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(1-7) قوانين الغازات 21 the Gas Laws-1

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‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ 2‬ﻣﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫) ‪ ( 7-1‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪The Gas Laws‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫● ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺎﻥ ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ P1‬ﻭ ‪ V1‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ‪ P2‬ﻭ‪ V2‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫● ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺎﻙ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﺑﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺠﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺎء ‪ ) .‬ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪( 7-2‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ) ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪( 7-2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ) ﺑﻠﻜﻠﻔﻦ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪ V1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ‪ T2‬ﻭ ‪ V2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬

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‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ 2‬ﻣﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻠﻜﻠﻔﻦ ) ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ (‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫‪Tk = 273 + TC‬‬


‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ) ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ( ‪TC :‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺻـ ‪ 95‬ــــ‬


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‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ 2‬ﻣﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫● ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ – ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﺠﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻﺻﻄﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪( 7-3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ )ﻛﻠﻔﻦ ‪ ( K‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺻــ‪97‬ــــــ‬


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‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ 2‬ﻣﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺣﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫● ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺭﻝ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﺳﺎﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺻــ‪99‬ــــ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ؟‬

‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺸﻞ ﺇﻻ ﻫﺰﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬

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