- The traditional injectivity index (II) equation assumes radial flow in the reservoir which is invalid if the well is fractured.
- For a fractured well, II should be defined using the slope of the pressure-rate curve above fracturing pressure rather than the traditional equation. However, identifying the slope can be difficult due to rate-dependent effects.
- Calculating II from pressure and rate data using finite differences or Hall plot integrals does not reliably estimate II in fracture flow due to scatter in the data.
- A better approach is to estimate the fracture propagation pressure and calculate II based on the slope of the pressure-rate curve above that pressure.
- The traditional injectivity index (II) equation assumes radial flow in the reservoir which is invalid if the well is fractured.
- For a fractured well, II should be defined using the slope of the pressure-rate curve above fracturing pressure rather than the traditional equation. However, identifying the slope can be difficult due to rate-dependent effects.
- Calculating II from pressure and rate data using finite differences or Hall plot integrals does not reliably estimate II in fracture flow due to scatter in the data.
- A better approach is to estimate the fracture propagation pressure and calculate II based on the slope of the pressure-rate curve above that pressure.
- The traditional injectivity index (II) equation assumes radial flow in the reservoir which is invalid if the well is fractured.
- For a fractured well, II should be defined using the slope of the pressure-rate curve above fracturing pressure rather than the traditional equation. However, identifying the slope can be difficult due to rate-dependent effects.
- Calculating II from pressure and rate data using finite differences or Hall plot integrals does not reliably estimate II in fracture flow due to scatter in the data.
- A better approach is to estimate the fracture propagation pressure and calculate II based on the slope of the pressure-rate curve above that pressure.
- The traditional injectivity index (II) equation assumes radial flow in the reservoir which is invalid if the well is fractured.
- For a fractured well, II should be defined using the slope of the pressure-rate curve above fracturing pressure rather than the traditional equation. However, identifying the slope can be difficult due to rate-dependent effects.
- Calculating II from pressure and rate data using finite differences or Hall plot integrals does not reliably estimate II in fracture flow due to scatter in the data.
- A better approach is to estimate the fracture propagation pressure and calculate II based on the slope of the pressure-rate curve above that pressure.
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Note on the Calculation of PWRI Well Injectivity Index
A. Settari, TAURUS Reservoir Solutions
December 2000
Introduction Calculating the injectivity index (II) is the most common way of analysing performance of injection wells. The calculation can be made from only the most basic data: injection rate (Q), injection pressure Pwf (corrected for bottomhole flowing conditions), and farfield reservoir pressure Pe. In oilfield units, the injectivity index is commonly calculated as:
II
Q kw hi
Pbhi Pe 141.2 B ln re S
w w rw
(1)
where Q is in STB/d and P in psia. Additional data required includes permeability kw in
md, water viscosity w in cp, water FVF Bw (res vol/STC vol), wellbore and drainage radii rw and re in ft, and injection height hi in ft. The term S denotes the total near-wellbore skin which may be composed of mechanical (completion) skin, plugging, fracturing, and flow related skin (turbulence). The above equation is almost universally used for evaluating the field data and comparing wells. When the values calculated from P and Q are compared to expected values derived from the right hand side of the equations, large discrepancies often result. Also, the application of the equation is conceptually problematic for a well with dynamic (injection driven) fracture, which is a common scenario. The purpose of this note is to examine the definition from this point of view.
Assumptions of the Classical Definition
The above definition contains a number of assumptions, which will be discussed first in order to understand its limitations. 1. The II as defined by Eqn. (1) applies only to radial, 1-D flow. Any presence of fracturing must be approximated by the skin term. It is well known that the skin approximation is valid only when the well is in a pseudo-radial flow regime. Therefore, using the equation to back out the fracture size is not recommended. In fact, using the equation in fracture flow is flawed and will be discussed in detail later. 2. The formulation assumes incompressible flow with pressure being maintained at the outside radius. This can be corrected easily but is probably not important for most PWRI injectors 3. The formula assumes single phase flow (i.e., water injection into a water zone with Sw = 1). If the injection is into a water swept oil zone, kw is the effective permeability to water, i.e., kw = k krw(Sw) which can be considerably lower
compared to absolute permeability k. If the injection is into a hydrocarbon zone,
injectivity is controlled by the total mobility k ( krw/ w + kro/ o)
which is variable and can be still significantly lower than the end-point mobility, which is the term kw/ w in Eqn. (1) 4. Reservoir pressure is a constant (input) parameter. If significant depletion occurs this may cause false variations with time. 5. The injection height (or the kh applicable to injection) may be lower than what is expected from reservoir characterization. However, if one disregards the possible nonlinearities, the formula indicates that the II is a constant for all combination of rates and pressures in which the injection is in matrix regime. Obviously, this is its utility for predicting well rates or pressures.
