 61.3
v ED
I"0 vuv"U"p 0.014 6.41 0.311 ft4.9To 5.0? a.3a . 3e-.00
so pl- ftme- Lo 0. o.31.3 0.563 031017 4.111.40
a 0.81 .0.3 03 1.511
"9 4Zl-s1we 410.1 a.311 0.151 0.66 0.. s "40.0 6". .

0I in-spanC 0. " 0.5 0.110 0.407? 41.31 6.15 ka5 .118.104

as3
55 va". bms 6. ov 0.5 LI
6.3 6.41010 0.16 a1.6 bal.
3L
to sag. bmt 0.10 0.16 41.311 90611 0.31 3453 hL . .

S1~ CodeCAllE OR
IN~ 0.9 01.341 6. a". no
0.31 .1AT W. 0.a- OW . 0.0
n1 7r4"*C' So, 0
3.1 .3 0.04 032
0.a 401 &4034 30T3 1161 6.W &. Is3

15 4 .411 6.55 0.11 &01a 0.03 a5."4 bat. c !.

is 3331.1sor 0.10 S.96 0.27 &.so 0.0on is.5" bol.-
4
61 W.~-i .IS0 03 60.0 U.943 00.Il 3.31 60.3 441 1.IS
 A-16

TAILK A-11. (CcntinueQ

V. aqp as ft3 110A

is 60-54 06.4 5.3 4.40 4.0 4.46 0.66 Tr

is DWY Can" 6 -i a- 0. ua
41 Ser. yL~
Ce r 1.01 0 .6 0.16 *.u I." Tr
41 loco-366. 6.41 TIP It.5 TIP TIP - TIP
43 Alum. 9u 662.41 .6 0

VI. A5.miame Al".7

O. Alley At 33 re cm me Cr 3m

21 a"6 (343) bet. 0.34 6.32 4.41 6.1VS 55

I"0 40a b. 5. 6. 0.2
141 an ~ al. - *5* 95* L 3 0.3
"2 405(" @I bal. S.5SO 6.23 6.015 6.51 6.6a 6.01 0.10
is mlt (#top bal. 6.5w 6023 6.34 0.6 6.31 1.30
is 1.13 (To 3) haL. 0.1 6.31 5.63 6.6 6.35 5.60 2.60
"2 1691 bet. 1.00 9050 4.50 a 0.0 6e6 6.63 6.60
28 384 bal. S.3 5.31 0.66 61.01 41.011 6.35 6.133
3511 AV" Torealley bat. -2.10
1.8

VS. Mometw Ally.

me. Afty Al u. 6.S i Co
* 0

3U Des hal. 6.50 6.6 6.5

33 DOWMIs3 .e .00
"
34 D J-1 bal. 6.5 5. 6.20 a
360 Dow C bal. 6.5 2.31 0.6 6O
.0 6.001 0.01
Ile t6..AZ6Iti 6t.1 6.6 6.66 6.3 6.824 6.6on o.01
III Do P- bet. 3.60 3.0 e.1

VW. I~aiý Aloy

N. Alley. Tt Al r P
3 'Is ISA bel. . - 0. i0 me . 6.3*
I36 TiI 154A be3. 3.?
a .3 61.66'1

111k Alloy T. C. aft al IF It III Cr Cu -me

40 CrayCa~wI 3.6' 0.97 3.T .16 63 14.661 6.63 0.
40 WIN~Camn tSm 3.15 6.61 5.9 6.030* I.6ft? H4.69 0.06

66 i w ea653 " it..1 1 6. 1'0.

Ile mo"N n-"0 11-10 3.35o

C us II F Cv *a Al
14 marSIlep 336 emo. 6.51 6.6m -;20 -;.0is 5.61 7.6m ;.36 3.16

* om 0mmb
 A-17

Data From R-137. "The Properties of The data for dimensional stabllity are pro-
MeasadAly f atclrItrs sented in abbreviated form to show (1) the
in Precision hietrum t Construction; exposure condition: RT, 160, and cycle, meanings
respectively, exposure at 70 F. 16C F. or cycled
Compilation of data from various handbooks ten times between -100 !' and +OO F (note differ-
and other sources, by L. M. Schotky. ence in cyclic exposure from that reported in
January. 1957. Iastrumtemtation Laboratory. R-95), (Z) the dimensional change in microinches.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. and (3) the exposure time in months or years.
Lamnbridge 39, Massachusetts.

