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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫‪.1‬ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻲﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﺸﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺹ*‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻴﺔﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺉﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒﺹ *‬
‫‪T-‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞﺷﻜﻞ ‪)1‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲﺷﻜﻞ ‪1‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪B، E، N ،‬؛ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲﺹ * ‪T-‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ )‪ N‬ﻭ‪ H‬ﻭ‪ E‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪N، E، B ،‬؛ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲﺑﻲ ﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﺓﻧﺪﻯ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﻭءﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )‪ ،N، H‬ﻭ‪ E‬ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺨﺮ‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ D ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ F، A‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ،C‬ﺃﻭ ‪ M‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.(O‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ)ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ(‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ )‪ N‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ .(L‬ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ )ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ(‪:‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ )‪ L‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪M‬؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝﻛﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲﺑﻲ ﺗﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‪:‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺧﻼﻝ ‪.M‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﺹ*( ﻫﻮ ‪101.3) ATM 1‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ( )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ(؛ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺼﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )‪101.3‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺉﻞﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪/‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ N ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.(B‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺉﻞﻣﺒﺮﺩ‪:‬ﺕﻭﺹﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ‪D‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )‪ J‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.(K‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪:‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ‪) J‬ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺿﻐﻂﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﻲ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ )ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ(‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪:‬ﺑﻲ ﺗﻲﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ‪:‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ؛ ﺃﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪.‬ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺉﺪﺓﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔﺕﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺕﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 500‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ‪ 100‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺻﺔ)ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻟـ ‪ 100‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ 327.8‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻟﺪﻳﻪ )‪- 500‬‬
‫‪ 172.2 = (327.8‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺉﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪:‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ D ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.(F‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻓﻲﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ )‪ A‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ (C‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ )‪ C‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ (A‬ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ atm 1‬ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻂ ‪ ABC‬ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻝﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺫﻫﺒﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ‪ Pikes Peak‬ﻭﻛﺮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ؟ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ (DEF‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻳﻜﺲ ﺑﻴﻚ ﺃﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪101.3‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫‪.‬ﺳﻴﺒﺪﺃﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﻔﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء! ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻃﻬﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﺘﺎً ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ‪kPa،‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ )ﺃ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺿﻐﻂ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺍً؛ )ﺏ( ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ؛ )ﺝ( ﻭﻻ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍء‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺒﺲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ؛ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺎﺭﺱﻧﻔﺲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺭ ‪ GHI‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ،IHG‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .1‬ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ H‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ H‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻭﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﺹ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺪﺃﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻁ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﺩ ﺟﺰﺉﻴﺎً( ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺕ‪1‬ﻭﺕ‪ .2‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖﺕ‪,1‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺟﺪﺍ )ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺟﺪﺍ( ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪2‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔﻏﻼﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺸﻜﻼﻥ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪2‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪.‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ A ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ B‬ﺃﻭ ‪ D‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪2‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪2‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺹ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﺕ‪1‬ﻭﺕ‪ .2‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ؛ ﺇﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻈﺮﻭﻓﺎً ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪2‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎً ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍً‪،‬ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺍً)ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺍً ﺭﻃﺒﺎً(‪ .‬ﻳﻔﺤﺺﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .3‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪B in‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪3‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔﺟﺰء ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺰء ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻦﺱﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻞ ﻝﺱﻋﺎﺉﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪3‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺹ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‪ A .‬ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ C‬ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐﻋﻨﺪ ‪ B‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺰء ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑـﻛﺜﻴﻒﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪.‬؟ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﻤﻰﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ؛ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ)ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ( ﺃﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ)ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ( ﻫﻲﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ )ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ( ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺎﺕﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑﺗﺠﺪﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﺲﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ًﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎً‬
‫ﻷﻱﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔﻭﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ،(2‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪=F‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ( —ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﺮﺍﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒﻭﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﺹ=ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ؛ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻧﻘﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺝ=ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﻑﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺉﻴﺔ=ﻥﺭﺕﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .3=F‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓﺹ=‪ 1‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻘﻲﺝ=‪.1‬‬

‫ﻓﻜﻴﻒﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻼﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ؟ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ! ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻥﺛﺎﺑﺖﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎء ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ )‪ 0.01‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ( ﻭﺿﻐﻂ )‪ 0.611‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲﺑﻲ ﺗﻲﻣﺨﻄﻂ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪- 2=F‬ﺹ‪+‬ﺝ=‪0 = 1 + 3 - 2‬‬

‫ﻣﻊﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔﺹ‪,‬ﺕﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺩﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻠﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :1‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬
‫‪.1‬ﺍﻣﻸ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩ‪.‬ﻓﺮﺡ ﻗﺤﻄﺎﻥ‬

‫‪.2‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺏ‪.‬ﻣﺎء ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺗﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﻳﺎ‪)2‬ﺯ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )ﺯ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪)2‬ﺯ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪) C‬ﻕ( ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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