Definition of Injectivity in Fracture Regime
In fracture regime, we would like to define II in a similar fashion. However, once a dynamic fracture starts, the BHP is the fracture propagation pressure Pf and as such is determined by the minimum total stress in the formation and the sum of all pressure losses through the completion Pcompl and the net pressure Pnet to keep the fracture open, i.e., Pbhi = Smin + Pcompl + Pnet = Pf with generally much smaller dependence on rate, primarily through the Pnet term. This is shown in Fig. 1a, and results in a break of the p vs Q curve at a value of pressure Pf0 at which fracture just starts to propagate. Applying the II definition for matrix flow II = Q / (Pbhi Pe)
(2)
in fracture region will lead to variable injectivity index, which will start at the matrix value and increase with rate. Therefore, the definition is no longer useful. It can be noted that analyzing data with fracture and matrix injection using Eqn (2) may very well give a constant II, but this is because the rate has been kept constant by the operator at the desired value, as shown on an example of Heidrun well H3B in Fig. 2. In this example, injection is in fracture mode until about 900 days, when BHP is lowered below frac pressure. The resulting value of II is then dependent on the rate picked and does not reflect the true injectivity under fracture conditions. In order to get a meaningful measure, we first note that in the matrix mode, one can also define II differentially from two measurements (P1,Q1) and (P2,Q2) as IIm = (Q2 Q1) /(P2 P1)
(3)
If it can be assumed that in the fracture regime the pressure also depends linearly on rate, we can apply the above equation to calculate an injectivity, which will be a constant independent of the rate as long as it stays above fracturing rate:
IIf = [(Q2 Q1) /(P2 P1)]f
(4)
In contrast, the use of Eqn. (1) for the two rates above fracturing pressure will give two different values, corresponding to reciprocal slopes of the dashed lines shown in Fig. 1b. Therefore, Eqn. (4) should be used to evaluate the II above fracturing pressure. However, as shown on Fig. 1b, the calculation of the expected injection pressure then requires also an estimate of the fracture treshold pressure Pf0 and the corresponding rate Qf0 since Pwf = Pf0 + IIf (Q Qf0)
(5)
The above is a simple representation. In reality, there are several factors which make the identification of a slope difficult: First, the interpretation depends on where the BHP is considered (inside the wellbore as opposed to the sandface). If we consider sandface pressure, the variation of P with Q is due to variation of propagation pressure. In confined fracture growth, pressure usually increases with rate, but in uncontrolled height growth it could actually decrease. The fracture pressure depends then not only on rate but also the history (i.e., current frac length). If we consider pressure inside the wellbore, the relation between p and Q also includes rate-dependent entrance effects. In this case one would expect always a positive slope. Second, the fracture opening/closure pressure may vary with time even if the net pressure relation is linear. This may be due to changing voidage (average reservoir pressure), variation in injection temperature, or other factors varying over time. These effects may cause again the slope to be negative. As a result, real data over long periods of time will rarely correlate close to a single line and be more of a cluster as shown on Fig. 3 for the data of Fig. 2. On the other hand, in a short term injection like in a SRT, one can often see a well defined slope. Obviously, if the slope becomes negative, the concept of fracture II breaks down.