The computious in this report were taken TAILlA-12. PIVPU~l3S01 METALS AND ALLOYS OF PARTCULAR
from various pabilehed sources. The data on D17U NPUCOWN DISTWJUENT CONSTNUCTON
elastic limits &M dianeaaional stability were
taken from Report a.,950), altkwugh in some AM ifU
cases differeaces is results or treatments can asw.wa Usn.
be noted,. The saite for the various parameters AT- - j A "S Wiliams. hod. moowed.
q My, be co bmald &Wi

included are given, as follows: "-1

Density Grams per cubic centi-

Thermal Conductivity Calories per square centi- Alol1".W r. Iwas "al !ill. 1/7 ow,ad o
meter per centimeter NWF I W.__air____W
per degree centigrade I,,M
per selcond
b o .114 Slw t126W
u*
RosiettrltI' Microhm -centimeter asueft WMWA "M ~awma W4408 I
C~As.O of 6"no IL I on"e Noti - a.
Specific Heat Calories per gram
Magnetic Properties Zither indicates pe riea -
bility or whrther mate-10
rial is or is not magnetic ar- 0 -IorA" twbwn .ei hw b* bd.. b& d.W.&

Linear Coefficient Inch per inch per degree t ee"I

of Expansiton centigrade slm 6o" nail Wqit
ok

Hariless Rockwell scal* as indi-

cated or Brinell scale
as indicatedi h'V
1.co

UTS (Ultimate 1000 pounds per square Ph0Z.Zt 7,.

Teoasilo Strength) inch %W4-v .
iYp (0.2 Per Cent Stress in 1000 pounds per ow wIo l.f
Offset Yield square inch to produce Pow i~
ElasMth
1111W 1.
Sttength) 0~.2 per Cent offset t .- s
Elongation (in Z in.) Per Cent WWAP IXsavi

Modulus of 1,000,000 pounds per I

Elasticity square Li -h fo ""mI

Elastic Limit 1000 pounds per square *.--'

inc h__ _ - --- I

Elastic Limit/ (Pounds per square inch MWV
Density per grant per cuabic ft- &WIl-edNO%
centimeter) x 10-3 Oil:'-'" 111601 4*

Modulus of (Pounds per square inch &OW." T" Toll

Vlasticity/Dalnoity per gram per cub 'c .mo pop*"
u-t - NNW
centimeter) x 10.' IA~.~4~ kW" I.-3
 A-18

TAI A -1?. (Comjau.4

31-0-EmP
0pn mi pm.n ' i0n

low ovled Uwl All". I hr. owes" cowi

IWIF b, a& ad

OW s~ Pf10 NOW liahwe EI.79O

VAubh NOW ticab. Dof 7.11a.?m011"A
ame uu. rfp ewif - IUS Wa 1un d dwt.
IS.0 70ommwt
Vr~a wallf II VPft asaw
&Now" 12 1&) 110aame1169L how 1a (2

I"~~ INK
iff .8*- $0 A a.bo.. ulob Plw onno 2? -6-Ia
- A.lim busm
low m emls ad u mq d
US -1-us. I A-sawI,,
__ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___I_ _ Cpd. - 4

1k ? 1ew
IN MW usu for

baud .rombe d
hbos ,.mw Cod amow
UWY.
I/S. e. tow bum SOWd411P. I hr.iM co
UM, IlO. M tow

11. 1911134.. )11 IIA YP0%x74

ompl. adp"anip
so
awpo 0 wwwb poop%s P" M adsofpuh
.. adau"Of
of ILI mow" hwo -17 Q A "4 lesII-
tkoeip w LIO fleat 1.1
.. pin.... bb hwsd .n Ne

fk? - 10 A depf. 064. to u

W $a wop. heft~f -. -

T"OM l Ib T"O- io

"*l1 . lb
AP,Ikn raw Culd.lA.L 5 wmiel Ift". I r
 A-19

TABLE A-122. (Continued)

