2-VEC-B6 VEC-B6-3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PUBLlSHING HOUSE® W' IIIVI m de reference in this book to a trademark for the sole
3181 Coral Way 1111''' li! I nu ring a more real-life flavor to the various situations
Miami, FL 33145
II ti 10 ur students.
1111 We do not want to infer or imply in any manner
USA
,li I "I II I xl t a relationship or association between the authors and/or
I 11!t1l 111I "d the named entity. We wish to take this opportunity to
PRINTED IN BRAZIL I IIl1wll (j the trademark usage:

(JClk - The Coca-Cola Company

COPYRIGHT © 1995 by CCLS PUBLlSHING HOUSE®

Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication or related recordings may be W re grateful to the following for permission to reproduce
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by 1111YII ht material:
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without the prior permission of the publisher. Arkansas - Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism

111Kitchen and The Miami Herald

ISBN: 85-341-0032-2
usch Spots - Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc.
Fleishman Hillard, Inc.
Editor in Chief: Waldyr Lima Copyright 1991, USA TODA Y
Executive Editor: Melissa Mitchell Dunkin' Donuts - Dunkin' Donuts

Program Coordinator: Morgaine Landsford Hank Ketcham and © North America Syndicate
Hellman's Dijonnaise - Best Foods, a Division of CPC Internationallnc.
Storyline Editors: David Hazelhurst
H. Paige Graham King Features Syndicate, Inc.
Morgaine Landsford Kmart - K-Mart Corporation
Maureen Joan McCarthy
Five Star ® Notebooks - Mead - School and Office Products Division
Belinda Inez Yanda
Soloflex Muscle Machine - Soloflex® Muscle Machines
Editorial Consultants: H. Paige Graham
The Art Institute of Ft. Lauderdale - EMC Marketing & Advertising, Inc.
Thomas Edward Hasek
Tribune Media Services, Inc.
Production Supervisor: Wanda Sherwood
United Feature Syndicate, Inc.
Development Editors: David Hazelhurst Ziggy and Friends Inc. Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate
Morgaine Landsford
Michele Andrea Markowitz
Maureen Joan McCarthy
Belinda Inez Yanda

Cover: Victor H. Brunnelle

Storyline and Interior Artists: Carl M. Lewis; Robert Merola; Sidney

Silver; Willard A. Oliver
 VI I 111 VEC-B6-5

VIDEO ENGLlSH COURSE LIST OF CONTENTS

PAGE
FACE

The Video English Course is the result of years of work by a team 01 , "'11' IV , mm rcists - Mead's Flve- Star ® Notebooks - 7
researchers and writers who have been studying and making use of th "1 Attln tltute ot Ft. Lauderdale
latest developments in teaching English as a foreign language. The seria ( IIAMMAJ EVIEW
has been carefully planned and organized so as to guide students to an
active assimilation of natural, everyday American English. Students learn , Ir 1111 IV Commercials - Arkansas - KmartSM 23
both spoken and written English and the appropriate language for different ')' IN I lAVE GOT ANO HAS GOT
situations: the formal speech used with strangers and the informal speech 1)1 IN HAVE GOT TO ANO HAS GOT TO
used with friends. They become acquainted with American language and
culture through the study of newspaper articles, TV programs and ! 1/1/ ntons 37
commercials. I1 rAKES/IT TOOK ANO IT TAKES/IT TOOK + PERSON
MANY, A FEW ANO FEW
Thomas Edward Hasek and H. Paige Graham served as full-time
English Language Consultants for the Video English series. Mr. Hasek
I I Ituations 51
received Master's Oegrees from the University of Missouri and Indiana
IT WILL TAKE ANO IT WILL TAKE + PERSON
University. Mr. Graham. received his Master's Oegree from the University
AS FAR AS, UNTlL, ANO UP TO
of South Florida.
MIGHT

BOOK6 I I Sltuatians 63
HE PRESENT PERFECT TENS E VS. THE SIMPLE PAST
Book 6 of the Video English Course is designed for teen-age students TENSE
who have prior knowledge of English. Book 6 is the sixth book of USING EXPRESSIONS OF TIME - FROM ... TOI TlLLI UNTlL
the Course.
ANO FROM ... THROUGH
FOR, SINCE, DURING
Natural everyday American speech is presented in the dialogues
USING HOW LONG TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT TIME
which serve as the basis for ali the subsequent classroom work. These
dialogues present everyday life situations such as traveling, going
shopping, having fun, etc. Situatians 78
SPECIAL VERBS
Grammar points are inductively presented in the lesson texts. TAG QUESTIONS
BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
Book 6 contains 340 new words.
A L1TTLE, L1TTLE ANO MUCH

67 Situatians 95
USING DO, DOES OR DID FOR EMPHASIS
OROER OF AOJECTIVES
6-VEC-B6 VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 - 7

68 From TV Commercia/s -
t
Dunkin' Donuts® - 1 I
L ESSON61
Anheuser-Busch® Companies WORDS IN ACTION
USED TO
VERB + ING AFTER PREPOSITIONS
USING MUSTTO EXPRESS OBLlGATION

69 Situations 11
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE - FORMATION
USING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE + TIME EXPRESSIONS
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE + AFTER/BEFORE

drums drumstieks
70 From TV Commercia/s - Hellman's Oijonnaise® - 132
Anheuser-Busch® Companies
PAST PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE?