Calculation of II from the Data
In matrix mode, II can be evaluated simply from P,Q vs t data according to Eqn. (1). The only other information required is the reservoir pressure. At a given time tn in the data series, the instantaneous injectivity is calculated as IIn = Qn /(Pwfn Pe)
(6)
In fracture mode, the proper application of the Eqn. (4) requires first an identification that the injection is in the fractured mode. In addition, the application of Eqn. (5) also requires picking a value for the fracture opening/closure pressure Pf0 and corresponding rate Qf0 . Eqn. (4) can be evaluated in various ways. The simplest method is to use subsequent time data:
IIn = (Qn Qn-1)/(Pn Pn-1)
(7)
This produces large scatter, which renders the method useless, as shown in Fig. 4 for the data of Fig. 2. Also shown on Fig. 4 is the II calculated by Eqn. (6). This is incorrect until about 900 days. The actual injectivity in fracture mode is larger than indicated, but it is difficult to say what the real value should be from the scattered values calculated by Eqn. (7). In order to smooth the data, one could try to use Hall plot instead of the p,Q data. If the Hall plot time series integrals are denoted as QSUM and PSUM, then one can define II by: IIn = (QSUMn QSUMn-1)/(PSUMn-PSUMn-1)
(8)
Using the definitions of the integrals, it is easy to show that this equation is in fact identical to Eqn. (6) and therefore applies only to matrix mode. On the other hand, one could use: IIn = QSUMn/PSUMn
(9)
This averages over the entire time interval of (0, t n) and so it averages the matrix and fracture II, as shown on Fig. 4. However, if there is only matrix data, Eqn. (9) can be used to obtain conveniently an average value. Finally, one can estimate the slope in fracture mode from P vs Q plot, and determine the pressure intercept Pint, as shown in Fig. 5. Then the II in fracture mode can be computed as: IIn = Qn/(Pn Pint)
(10)
This calculation for the Heidrun data is shown in Fig. 6. It is noted that the average II in fracture mode is about 2 M3/kPa while the application of the matrix formula gives only about 0.7 M3/kPa. Also, if values calculated by (10) below fracture pressure are excluded, the method will automatically filter out the matrix data. To do so, II values are discarded if (Pn Pint) < (Pf0 - Pint).
Discussion Since the definition of the P vs Q slope in the fracture mode is problematic for long term data, the proposed method, although fundamentally more correct, may be difficult to use for analyzing long-term injection data. It can be used however, for relatively short data segments (e.g., continuous injection with increasing rate) and SRT tests. The PEA23 correlation for II reduction due to PW quality used this correct definition. The approach there was to test the wells over a relatively short period of time (days or weeks), during which time the confining stress and Pf0 would not change significantly. The pressure, and the corresponding rate at the point at which fracturing starts, were always identified by SRTs so that the correct definition of the II could be used. Then the water quality would be changed and the pressure vs Q response measured.
As suggested at the September 2000 meeting by P. van der Hoek, the conventional matrix II definition can be still used in the fracture injection mode as a diagnostic. If the II calculated fluctuates with rate, it is an indicator that the definition is not valid, and therefore the well injection is in the fracture region. On the other hand, if the II is reasonably constant, this would indicate matrix region. This can be tested by plotting II vs Q separately in the assumed matrix and fracture regions. The obvious difficulty is that the operator often tries to maintain a constant rate (regardless of wheter we are in a fracture or matrix injection mode). This further highlights the usefulness of step rate testing in PWRI.
Conclusions 1. The conventional definition of II by Eqn. (1) is not valid in fracture mode of injection and should be replaced by an incremental definition (2). 2. The use of II for predicting pressure or rate in fracture mode requires knowing the treshold values of fracture opening/closure pressure and the corresponding (minimum) rate. 3. None of the methods of calculating the II from only the P and Q vs t data are satisfactory in fracture mode. 4. The method of Eqn. (10) gives correct results, but it requires estimate of the slope and intercept of the data in P vs Q plot. If periods of switching between matrix and fracture injection exist, independent estimates are required for each period. In general extracting the correct slope from the data may be difficult. 5. Serious problems can be encountered if improper II data is used for developing trends and correlations.
P2f P1f Pfo
Pwf P2 P1 Pe
Q1 Fig. 1a.
Q2
Injection rate
Q1f
Q2f
Schematic representation of matrix and fracture injection regimes.
II1
II2 IIf
P2f P1f
Pfo
Pwf P2 P1 Pe
Qfo Q1
Fig. 1b.
Q2
Injection rate
Q1f
Q2f
Calculation of inj pressure from rate in fracture regime.