U10 ITUL 0611ITfL - M

H.opT...mems he Mew.Tro,.rn... Ow
111.emo d'awhese. wablllay weIb mm.qsh Nmd son

4*7F. 11 b" &e

mI qw - 4 ' ,2. .Iq b

~~~~~4
F IwdmI U 11~
lw -l -. .. bc..,u

Timlc owltco-e. 0.10

Ill Eiim.wuom - I clw..i o,
(..41....IV
.4 p~r II2 ly.p )%aw
4..0 C.4406 . .4 em e II LI.0.. Nom
1CC1C1-00 27 f t mf.i d)
Wm I 10 Spec.. te I. fdmvts m2..m

flu~~~Di 111
STEEL04 C. MMGC,
- MIGM

a c- UsepcU~t
AT - 0- - d-W to... - boeU. #I.V1rm wlwwg - s"A s dot wpp ame lf l- -o _
ol-c-o) sebo1 0 to
- 6- .,,

P..g.odev leeawcmlmod..Ofterollod Pqit Ie1e ,.j.,..

1 22WF - 3.she.inIssqwb c Roph 6 I'mase 2 m~ e
b IDCF - 214k'.1 opsch ol go" Ik~m.e
br cow W 22w i. iC 4. up"

UTd TI d T

SW*4*in how2 Etele" .~n I. sIc- how int2.

aw-c~~~*4' pop he44vehe. "*t in..e

ow MEL - MTU"I STAAMLf$ iTUL 316

IT - -I . Far 1ikh vew '. e... ~ ii- - 1 ft # .- .14 .- .4d .§4 ... N'4 leo
6. d

Hom m -sal.W
Tomosm
________~~~~'l

,
__

he
_ _

ld'wn
_ __ _ _ _ _
tw- I
K-
os -a-e
_ _
C.."+~,1pr a-.-i.
_ _
:
fr~~win*., . 1".i
T~,~,.em[

-'4 A* A7. 4'

lwmme-1.
howe f (2 hm1. No..
lhwin. 0 of 1 .4 Wsow..' W Ini swe fidl-16-I .. .
tI I
I4ielsmmm t leas. E., ( i e. m..V-. 1 * %4r.
 A-20

TASU.A -12. (Coadttnued

~ n i. ~ IfT -0-6 d Fo r.g

caea M"as .q.msllw. hboos b. ol.$#bIY
U4 me
- qwpm Cin. hnd
d 0e . Low pWld as 06"K S.N
-p -~ I d
Cp'le - I

i b.ad ueuo NW9. £12b.weo quoncl

9, li h. O ~m~IbUS few~ ft". I W, so o

11-1911po dw&NA P*E 117NioWm- ~ a.

011111101 77 Nodsol 66Cheq~

swoe - I. Q ppms ft~o of 460 x p .- PsM~.e. e.

071 1"b po wCmmsaolm1

uom A.i - ell¶". uP.6 '.
WWNI. ltm capslow ad base op..
b. -Fhoss 3 41)sint
C"-VI . r wP.*~..p ~ tb .e... d

Pa TMNO Io,9
Thwm ine,.0p 02

it? b ad 0 " Aý* IM".14 ,

11T1"OUR- S%U VV ps
I( S aht
P( %AW
%*JAWbw
0,11 fiough"(2 - iw-, ý we0 a Iý .
der-
po-s we Newk 40 a0w Mo p. u . k- S.i~5 low
S.4 e* 'cce,5241
bU.*dwsoea
eows W1b C-OW 6P. f& w 1 For,-4

floub 1~4m itse4 .. 2U fl@S 1-f- 4ý&

lw.~~~~~~ . iPIW 41w¶y

%N--4W vo

a-ab Vo -m I AT- -. Vki6

No oi. h"A..-. NIL 41 6 .

IN~
 TAR.3 A-12. (ConflnueQ

ums 0 W44 C
Ummmmdm U Sm&d U".

I'd -a0 I,. -e -0 011' eo...Le .. o..m.4.d

C- -0in ISOm
C.

"gom
T'som.m o.

I'WF. I W. 1t -1 ISwt. I1%b. .f me.p.

ZWP.
do .k .inw ow. l *F, ISk.be."Cml

T% w 0014 IUiS 1U m.ee &GASn Si 100

Amm4y t YPII,~
(a.4?ain..) 9.7 Y!'(SII.Ne.3 II
t 1-9-.
Elms. ) INedm 0.12 1 60m~.0~O
Q . to0

z NNMK STIMSLOT

"1.46--r .. No -wow.m~w
op"WF Io. '""Go. ,.emm.*
"6, ... .- or.. .6.L l. In...
, ae I-300

Pm-A- Pm-dee.

WK*r
1. . so .e. SWV. -
eftmi

033 Y(oSIsN.01 136-10 ven..l

(a.?P~t.l.
%MA. Wehi Died EIwvwwetI .) wigl~d.& dN. leseo..
Nor- oem"-t - M.de..dIwe...,
uw WI eoep..
w~. whMeee P i.,
C-O wof0.n . 124 E
11j mIin.le. 114e~..eeq 11.161.3109 EeI. 20
Emhe 1~1ma Itsddm
-1 qe.d5 ... & e bleo.1p01.
d d0 I."

hYPini m A 111

160 -10-6-4 .. P- Cod

G-4m.. o . I....

Om-T.ý 6. P-Wemlo
Tm~em fI.w 4W.

Of PmW....

(lbeP mom.$.ml 3m,.w'l 34bt

kwý
. m0
.,. - it. Wr mw

401 % n0 22.m
41f .mAws...e 0.101 vpIfe4

Elms..Dil
I U- 4. 20. El . go.1.
Med#. 19.3 Wee Mo din.-4240
 A-.22

TAU4L A-12. (Continued)

adeepaa.ewdad
Utm &Oc.*.dw iL'a
il ~.e Fed, assmtf~ remew... bass Pdoeeab..wasI"e (pat, "uvapb. me dAm& idim Pipotpet a. ku"I badae V~" ..sw.benk4ie"e,
*.dd.me tet a... dimimeemiaasmila oleoeldbe amh leb.ear.