71 Situations 139
NO, NOTHING, NO ONE OR NOBODY ANO NOWHERE

72 Situations 149

II • shooting a free throw. That's the free throw line.

,
peneil sharpeners
8- VEC - 66 - Lesson 61
VEC - 66 - Lesson 61 - 9

WHAT'S GOING ON? TEXT

FROM TV COMMERCIALS
MEAD'S FIVE·STAR® NOTEBOOKS

V 10 -over: Don't Voice-over: They're tough enough

"01 books should be o_u..b? to survive plane crashes and drum
MI «rs Five·Star® notebooks are rolls.
tr n and last long.

She's sharpening the peneil.

V 1 -over: They're tough enough Voice-over: As a matter of fact,

to urvlve free throws, high-speed they can stand up to just about
s, and canine sabotage.
« tI I anything.

V 10 -over: Who knows? They may Voice-over: Mead's Five·Star®

v n survive a semester of notebooks - they are as tough as
« II ulus. Sut will you? you are. Maybe even tougher.
10 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 VEC-B6-Lesson61-11

THE ART INSTlTUTE DF FT. LAUDERDALE

Voice-over: If you're looking for a Voice-over: Vou may have

career in commercial art, come to imagination and talent, but you
the Art Institute. won't get anywhere without skills.

'//lV: Mead's Five·Star® notebooks are tough enough to survive almost

nything, including you. Five·Star® - only from Mead. Built strong
to last long.

Voice-over: At the Art Institute, Voice-over: And you'lI learn from

you'll sharpen your technical skills experienced professionals.
and develop your personal creativity.

,,/1 I -over: You're creative. Vou have imagination and talent. You're looking
for a career in art. But one thing is missing: skills.
We're the Art Institute, and we can help you prepare for a
career in commercial art.
AI the Art Institute, you'lI learn from experienced
professionals. You'll sharpen your technical skills and develop
your personal creativity.
Volo -over: With your talent and Voice-over: Call lhe Arl Institute at With your talent and our training, there's no telling how far you
ur Ir Inlng, there's no telling how 1-800-552-1200. can go.
r Ir y u can go. Call the Art Institute at 1-800-552-1200.
12 - VEC - 86- Lesson 61 VEC - 86 - Lesson 61 -13

GRAMMAR REVIEW 11 OMPARISON OF EQUALlTY

I. NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
I nok t this statement:
Compare these questions:

[
a. Do you think notebooks
be tough?
should
IM d's Five·Star® notebooks are as tough as you are.

1/1 111 statement above, we are saying that the notebooks and the person
111 qually tough. They're the same in some way. So we use the
mp rative 01 equality.
b. Don't you think notebooks
should be tough?

IIr 1111 moer this:

When we ask question a, we have no idea if the answer will be affirmative

or negative. We don't know if the person thinks notebooks should be tough. To say that two items are the same in some way,
we use the comparative of equality:
When we ask question b, we think or believe that the answer will be
affirmative. We think the person will agree that notebooks should be tough. as + adjective + as

Now look at this sentence:

Aren't you studying calculus? We have a test tomorrow. (I'm surprised

you aren't studying calculus.)
111 OMPARISON OF INEQUALlTY

Negative questions can also suggest surprise that something is not being t~"w I ok at this statement:
done or has not happened. .

Remember this: 111111 r notebooks are not as strong as Mead's Five·Star® notebooks.

Negative questions are used: 111 111 t tement above, we are saying that the two items are different in
111111 w y. So we use the comparative 01 inequality.
1. When we expect the other person to give us
an affirmative answer confirming what we think
to be true.
II I" mber this:
2. When we want to suggest surprise that something
is not being done or has not happened.
To say that two items are different in some way, we
use the comparative of inequality:
Use contracted forms when asking a negative
questiono not as + adjective + as
14 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 -15

Now look at another example with the comparative of equality: NYONE (ANYBODY)

1IIIIk I' these statements:

, dOll't know anyone who doesn't appreeiate art.

I/li I I n't anybody here who plays the drums.

I te 1111 mb r this:

Anyone and anybody are derivatives of any and

mean any person.

Anyone and anybody have the same meaning, so

IV. SOMEONE (SOMEBODY), ANYONE (ANYBODY) we ean use either one or the other in a sentenee.

Anyone and anybody are used in negative

A. SOMEONE (SOMEBODY) statements.

Look at this statement: t IIIW look at this question:

11, I nyone (anybody, someone, somebody) seen my drumstieks?

