The document discusses the productivity index (PI), which is a ratio of the total liquid flow rate to the pressure drawdown that provides a measure of a well's ability to produce. The PI is only valid under pseudo steady-state conditions. It can be numerically calculated from semi-steady state flow conditions. The inflow performance relationship (IPR) graphically shows the relationship between flow rate and bottom-hole pressure. Empirical methods like Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's can be used to generate the IPR. The document also discusses vertical lift performance and factors like choke size, gas-liquid ratio, and tubing diameter that affect it.
The document discusses the productivity index (PI), which is a ratio of the total liquid flow rate to the pressure drawdown that provides a measure of a well's ability to produce. The PI is only valid under pseudo steady-state conditions. It can be numerically calculated from semi-steady state flow conditions. The inflow performance relationship (IPR) graphically shows the relationship between flow rate and bottom-hole pressure. Empirical methods like Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's can be used to generate the IPR. The document also discusses vertical lift performance and factors like choke size, gas-liquid ratio, and tubing diameter that affect it.
The document discusses the productivity index (PI), which is a ratio of the total liquid flow rate to the pressure drawdown that provides a measure of a well's ability to produce. The PI is only valid under pseudo steady-state conditions. It can be numerically calculated from semi-steady state flow conditions. The inflow performance relationship (IPR) graphically shows the relationship between flow rate and bottom-hole pressure. Empirical methods like Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's can be used to generate the IPR. The document also discusses vertical lift performance and factors like choke size, gas-liquid ratio, and tubing diameter that affect it.
The document discusses the productivity index (PI), which is a ratio of the total liquid flow rate to the pressure drawdown that provides a measure of a well's ability to produce. The PI is only valid under pseudo steady-state conditions. It can be numerically calculated from semi-steady state flow conditions. The inflow performance relationship (IPR) graphically shows the relationship between flow rate and bottom-hole pressure. Empirical methods like Vogel's, Wiggins', Standing's, and Fetkovich's can be used to generate the IPR. The document also discusses vertical lift performance and factors like choke size, gas-liquid ratio, and tubing diameter that affect it.
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Productivity Index
• A commonly used measure of the ability of the well to produce is
the Productivity Index.
• Defined by the symbol J, the productivity index is the ratio of the
total liquid flow rate to the pressure drawdown.
• For a water-free oil production, the productivity index is given by:
Productivity Index Conditions
It is important to note that the productivity index is
a valid measure of the well productivity potential only if the well is flowing at pseudo steady state conditions. Therefore, in order to accurately measure the productivity index of a well, it is essential that the well is allowed to flow at a constant flow rate for a sufficient amount of time to reach the pseudo steady-state. Productivity Index Calculation
• The productivity index can be numerically calculated by
recognizing that J must be defined in terms of semi-steady state flow conditions Inflow Performance Relationship
This graphical representation of the relationship that exists
between the oil flow rate and bottom-hole flowing pressure is called the inflow performance relationship and referred to as Inflow performance relationship (IPR). Features of the Straight-Line IPR
• When Pwf equals average reservoir pressure, the flow
rate is zero due to the absence of any pressure drawdown. • Maximum rate of flow occurs when Pwf is zero. This maximum rate is called absolute open flow and referred to as AOF.
• The slope of the straight line equals the reciprocal of
the productivity index. Pressure Dependent Variables Affecting PI
Above equation reveals that the variables affecting the productivity index are essentially those that are pressure dependent, i.e.: • Oil viscosity μo • Oil formation volume factor Bo • Relative permeability to oil kro Schematically Illustration of the Variables as a Function of Pressure Behavior of Pressure Dependent Variables
Above the bubble-point pressure pb
• The relative oil permeability kro equals unity (kro = 1) and the term (kro/μoBo) is almost constant. As the pressure declines below pb: • The gas is released from solution, which can cause a large decrease in both kro and (kro/μoBo). Empirical Methods to Generate IPR
• The following empirical methods that are designed to generate the
current and future inflow performance relationships: • Vogel’s Method • Wiggins ’Method • Standing’s Method • Fetkovich’s Method • The Klins-Clark Method Vogel’s Method
Vogel plotted the dimensionless IPR curves for all the reservoir cases and arrived at the following relationship between the above dimensionless parameters:
Vogel’s methodology can be used to predict the IPR curve for the following two types of reservoirs: • Saturated oil reservoirs Pr ≤ pb • Undersaturated oil reservoirs Pr > pb Vogel’s Method: Saturated Oil Reservoirs Step 1. Using the stabilized flow data, i.e., Qo and pwf, calculate (Qo)max from:
Step 2. Construct the IPR curve by assuming various
values for pwf and calculating the corresponding Qo from: Vogel’s Method: Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs (Pwf ≥ Pb) Step 1. Using the stabilized test data point (Qo and pwf) calculate the productivity index J:
Step 2. Calculate the oil flow rate at the bubble- point pressure:
Step 3. Generate the IPR values below the bubble- point pressure by assuming different values of pwf < pb Vogel’s Method: Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs (Pwf < Pb) Step 1. Using the stabilized well flow test data and combining above equations, solve for the productivity index J to give:
Step 2. Calculate Qob by using:
Step 3. Use below Equation to calculate Qo at various values of pwf below
pb, or: Wiggins’ Method
• Wiggins proposed generalized correlations that are suitable for predicting the IPR during three-phase flow. • The generated relationships are limited by the assumption that the reservoir initially exists at its bubble-point pressure. Standing’s Method
Standing’s methodology for predicting a future IPR is summarized in the following
steps:
Step 1. Using the current time condition and the available flow test data, calculate (Qo)max from Equations below.