Omi.. ea leotNs,1 bodscw 7Isea OueuC adesdelAo

P40e.au
Posies4 jfivebs..clweotme Filtrated PMPW.W M..e..lPM~h
'tho admimet~ewtvi
0 Tkoui 0.2
OA ITS 7%1211
uEhqin VPM (310.) 2'A SgMc.i u 011.1271 EaigM (2..) W0100
Smiled andkm 1kegh, Q.0Ine Imme-heim , ~ fmrsed Qi -0U)a2. W2ee.c0,

OI-01s
dmoefie"in Wet, C46~ feoma 1. Elastic hoped 41e

Rad.idedw U30
IT - 10 -4..e fo ide2. .. flhltw. .4
of.flowetope..w. a " .lWma
alled" WAvaoed~
1 f Aet.wate
lP - 11 - I~r,
Use
~
Ss.. tiqividiad predlfectiriallvt~at.m
40-0-6..
Yclir- 10 (Se~my boia
Wma abra itupema No, 2. 44pt.miel9 ten. to bma epeatmet IWO.1),

I.. Tewmtme
Ibem., Maie.2t kesp - vai ar. Cole!mks" sw.e-.. f. ma...... "etueb.

IIWF. 2 beomom c~all 2. ¶JV, 2In r Iv e godi

Iee lemeal .mdiet.. cow base
=orib, 30b W1, I h. .jgCOW
May. 44e e.r.
ad cw
hImwP*" MadideplealP-ieliale.. Ptewce Pis" itsid Mabce PMWWS..

Th-..el co ereey 0.2 Uy Thk-t-pit -md

0,,. 0.042 )JTS 9-r
62oatvIIYl SI 00190 ft.am t-ty, 4L) TIPto24iest) ID

cepn-cde of ose. 2,0 Coti ha 47.1. Coo~tw

CW4 eq......a 14 Eleaic. I-# U
2
Ecee,,c -,&i Im flow... m.t das,~ 6.

k NOuIL CrmP (CLeCIUCLY TOUG mTO(

T ¶- -. (,.Wd v. nutsd
a1t, .8. hte..d..l. ýsd I Itnb ~
-Amit-v.t~ .
'D- -% -̀1 I
,CIO- 0

Wa t..at

,eca ~e~m..4Muhmotkal Pm..pi. Ih0a~fWa t~tt P'.0i.

9
.a
Densitybeu Ndw***%~ , Dalie1441142
ThomW daelsact-tv 00CIO Uh! 140.170 j j Vsect~et.t
m 0944 T 2

kk 4... 1 29- atdAodCt.

-4. .fa _____41 __- L

 A-23

TAILE A-12. (Cocti=4d

WYWWP COPPE m as PIwumI wtU -s

1-5
17 k& memwlýb lmc s.~wio
91 erag mch rnms. mor m as toow,.& , p.o .l locki.&.
Wedllrs MG& 9 .td eod,4milem"9.in
840- I w.m~n d600wmoo e"4 maw$o
Yckd - I

hocsToomamin o Tmq
Mo I&
*mmumnm
AiNmONO wablay sodewimi pbruotd pempoaee

4
hmalo c.. .. mtodwo
cwv n C~ldMAWI~
* 14WF. 7 hr. .off 9..ocl
61111F.I hr. owfcoow

DN. Si,1 1411 57Cmo Doom, 94

IpWMc..how, 0*21 Lff~.s 1.oJ 17 I Spc*c.a ý 39 UI 92r~i.

C44A.uofl
SO fr.o"Mlem~ Iou
1.9 .b'..md by o The..0
1o"S
hr ha. owis.*IwkV 1~
1w/N ftm t "gItda01

MWASS
40-4A
m

140- 0 - II so
cycl. - I
%to,Tmeom.. Newl T.a.s IN

b~~o peaalwo ' CaOfdum;

zurP. 2hr.beut.ow. omc

_____________________________________511110FW. 4 hr, off ow _______

T1ws I' c..jado-i,, 0 29 UTI 10 Thom rexo.,.,, 039 UTS

62 p (o 2%.Ifsw( i0 o 1%) ftes..at. 4.42 YP: I IS ofm0) 24
of-i
00009 1 ow-..I?.. I I sm9.c bow 2.3 Elo. g-uQ. () 4

CO.C4.C.. of *.qwmws 201 flo.... I-t 24 Caoofftc. .4 .. Vumo..o. ~l~w*

fo hop 2
fl~ow,( hI A.. # 2 66 ElWN' I-# do.& ).92
tied &'t I9 Mod'a" 4.47

Ar ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-0-I ~
.d..k.ro..-.k.-'
R -15 w V-.1 grd moot ftb.nowc., .004..o.k ob oo9.aI"O

94..~o"N V....... 1w"-..~

-44 Ný o. sIS 6.C

h, - .1

Do*# 41% .40 11F4 ,~ 'L.I. No

T1p.o- t,4c.,, 0 9 UTB Tup-l.i..-s 5'ý IfS 41

lowFt~ ',i .1 0 o F.A ow I.a ( i. *

M.41 LAp
dm
 -A3. A - 12. (Cohndm

"-
beI -tf Inuron -awe
amwo.mm for Now~ UsOW

Sole. h. I k~
diom hr. la am
12P

fto". 40w" Uti w.'. %..Thwe oww LV VISb

*Y60 a sweIo,a ) a lomlk awa du.

aow
110001111011 am fti . dalmeo AU3 "Wiw puAM o .ep
Waw~ii W4
ra~i~d.oson"a NOWmg.m. C4M..Sn -I
iflleidwdw o

MOS iniUWY it 41&aS -

pb- 0
TOW"WINS
NOW ti h

- mg
Orr. I Is saw *IN*d
rwy. 26 go lii Ir aO"d Ilaw, pow". - SIWU. 1id b. se sad

ftt pusam 0110111604 ftrowPOP ebomed pwhwm