I Pat: Someone took my penei I sharpener. I
1I 1111 111 r this:

Pat is referring to some person, but she doesn't know who. Look at another In interrogative sentences, we ean use someone,
way Pat ean say it: somebody, anyone or anybody interehangeably.

I Pat: Somebody took my peneil sharpener. 1\1 IW 01> rve this offer and this request:

WllllltI Y u like someone (somebody) to drive vou to the Institute?

Remember this:

Someone and somebody are derivatives of some I Wlilllcl omeone (somebody) please help me with these books?
and mean some person.

1i 11111111) rthis:
Someone and somebody have the same meaning,
so we ean use either one or the other in a sentenee.
Someone and somebody (not anyone and
Someone and somebody are used in aftirmative anybody) are normally used in interrogative
statements. sentences expressing offers or requests.
16 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 61
VEC - 86 - Lesson 61 - 17

Finally, take a look at this statement:

r IIW IlIok II this chart:

Anyone (anybody) who has imagination and talent can join the Art
Institute. I
Vou
may get home a little late tonight.
He
Remember this: She
It may snow tonight.
Anyone and anybody can also be used in We
aftirmative statements to refer to any person Vou may have to work overtime.
without distinction. They

V. SOMEWHERE ANO ANYWHERE

Both somewhere and anywhere refer to an indefinite place. 1. Don't add an s to may for he, she, or it.
, 2. May is followed by infinitives without to.
We make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences with
somewhere and anywhere the same way as with someone and anyone.

Affirmative: He lives somewhere near FI. Lauderdale.

Negative: I decided not to go anywhere on my vacation.

II !vi Y In the negative form
/nterrogative: Is there a phone anywhere (somewhere) around here?

Offer: Would Vou like to go somewhere for dinner?

I 11 ti I1 Ihls statement:
Request: Can I leave my bags somewhere in your office?

Any p/ace without distinction: Vou can leave your books anywhere Vou want.
/11' IV' 1 tast on Monday. I may not be able to travei this weekend.

VI. THE USE OF MAY

A. MAY in the affirmative form 11 "" Irlb r this:

Look at this statement:

1. In the negative we can use may to refer to the
Mead's Five·Star® notebooks may even survive a semester of calculus. possibility of something not happening.

2. We put not after may to make a negative

statement.
Remember this:
3. We do not contract may and not.
We use may to talk about the possibility of
something happening.
18 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 VEC-B6-Lesson61-19

c. MAY in the interrogative form VIII HE FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

I 111 I1 II in affirmative statement in the present perfect tense.

May expressing possibility is not normally used in questions. We can ask
questions about possibility by using Do you think ... ?

Do you think the calculus test tomorrow is going to be hard?

to have pasl parliciple

in lhe presenl of lhe main verb

111 11 IIIIl lhe present perfect tense, we use the verb to have in the present
uul llu P st participle of the main verbo
VII. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

r IIIW look t a negative statement in the present perfect tense.

Look at this statement:

I 1111
!tI 111111
has n~1 studied at the Art

subjecl object

In the statement above, the subject and the object are the same. That's why
a reflexive pronoun (herself) was used.
11 111I hasn't studied at the Art
111 1111111 .

Remember this:

tI Itll 1111> r this:

We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and To form the negative of the present perfect tense,
the object of an action are the same. we place not atter the verb to have.

Take a look at this chart: I til I 10 k at an interrogative sentence in the present perfect tense.

PERSONALPRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

) Daniel studied at the Art Institute ?~/--+--
I myself li-
,.•.. - - ,.,
you yourself
he himself
she herself 111 1111111 r this:
it itself
we ourselves To form the interrogative of the present perfect
you yourselves tense, we place the verb to have before the subject.
they themselves
20 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 61 VEC - 86 - Lesson 61 - 21

IX. COMPARING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ANO THE ~ I I ln negative statements
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
I, ti 1111 tatement:
The present perfect tense is used to refer to something that occurred at
some unspecified time in the past.
I I li VI n't hosen a career veto
The sim pie past tense is used to refer to something that occurred at a
specific time in the past.
11I I"tl r this:
Compare the examples:

1. We use VET in NEGATIVE STATEMENTS.

2. We usually put Vet at the end of the statement.
I've lived in Miami.

I '11 ADY or YET in interrogative sentences

111 I ROGATIVE SENTENCES, we can usuatty use either ALREADV

I lived in Míamí from 1992 to 1994.
111

X. THE USE OF ALREADY ANO YET "Have you already finished your homework?"

111
A. ALRE/WY in affirmative statements
"Have you finished your homework Vet?"
Look at this dialogue:

Sue: These notebooks are reatty strong. Vou should get one.
'IH II of NOT YET in short answers
Rob: I've already bought five.
IIW IlIok t this example:

Ilrwl y U sharpened the pencils?"

Remember this: NII, 11 t yet."