Step 2. Calculate J* at the present condition, i.e., J*p.
Step 3. Using fluid property, saturation, and relative permeability data, calculate both (kro/μoBo)p and (kro/μoBo)f.
Step 4. Calculate J*f by using below Equation. Use the other equation if the oil relative permeability data are not available.
Step 5. Generate the future IPR by applying below equation.
Fetkovich’s Method Muskat and Evinger (1942) attempted to account for the observed nonlinear flow behavior (i.e., IPR) of wells They expressed Darcy’s equation as:
Where, kro = oil relative
permeability k = absolute permeability, md Bo = oil formation volume factor mo = oil viscosity, cp • Fetkovich (1973) suggests that the pressure function f(p) can basically fall into one of the following two regions: Vertical Lift Performance (VLP)
What is VLP? It is a plot of the pressure losses vs. production rate in the system. Multiphase flow correlations are used in calculating the VLP. Vertical Lift Pressure Losses Hydrostatic Losses – Due to the density of the fluid column.
Frictional Losses – Due to the viscous drag.
Kinematic losses – Due to the expansion and
contraction of the fluid and the change in the cross – sectional area, which leads to acceleration and deceleration of the fluid. Factors Affecting the VLP
• Choke • Gas liquid ratio • Tubing size or diameter DEAD WELL WORKING WELL Chok e THE CHOKE CREATE THE FLOW RESTRICTION BY OFFERING A RESTRICTION FLOW PATH FOR PATH FOR THE FLUID TO PASS THROUGH. CHOKE HOLD A BACKPRESSURE ON A FLOWING WELL TO MAKE THE BACK-PRESSURE INCREASE THE BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE. INCREASE THE BOTTOM-HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE DECREASE THE PRESSURE DROP FROM THE RESERVOIR TO THE WELLBORE (PRESSURE DRAWDOWN) THUS, INCREASING THE BACK PRESSURE IN THE WELLBORE DECREASE THE FLOW RATEFROM THE RESERVOIR. GAS/LIQUID RATIO
• THE EFFECT OF CHARGING GAS LIQUID RATIO IS NOT AS
STRAIGHTFORWARD AS CASE OF CHARGING WELL HEAD PRESSURE.
• IT HAS DIFFERENT EFFECT ONTWO COMPONENT PRESSURE
LOSS IN TUBING-FRACTION AND HYDROSTATIC.
• INCREASE IN GAS LIQUID RATIO LIGHTENS THE MIXTURE
DENSITY AND THERE FORE REDUCES DUE TO HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE. • LARGE QUANTITY OF GAS WILL HOWEVER RESULT IN LARGER
PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO FRACTION.
TUBING SIZE OR DIAMETER
• THE EFFECT OF TUBING DIAMETER ON VERTICAL
LIFT PERFORMANCE OR NATURAL FLOW IS SIMILAR TO THE EFFECT OF GAS LIQUID RATIO. • GENERALLY, INCREASE IN TUBING DIAMETER INCREASE THE RATE OF FLOW, HENCE IMPROVE LIFT PERFORMANCE. • FLOW RATE INCREASE UNTIL A CRITICAL A CRITICAL DIAMETER IS REACHED. • FOR HIGHER DIAMETER RATE WILL DECREASE, THIS DUE TO CHANGE OF DOMINANCE IN PRESSURE LOSS FROM FRACTION TO GRAVITY AND HOLDUP FORCE THAT INCREASE WITH INCREASING PIPE DIAMETER.