savoqf Un-i~a S ~ bhSiAOl

m Lie on

ei.
awia -ae - bA
Mal I4ee. W4 Avw IkWA
NOMS !I w
caslee fequisesemm MU flawk to -40 Cs a of S"Wrae IOU e~muo -9
[loo _________1____flume______ 1 3.,

We I 5 m.
a- tainý ". cwtm . c re
a 4
Cpek - I

I/l tw. . wpva 1. A. b,.,.

-k ..
7wV. 410.4i. cowi

rfou 900100dty 6 &"12 FNNIII

1110-A Ip~~n M sSh)S 16100 s-a, VM
to bo IJ% I FL0ia -~..1 0.) 17e. 11A.1 a
1
CmSVIPWK*OPO~ NO.W wpw" 0 0004." 10. Caaieffivu .4'cm NO
S e- v l 1",,L a
 A-25

TALE A-12. (CooUnusso

Fmw 094 fgfi dot*MWW

"M
11-1111,PuiL m I~.6
sid.
Mmd
.. mdm.I
T-Ia - 4 onogFmN
-
Cycle - 5
eMN6s fo towo~.Ge
sq&O . coubf.0b.mimeum
uuw
om.

ymft
POW Iw: -mTnm"1

Amale&d
I"" somasu
toeaob aiM

smewow.
Ik., Soum.cow

ad~u
'J hmosipd PON'e pugd wonl aphomw palloolua
4.1 11116111 m
-1,111D 4." wi

rom val1 bow-r o U,

ftwo- - b 111Sam
iieit a qmwm 1- y m a8sleaw)
IPA wItmo Q 0' %sfbw Ilu. 160mgQ ) .

I-
Wo-

~ d~eimdsudiap men pywtel PNVMW$

fm Mile OS awl
Y I, or. no___98"________ _ co

a dvsI 1F ajaow eg s . vi Ig- N.v

01011111 Rau* L3 lga)M

I liaise.9 bIe/lImew~ iuM,&V

-oo of5
-"om lyi cm.m 6101 Commowh L gok

~ms TiTrTeA
O 1118A. TANTsi

We - 0- I t-am w ý.
Cycle
-/ I. la l~ hes o. W
~ ~ IV~~p
How
ff/lb. waemfo ft
be..mm dmpos.., Ik
4606.

Camae "1 0q M P,
I I..b-, OW. ~ a is0
 A-26

TAKE A-it. (C..i4u

am

Iu. -sSO mm".Im

UNis aboma amwo __ I a -OL

Midhft -

awlsomm"
um

No um0u uw~i me- ma

am-~ P~
-h

cluf
L.
01-o LIP __ __ __ __ __ __

%M bmhkf inO La WAN" 61060016" LOnbi- .kd e .wm

blftw twve il "ge -L a 2i

amo %F mPSbI"o il-3 epm boo WO I..LO

6.45 u s.hsý ~
ftpdd P~ks bo obilow mikow I

6111110 N&WIM 16.1 %Pmm - w 4

%Mdw~s*-
&M
%Aok**
ILO

p"Im"
V
m
Oit eallon

*AN________________________
fttm~m 404mma* 0
4

-ilt%
toIIIr*MW
1 &ANWAIV

aTm
MWA~k~f

4W-mo
&%
P
ri
"axa

6nofaIL
_______aO__I____how______f__t7_____

m~~~ -* -.. kku O

*A/Aft awk
LA8I
NUA6L
I time s"
andiu
4mi.
ta
kind
 A-27

TANU A -It. (Cowdmo@

IT p4n,.
-11-1 Tusam powder.aselmlimke. As W# doti ummii balofift as.d~

asummi-

gsa?.*ma Iw P. I

-1 - -e V104144011
.iPg %60 m A6n. SNO
uim9m
C@Wkht Si U
Ou hemaw,"~ 071&*aei bw En si'mpm. 0. Ow

1emus
_ahae uiea im2 S PN t
pmMoak w, mbm
h"ho ~~u .01. V p aft
sk 1111111114 LIU

VILsIl IIIIN CPus~w~c

-e& mm w LN MUItlw..ha udvs vl 1640.1 1sis

A was
-tOvmo solue now

111011111014
P~s. A~w su*gmiplofg
&Mie -1 #am -*~ARIM
WA 1101111P-S ~ Olblu

row"~~~~ GO&O
- 1MWwmeli T m"

1Ww
Aspmd Lml

AMW rim t1 ftfý. m

YAWS
11m lmiwas
am~~~~am~
6 1 "4.-Yf
 A-28

TABLE A-13. AVERAGE PRECISION ELASTIC-LIJMIT

aDATA OR VARIOUS GRADES or
COMUERCIAL BERYLLIUM
lln lfime b, ec mi cal, e l.
,,,goog . ..
ewinrl Tm.Average Composition
Precision
=lastic Limit, pai
Mesa

by T. J. H .3. Ree archk hOW R iot. -200 1001 Virgin ,Loo

Onmorul Mat,3 as Laborateory,
Report No. hIt.lO, Apuil 4. 196 -200 Standard prrwuir ,on grade Z663

-ZOO 40% recycle + 40% virgin 4100

-200 100% ecycle 4300

Tliu report discusses the mecbmsaial prep- Subieve 100% virgin 4333
o rb es o f I er yU bum of b aport ance to a "•aqq, _R 00 iri-6
¢ lO amd prOsents data m precision olaatc
sa, las00% virgin
1ina 1 micrecreop
1 nlit, m the
td dimiesioimml -400 Dispersed iron alloy 6033
sta ~ imder stress for several grades al ubsievo 100% recycle 11167