1.We use ALREADV in AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS.

t 111 1111> r this:

2. We generatty use already with the present perfect

tense (usuatty placed between the auxiliary verb
and the main verb). We can use not Vet for a short negative answer.
 22 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 61 VEC - B6 - Lesson 62 - 23

L ESSON62
WORDS IN ACTION

THE FAMll Y CIRCUS

jewelry Arkansas is in the South.

"When somebody gives you

something, you wait lor them to
glue glue pen
say, 'And what do you say?'
Then you say, 'Thank you,"

Reprinted with special permission 01 King

Features Syndicate, Inc.

WHAT'S GOING ON?

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.

He's gluing the broken toy
together.
 24 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 62
VEC - B6 - Lesson 62 - 25

TEXT
FROM TV COMMERCIALS
ARKANSAS

ARKANSAS

ut yourself in a position to have more fun. Put

vour elf in our place: Arkansas.

Voice-over: Put yourself in a Voice-over: We can't wait till you're on't just watch, be part of the fun.
position to be part of the fun: in the middle of an exciting vacation
Arkansas. in Arkansas.
Llke what you see? Wait till you see yourself in
1111 middle of it.

Want a more exciting vacation? We've got

vour number. Cal I 1-800-NATURAL now for

vour free Arkansas vacation

l
planning kit.

Voice-over: Ask for your free Voice-over: We've got your 1_------>
vàcation planning kit. number. Call 1-800-NATURAL.

KMARTsM

Man 1: Oh, I've got to get some more of these

QuickTite® glue penso They're on sale.

Man 2: Does that stuff really work?

Man 1: Yeah. I fix plates, glasses, jewelry,

furniture, shoes, appliances, toys ...
Man 1: I've got to get some glue Man 1: I use them ali the time to
penso glue glasses, jewelry, toys and Man 2: Boy, you sure break a lot of stuff.
many other things.
Man 2: Wow. Vou sure break a lot
of stuff.
 26 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 62
VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 - 27

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR II 111111 statements again:

I. INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE - REVIEW II lei tns: he was toa

or
Ted said he was toa tired to
lI! 11111 10 k for a job. look for a job.
In which of these two statements would you replace the box O with the
word said?

II t Id 111 mother that he Ted told his mother he was

A. Ted O that he was toa tired to look for a job. or
1111111 dtolookforajob. toa tired to look for a job.
B. Ted O his mother that he was toa tired to look for a job.
111I IltllI r thls:

If you answered statement A, you are correct. Both statements are

expressed in indirect speech, but in statement A, the person Ted spoke to In indirect speech the word that can be omitted
ís not mentíoned. That's the reason why said is used. when it is used between said ar told and what the
speaker said.
Notice that in statement B, the person spoken to (Ted's mother) Is
mentíoned. In this case, told (not said) is used.
11 lil 11\w r this one:

Look at the two statements again:

111 wlllt " "I lhe following statements would you replace the box O with the
1111\ k d?
Ted said that he was toa tired
to look for a job.
I I I if QuickTite® glue pens really worked.

111 I that QuickTite® glue pens really worked.

1I 111111 I answer is A.

Ted told hís mother that he was

toa tired to look for a job. IIW ItHlk I the two sentences below:

Mil, Id, "Do QuickTite® glue pens really

wlliI I"

Remember this:

1. When the person being addressed is not mentioned Mil, k d ífQuickTite® glue pens really
we use saíd in both direct and indirect speech. wlIlll (I.

2. When the person being addressed is mentioned,

we change saíd in direct speech to told in indirect
speech. IIII! t til t Mike asked a yes-no question (a question whose answer.may
II Ulll wltl1 yes ar no). In this case we .change the repor.ttng verb sald to
I II1d Introduce the indirect question with the word It.
 VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 - 29
28 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 62

Rernernber this: I , II 1110111 r pair of statements. Pay special attention to the change in
I 1'1111 111111\.
To change a yes-no question from direct to indirect
speech, we:

ch: The Peters said, "We are going to buy a stereo system."
a. Change said to asked.

b. Change the question into an affirmative statement.

c. Put if before the subject of the question. ech: The Peters said that they were going to buy a stereo
system.

Now look at these statements:

fi WI W ro reporting in indirect speech what the Peters said in direct
Direct Speech: 8usan said, "David is in Denver." I I 11, W u ed they, and not we.

Indirect Speech: 8usan said that David was in Denver. li' ,"lu, to pay attention to words and expressions of place and time.
11 V tl (I h nge in indirect speech. Take a look at these statements:

Remember this:
ch: Nancy said, ''1'11 be here tomorrow."
In indirect speech, use the simple past tense when
the statement was originally made using the simple
present tense.
11 c I p ech: Nancy said that she'd be there the following day.

Now compare these statements:

rting in indirect speech what Nancy said. 80 we changed
nd tomorrow to the following day.
Direct Speech: Janine said, "I am listening to music."

Indirect Speech: Janine said that she was tistening to music.

In indirect speech, we didn't use Janine's exact words. We were tatking

about Janine, so we used she, not I.
 30 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 - 31

Look at some of the changes that we usually have to make: 11

'!tIl'
IN
til 111 e statements:
---
HA VE GOT ANO HAS GOT

If in direct speech we use ... In indirect speech, we use ...

I or Vou he or she

we or vou (pl.) they telephone I have Jim's telephone

number.
me or Vou him or her

us or Vou (pl.) them

my or your his or her

ilVllh08~ Marilyn has a new
our or your (pl.) their Illh ~ = bike.

mine or yours his or hers

ours or yours (pl.) theirs

here there
11\ /11111 I thls:
this that
1. Have got and has got mean the same thing as have
, today that day and has.

tomorrow the following day/next day

2. We mainly use have got and has got in spoken English.
next week the following week/next week
,I' .•
\ LY'
filA. )-. kí
J f, ~ , ,.v( .;n/, o J..n.J(
~~'
,h.
..•.
~ L"L
..L ~
-""...~
I:)., , < 'J I
) ~"'" ~l ~ J~.1 A\"v~ lI, ~._,_.u )~o ~ _
ufiU.!'-
.. _' __
Now look at one more example with lndlrect speech: Irlllk Illhese charts:

AFFIRMATIVE

ULL FORM CONTRACTED FORM

I li v )111 I've got

t You've got
He's got

t She's got a swimming

a swimming
pooL It's got pooL

t We've got

t You've got

111 V I1 IVI t They've got

"The dog said that Vou were in his
seat."
 32 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 - 33

INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
FORM FORM

Have I got I haven't got

Have VOUgot VOUhaven't got
Has he got He hasn't got
Has she got She hasn't got
a swimming a swimming
Has it got pool? It hasn't got poo/. Tvc
GorA
Have we got &11>
We haven't got FfEUK&
A!lOOf
Have Vou got VOUhaven't got iHIS •..

Have they got They haven't got t

Remember this: ,.•..

Reprinted with permission 01 Tribune Media
1. We always use the contraction of have/has + not Services, Inc. Ali rights reserved.
to make a negative statement with have got.

2. We can use either the full form or the contracted

form of have got and has got to make an
affirmative statement.

11 IIAVE GOT TO ANO HAS GOT TO

Now look at some more examples with have got: statements:

ome glue penso I

et some glue penso

"Look at ali the rock albums I've got, "I've got a headache from listening /WII I 1/1 m nts above are synonymous.
Jane. I've got The Noise, Bathtub to the names on those albums."
Singers, The Oead Rats, ... "
 34 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 62
VEC - 86 - Lesson 62 - 35

Remember this:

1. Have got to and has got to mean the same thing

as have to and has to.

2. We mainly use have got to and has got to in

spoken English.

3. We usually use have got to and has got to to make

affirmative statements.

4. We use have to and has to to make interrogative

and negative sentences.
lHE LOCKHORNS

Now look at another examples with have got to:

iNeIi:

"w~ ~a..L.'( HA'Ie TO 60·· ·WE·VE60T A I-ONcS

ARGOMENT AHe.AO OF 06. t'

lHE LOCKHORNS

''!'ve got to tell you something, Sue. "Oh, come on! Nobody is perfect."
I lied. I'm not really 19. l'rn just 17.
You'II probably think I'm a perlect
idiot, but ... "

••60 A\04eAO, I..ORETTA"·

WHAT HAVE: '(00 GOT TO L.~E'?·

I hlpilnl d wllh special permission 01 King Features Syndicate. Inc.

 L ON63
WORDS IN ACTION

He's a karate instructor.

tH It

11111of earrings necklace

poster

~ ---'c trumpet
Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.
 111 111111:1 111
VI
38 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 63

TEXT
SITUATIONS

WEEKL Y ALLOWANCE

Dark-haired girl: Sorry, I can't. I

have to pick up my brother from his
trumpet lesson at 4:00, and it takes
me an nour to get there and back .
-
.

Girl: Can I borrow a few bucks to Girl: I bought a pair of earrings and
buy a poster for my bedroom? a necklace at the mall.
Man: What ,happened to the
allowance I gave Vou on Saturday?
VICKI'$ DATE

KARATE

Girl in the red shirt: Tothe movies,

I think. Vou know, there aren't many
places to go at night in this town.

, I :! ~ . I I \ {(;

Karate instructor: It takes sever~li

years to earn a black belt in karate.
Very few students can endure the
intensive training.
40 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 - 41

ALGRAMMAR
PEECH PRACTICE

1111 t tements

Firstjob GEORGE, vou

NEEDTO BUY
VOURSELFA
Janet: Ilove your new earrings and necklace! Where did VOUget them? NEWCAR.

Jeannie: My mother gave them to me for my birthday. She also bought

me this beautiful leather belt.

Janet: When was your birthday? TINA

Jeannie: Last week. I finally turned sixteen.