comnmercial boryll1m. ______________________

TABLE A-14, DATA ON PRUECISION CLASTIC LIMIT, C.LA.STIC MODULUS, AND M1ClOCRCEP LIMIT
YFot SP1CIENS OT9 COMMCRCIALJiXYLLIUM

Grain 5140. Grain Saig, Density, Density, Elastic

%5O %tsO m,.rn a mcid..
ts - &/cc g/cc pL., Modulus,
(Brush) (GUM) (IsitnaG (OMI) l(rush) psi milloio p MCL, psi
bhallh Copooditifta IGCMR

11.3 19 1.506 L.es 4,000 44 7,500

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 A-29

1Ab.-C A1. LIAZ•: X .Ld.%.91ONAL9TABILITY UNDI;R STAEi5 (CRECImTFOP. COIMIEcLA3. BERYLLIUM

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1.70 3.Ud 1.601 1.676
10 10,450 410 + 4.7
1.-041 1.71 b7 L
1.6. 6,790 420 + 6.6 Dispersed pA se Ie alloy
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- 1.77 1.106 ! I1.676 3.61 3,700 359 412.6
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9340 431.3S 10.1
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900 64 + 2.0
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A
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1. 44 1.47 10.1 21 1.644 1.4042 4,100 466 + 9.3
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" I.40
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Data From "Gage Blocks of Superior

4tability III: The Attainment of Ultrastability"

by

M. R. Meyerson and M. C. Sola,

Trans. ASM, 57, 164 (1964)

This paper discusses the procedures used in

the Sale -block program at the National Bureau of
Stndards for the attainment of a veryhighdegree
of dimensional stability. It oummarises the data
for a number of materials considered suitable for
use as gsle blocks; as the results show, several
of these are very stable indoed. The test speci-
mens used all have a 2-inch gale length, and a
cross section 1-3/8 by 3/8 inch.
 TABLE A-16. SUMMARY OF STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS Or ALL GAGE

Max
Surface period
hardaess, b observed,
Typea Symbol RC Material and identifying treatment months
3 P 770 17-4 PH, hardened, aged, nitrided ZZ
4C KA 72 Titanium carbide. 25% Ni, stress relieved 20
1 F 68 410. annealed core, nitrided 45
4 S 65 Titanium carbide, steel binder, hardened and tempered 19
2 L 66 1010, pack carburized, case hardened 30
Id. e T 62 52100, directly quenched or martempered, stabilized, RC 62 49
3 N 68 Nitralloy 135 mod, hardened, tempered, nitrided 34
2L 65 1010, carbonitrided. case hardened 20
3 N 68 Nitralloy 135 mod, hardened, tempered, nitrided 34
Id. e T 60 52100. directly quenched or martempered, stabilized, RC 60 50
2 F 67 410. annealed core, nitrided Z-step 45
3 N 57-69 Nitralloy 135 mod, hardened, tempered, liquid nitrided 17
T 66 52100. annealed, chromium plated 48
2 L 62 1010, annealed core, thermal sprayed 17
Id V 62 ris. hardened, tempered to RC 62 19
3 E 66 8620, carbonitrided, case hardened so
d " 65 52100. directly quenched or martempered. stabiiized, RC 65 49
4 AL I NBS >68 Chromium carbide. Ni binder, as received 20
Zc L 68 1010, annealed core, chromium plated 25
4 a >70 Aluminum oxide, no binder 29
3 Z 65 8620. liquid carburised, case hardened 32
2 N 68 Nitralloy 135 mod, annealed core, nitrided 17
2f T 72 52100, annealed, flame plated 30
3 E 64 8620. gas carburized, case hardened 20
2 F 68 410, annealed core, nitrided 30
Id V 65 TiS, hardened, tempered to RC 65 20