Janet: Have Vou gotten your license yet?

Jeannie: No, but I'm getting it next week. And then I'm going get a job t
earn enough money to buy a caro

Janet: Where are Vou going to get a job?

Jeannie: I don't know.But I can't live on the allowance my parents give m

Tina told George that he needed to
buy himself a new caro
Janet: Vou know, there's a poster at school for the new sports club that'
opening at the mall.They'ra Iookjnq for part-time receptionist ,

Jeannie: That's just the kind of job I'm looking for. It's 4 o'clock. I could 9

Ih'
there now, but I don't have any way of getting there. Can vou 11111 xample:
give me a ride?

Janet: Sorry, I can't. I have my karate lesson at 4:30, and if I take Vou, 10
I won't be back in time. 101, "I'm 100" 9 ai

Jeannie: Thanks anyway. See? I really need a car.

he was looking at herself in

11, we didn't use Nicole's exact words. We were talking

I w used herself, not myself.
42 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 - 43

Now look at these statements again: 11 111 ther example:

Tina said, "George, Vou need to buy yourself

car." -r a new

1-
Tina told George that he needed to buy himself a new
car.

Since we were reporting in indirect speech what Tina said to George IfI
direct speech, we used himself, and not yourself when we referred to hirn,

1<1 I Ir TOOK - Interrogative form

11.IT TAKES/IT TOOK ANO IT TAKES/IT TOOK + PERSON

I 'I" Ih se groups ot sentences:

A. IT TAKES, IT TOOK - Affirmative form time to go downtown during

Look at these examples:

I \ long time to go downtown on

It takes several years of intensive training to earn a black belt in karate.
'""IlIln too?

It took months to clean up the neighborhood after the storm.

li 111ur to get to school this morning.

In the first statement, several years are needed to earn a black belt 111
Karate. In the second statement, months were needed to clean up th , 111111ng to getto school yesterday?
neighborhood.

Remember this:

1. We use it takes to describe how much time is

necessary to do a certain activity. The rules for making interrogative sentences with
It takes or it took are the same as with most
2. It took is the past tense of it takes. English verbs, that is, by using do, does or did.
44 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63
VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 - 45

Now look at this example with it takes in the interrogative:

I 1111 more example:

"Why does it always take so long?"

IIt1W 111 II didn't take very long. Vera just wanted to tell me about
" I 111) rs ... "
c. IT TAKES, IT TOOK - Negative form

Now compare these groups of statements:

It takes a long time to go downtown during I " , Ir TOOK + PERSON

the rush hour.

I I ti 1/1 se statements:
It doesn't take a long time to go downtown
on Sunday morning.

Vicki a long time to get ready

It took an hour to get to school this morning.

/I M for ver to get ready for her date

It didn't take that long to get to school I ~ 10111 jht.
yesterday.

Remember this:

We make negative statements wilh it takes ar 11

We can use a person after it takes or it took to
took the same way as we do with rnost Engll li
describe how much time is or was necessary for
verbs, that is, by using do, does ar did + noto
someone to do a certain activity.
 46 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 - 47

Now look at another example with it took + person: 1IIIIk t these examples:

I ", r sren't many things to do in this town.

IT ONL Y TOOK ME A
WEEK TO LEARN
HOW TO DANCE.
11111 are many things to do in this town.

1I th re many things to do in this town?

It is more common to use many to make negative

r Ilh
statements.

IIW Illuk at these examples:

I I, 1I wore a lot of people at the party.

1I 1/, re a lot of people at the party?

111. MANY, A FEW ANO FEW

A. MANY 1I I' W re many people at the party.

Look at these statements:

It's more common to use a lot of to make affirmative
or interrogative sentences.

I haven't seen many movies since my veR broke. I really need to fix
it,

w h utk II another example with many:

There aren't many p/aces to go at night in this town

I WANT TO DATE
SOMEONE WHO'S
MY EXACT
OPPOSITE.
WELL, THERE
Remember this:
AREN'T MANY
INTELLlGENT
We use many with plural countable nouns. GIRLS IN THIS
NEIGHBORHOOD
48 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 - 49

B. A FEW r jllW luok t some more examples:

look at these sentences: (.AN VOU

IIIHV[ WITH OK. HAVEA
( Nr HANO, FEWCHIP8
H N Y? THEN.
Can I borrow a few bucks to buy a poster for my bedroom.

Give me a few more days to think about your offer.

Remember this:

1. A few means some or a small number.

2. We use a few with plural countable nouns.

.:~=:;7.-. __
'-=?:-:::;.;:~~

C.FEW

Now look at these statements:

8HE 8AY8 8HE'8 32, ANO
YOUR MOTHER THERE ARE VERY FEW
LOOK8 80 YOUNG. PEOPlE ALlVE TO
Few students earn a black belt in karate.
HOW OlO 188HE? CONTRAOICT HER.

There are very few kids in our building. Mostly older people live here.