2c L 68 1010, annealed core. chromium plated 36
id W 65 W4. hardened. stabilized 16
id 65 Commercial through-hardened steel gage blocks. AA grade 25
4 KB 68 Titanium carbide. 40% Ni, stress relieved 19
3e C 655 420. hardened, tempered. nitrided 16
2 D 65 DZ. annealed core, nitrided 16
2 Fr 68 410, annealed, chromium plated 24
Id D 58 D2, hardened, stabilized 16
2 D 72 D2, annealed, flame plated 24
2 F 72 410, annealed, flame plated 23
1 T 66 52100. hardened, deliberately unstable 7

a Type I is through-hardened; Type Z has annealed cores and hardened surfaces; Type 3 has partially har4
or cermet.
b This value represents hardness of the case or coating where applicable. Where appropriate, hardness
converted to RC,
c Only one specimen of this type tested.
d Results reported -ere obtained previouzly and reported in a prior reference (9). They are included for
* Contained short-term periods of greater instability.
f Average of two blocks with widely diffeient values. One block wai very stable.
g Estimated.
AC f E.LS fiCS OF ALL GAGL BLOCIS, IN ORDER OF MERIT

Max Average
period Fabrication of case on nongaging faces change in
observed. Partially Completely Not length.
months Intact removed removed applicable u..-in. In. /iyr

2 x + 0.05
20 X - 0.07
45 A + 0.10
i tem•,ered 19 X - 0.10
30 X + 0.11
ýaLihizel RC 62 49 X - 0.13
-ide 34 X + 0.17
20 X + 0.17
ided 34 X + 0.19
ý4bilzcd, R 60 50 X + 0.20
45 X + 0.20
. - t ied
diU 17 X + 0.21
48 X + 0.21
17 X + 0.25
19 X + 0.27
X + 0.29
.abiuzed, RC 65 49 X - 0.30
0o x - 0.34
25 X + 0.35
29 X + 0.38
32 X + 0.38
17 X + 0.40
30 X + 0.41
20 X + 0.42
30 X + 0.44
20 X + 0.49
36 X + O.58
16 X + 0.59
, ks. A.A grade 25 X - 0.67
19 X - 0.78
16 X + 0.80
16 X + 0.81
24 X + 0.85
16 X + 0.86
24 X + 0.89
23 X + 0.96
7 X -25.0

aces; Type 3 has partially hardened cores and hardened cases; Type 4 is a ceramic

W/here appropriate, hardness was measured with a micro-tester such as the Vickers and

.ce (9). They are included for comparison.

,able.
 LIST OF WIC M219MDA ISSUED
(Continued)

A list of DUIC Memoranda 1-164 may be obtained from DMIC, or see previously
issued memoranda.

DMIC
Memorandum
SrTitle
165 Review of Uses for Depleted Uranium and Nonenergy Uses for Natural Uranium,
February 1, 1963
166 Literature Survey on the Effect of Sonic and Ultrasonic Vibrations in
Controlling Grain Size During Solidification of Steel Ingots and Weldments,
May 15, 1963
167 Notes on Large-Size Furnaces for Heat Treating Metal Assemblies, May 24,
1963 (A Revision of DMIC Memo 63)
168 Some Observations on the Arc Melting of Tungsten, May 31, 1963
169 Weldability Studies of Three Commercial Columbium-Base Alloys, June 17, 1963
170 Creep of Columbium Alloys, June 24, 1963
171 A Tabulation of Designations, Properties, and Treatments of Titanium and
Titanium Alloys, July 15, 1963
172 Production Problems Associated with Coating Refractory Metal Hardware for
Aerospace Vehicles, July 26, 1963
173 Reactivity of Titanium with Gaseous N2 0 4 Under Conditions of Tensile
Rupture, August 1, 1963
174 Some Design Aspects of Fracture in Flat Sheet Specimens and Cylindrical
Pressure Vessels, August 9, 1963
175 Consideration of Steels with Over 150,000 psi Yield Strength for Deep-
Submergence Hulls, August 16, 1963