Remember this:

1 . Few means not many.

2. We use few with plural countable nouns.

50 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 63 VEC - 86 - Lesson 64 - 51

L ESSON64
WORDS IN ACTION

garage garage
REALL Y? COULD
MY SON CAN DO ANYTHING HE THROW IT INTO
WITH THE TRUMPET. THE RIVER?

portlng goods tennis racket

52 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 64
VEC - 86 - Lesson 64 - 53

TEXT
SITUATIONS

A NEW TENNIS RACKET

The door is open. The door is closed

Dark-haired boy: Why don't Vou go

to that new sporting goods
superstore on the other side of
town?

VI II'm. It's 7 now, and I Blond boy: My car's at the garage,

1111 ' only open until 9. and it will take me an hour to get
there by bus.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 64 - 55
54 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 64

A tennis date

Dark-haired boy: Well, I'm going Blond boy: Great! That will take a Can you play tennis with me
up to my sister's house, and she lot less time.
tomorrow morning?
lives on that side of town. I ean take
you as far as Altamonte Springs. I'd lave to. I ean use the new
I /I
Vou ean get a bus from there.
tennis raeket I just bought.

That's what I need - a new

tennis raeket. Where did you get
WEEKEND PLANS
yours?

1I At the new sports superstore on the other si de of town. They

have great priees. Everything is less expensive there. Oh, no. I
just remembered. I have to baby-sit my nieee tomorrow
morning.

How late do you have to baby-sit?

I'm not sure. My sister is going into the eity to go shopping and
have luneh with some friends.
Boy: What are your plans for this Girl: Tonight I have to baby-sit. And
weekend? She's not driving, is she?
tomorrow, if it's not toa windy, I
might go to the beaeh to play
No, her ear is at the garage. I'm going to drive her as far as
volleyball.
White Plains, and she's going to take the train. Why?

eeause the last time I drove into New York on a Saturday, the
traffíe was terrible. It took me three hours to get there.

/I Yeah, it's mueh faster and more relaxing to take the train.

Well, then, instead of playing tennis in the morning, maybe we

ould play in the evening. Do you think you'lI be too tired?

No. That sounds great. It's usually less windy in the evening,
too.
 VEC - 66 - Lesson 64 - 57
56 - VEC - 66 - Lesson 64

Illlw I ok at these statements again:

PRACTICAL GRAMMAR
I. INDIRECT SPEECH PRACTICE
nd Fay said, "We're really enjoying
Look at these statements:
Ives at this party."
WE'RE REALLY
ENJOYING OURSELVES
AT THIS PARTY

I I 1\ d Fay said that they were reallyenjoying

m Ives at that party.

were talking about Jaek and Fay (not to them), we used

s instead of ourselves in indireet speeeh.

I I WILL TAKE

Jaek and Fay said, "We're really Jaek and Fay said that they were 1111 e sentenees:
enjoying ourselves at this party." really enjoying themselves at that
party.
11I1 k about an hour to get to the superstore.

Now look at this example:

Mrs. Knoll said, "Suzy, Riek, if you are not eareful,you 111" wlll It take to get to the superstore?
will eut yourselves."

<.
<,

, 'I I k more than an hour to get to the superstore.

Mrs. Knoll told Suzy and R~ that if they were
not eareful, they would eut themselves.

"11 r 'I, you learned that we use it takes to deseribe the amount of
In indireet speeeh, we didn't use Mrs. Knoll's exaet words. We were talking I Iry to do a eertain aetivity. Vou also learned that the past tense
about Suzy and Riek (not -to them), so we used themselves, not I I1took. We ean also talk about the future with it takes by using
yourselves.
58 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 64 VEC - B6 - Lesson 64 - 59

Remember this: , UP TO ANO UNTIL

The future tense of it takes is it will take.

t r as Mayberry. That's where my mother lives.

,Remember that we can make an it will t k
sentence in two ways; by using:

it will take
1 ••••• 11111 MI 1111
tonight and going up to Orlando.
or
it will take + person.
Note

Look at these examples: rr and up to to talk about distance. As far as generally

f /11/1/ uoint and no further. Up to implies the idea of moving
lt will take a week to drive from here to Califcrnl 111 1111111 wl1 re you are.

lt will take me an hour to get to the superstore by bu

I tements:

Now look at one more example with it will take:

ZIGGY

II ut time. Up to can also be used to talk about time,

1111111 I 1)( mple with as far as:

Ziggy © 1993 Ziggy and Friends, Inc. Dislribuled by Universal Press

Syndicale.
Reprinled wilh permission. Ali righls reserved.
60 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 64

, 1",,1- 11 11"" 111011 X IIrlpll wllll ml ht, JII I ror Y()11t I njoYtJlf 111:
IV. MIGHT

Look at these statements:

rHE FAMILV CIRCUS

Vou might be wrong about Ted. Vou may be wrong about Ted.
or
He seems to be a nice guy. He seems to be a nice guy.