176. Preparation and Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Structural Materials,
August 22, 1963
177 Designations of Alloys for Aircraft and Missiles, September 4, 1963
178 Some Observations on the Distribution of Stress in the Vicinity of a Crack
in the Center of a Plate, September 18, 1963
179 Short-Time Tensile Properties of the Co-20Cr-15W-lONi Cobalt-Base Alloy,
September 27, 1963
180 The Problem of Hydrogen in Steel, October 1, 1963
181 Report on the Third Maraging Steel Project Review, October 7, 1963
182 The Current Status of the Welding of Maraging Steels, October 16, 1963
183 The Current Status and 1970 Potential for Selected Defense Metals,
October 31, 1963
184 A Review and Comparison of Alloys for Future Solid-Propellant Rocket-
Motor Cases, November 15, 1963
185 Classification of DMIC Reports and Memoranda by Major Subject, January 15,
1964
186 A Review of Some Electron-Microscopic Fractographic Studies of Aluminum
Alloys, February 5, 1964
187 Some Observations on the-filectron-Microscopic Fractography of Embrittled
Steels, February 19, 1964
188 A Reriew of Available Information on the Welding of Thick Titanium Plate
in the USSR, March 6, 1964
 DOCUMN CONTROL. DATA - R&D
fl~wear slawifsm. of oft be* .9of
*"e* Us8Ml muolde
hWx~ 6etened omA.
b@f *0s
ei'gII t ebee*EeE)
I.- l00liATIN 0 ACTIVITY (¢eoap e uaft kr~t an. NIPORT SaCURITY C &ASIFlICATION
Defense Metals Information Center Unclassified .
26 GRIOUP

3. NIMPOT TITLE[

A Review of Dimensional Instability in Metals

4. 09UMPDIVI nOYS(1YrMdu.
ofu N M b0iv dese)
DMIC memorandum
S. AUTHO(S) Mae now&e ft, *.law. W,•Wi)

Holden, Frank C.

March 19, 1964 37 .O

Go. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 110. ORIGINATON'It mPONT NUM[ER(S)

AF 33(615)-1121 DMIC Vemorandum 189

A PROJICT No.

8975
Sb6. JTM=~POIr? NfO(1) (Any ofter aumbee. #400 ow be "Olid*

IS.AVAILABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICU

Copies may be obtained from MiIC (at no cost by Government agencies,

and by fivernont ontrim rse sucont-ac tors ind their supplierz).
May obTain copies from u??ceo Tec nl'a1 5efv ces, washington, c 98su
11. SUPPLCOWNTARY WOThU 12. SPOIISORING MI1LITARY ACTIVITY
Dr. Earl T. Hayes, Asst. Director (Material
Office of Director of Defense Res & Engrg
Washington, DC 2C301
IS.ANTIACT

This memorandum discusses briefly the mechani-.... ading to the dimen-

sional instability of metals and alloys, together v 'ý ome related
phenomena: precision elastic limit, microcreer, oid rtir..rostraln. Information
of this type is needed in the design and manufacture of precision devices,
such as bearings, gage blocks, gyros, accelerom•eters, and components of
missile guidance systems.

Tables of data from available reports and papers are presented for
a number of metals and alloys. These should provide a useful source of
information for the selection and processing of metals for applications
where a high degree of dimensional stability is required. (Author)

ok• wahL Li|~f . ..... . - •,

 Uncl assifiled
Seewitt lessifcauce _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4.LIMNK
Kay WOO -
A
--
LINKS I LINK C
ROLE WY ROLE WT ROLE WT

dimensional stabi1 Ity

precision elastic limit
microcreep
microstrain
p:7ecisiGfl devices

INSTRUCTIONS

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