Now look at these sentences:

I might go to the beach to play I may go to the beach to play

or
volleyball tomorrow. volleyball tomorrow.

We use might in the same way as may to express possibility of something

happening in the present or in the future.

Remember this: "I won't tell you who did it,

Mommy. Vou might get mad
1. We use might to talk about the possibility of at her."
something happening in the present or future.

2. We don't add an s to might for he, she, or it.

3. We don't use to after might.

Now look at this statement:

Because of the computer problem, I might not finish my report today.

Remember this:

1. We put not after might to make a negative

statement.

2. We do not contract might and noto

3. We do not use might in the interrogative.

62 -,- VEC - 86 - Lesson 64 VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 - 63

L ESSON65
WORDS IN ACTION

fork ladle

spoons

Ilblespoon teaspoon

place mat
64 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 65 VEC - B6 - Lesson 65 - 65

some bottles a bottle of Coke® wlrnmlng instructor is at the hamster

I

a bottle opener

the top drawer the middle drawer

couches / sofas
66 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 65
VEC - B6 - Lesson 65 - 67

TEXT WORKING HARD

SITUATIONS

HELPING OUT IN THE KITCHEN

Man: Anyway, this is my last week

here. The hours are too long. I work
from Monday through Friday, from 8
to 4. And sometimes I work
Woman: Please put the knives, Woman: The coasters and the overtime on the weekends.
forks and spoons in the top drawer, place mats go in the bottom drawer.
and the ladle and the bottle opener
in the middle drawer. .

PETHAMSTER

1YEAA? "
4YEARS?

Girl: How /ong have we had these Boy on the left: Sometime during
p/ace mats? the night my hamster got out of the
Woman: Oh, we've had them for cage and chewed a hoje in my
ages. / rare/y use them, though. mother's new couch.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 65 - 69
68 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 65

ICAl GRAMMAR

ESENT PERFECT TENSE VS. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

li" worked as a lifeguard at the beach for two years.

Two fríends ín the kítchen

Susan: I'm going to the beach. I want to talk to my friend Jeff. He's
working there as a lifeguard.
I1 'I' ment, Sam started working at the beach two years ago, and he
1111WIII klng there today. Secause he still works as a lifeguard in the same
WI1 u ed the present perfect tense.
Aprí/: Really? When did he start?

Susan: Sometime last week. I have to hurry because he only works in

the morning, and it's almost eleven now. Do you want to come
with me? ""th nt thls statement:

Aprí/: Oh, I'd lave to. But first I have to put away these dishes. Can
you wait?
111 W rk d as a lifeguard at the public pool for three years. Now he
, I \ IIfeguard at the beach.
Susan: Sure. 1'11even help. Where do these spoons and forks go?

Apri/: In the top drawer.

Susan: And this ladle?

I I' ment, Sam started working as a lifeguard at the public pool
li ligo. But after three years ended, he stopped working there.
Apri/: In the rniddle drawer. And the place mats and coasters go 111 11, no longe r works at the public pool, we used the sim pie past
the bottom drawer.

Susan: Are you still taking swimming classes at the public pool?

Apri/: No, I had to quit. I'm working too many hours.

11111 11111
Susan: Really?

Apri/: Yeah, I work from Monday through Thursday, from 5:00 to 10:00 1. We use the present perfect tense to talk about
and on Sunday afternoons. actions that started in the past and continue until
now.
Susan: Wow! That's more than 25, hours a week.
2. We use the simple past tense to talk about
completed actions.
Apri/: I know it's a lot of hours, but I'm trying to save money for colle I
next year. Thanks for helping me with the dishes. Just let Illl
put on my bathing suit.
 70 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 65
VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 - 71

Now look at these examples comparing the present perfect tense with the
!li 111 r this:
simple past tense:

I I We can use from ... to, from ... until or from ... til!
to refer to the hours an action starts and ends.
Remember that we normally only use til! in informal
spoken English.

CLOSED
BY ORDER
OF THE
SANITATION
DEPARTMENT IW Itmk t these statements:

"Of course this restaurant is good.

t" ror 15open from Monday to Saturday.
"You mean you ate here for years."
I've eaten here for years."

" lor Is open from Monday through Saturday.

" 11 11 rain from March to October.

11.USING EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

li ti 11 rain from March through October.

A. FROM ... TOITILUUNTlL and FROM ... THROUGH

Ik I \1 lhe beach from 1992 to 1994.

Look at this statement:

I d t the beach from 1992 through 1994.

Don works from 8 to 4, sometimes until 5.

From this statement, we understand that Don starts working at 8 and stop We can use from ... through or from ... to to refer
working at 4; sometimes he only stops working at 5. to the days, months or years an action begins and
ends.
 70 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 65
VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 - 71

Now look at these examples comparing the present perfect tense with the 11IIllb r this:
simple past tense:

I I We can use from ... to, from ... until or from ... till
to refer to the hours an action starts and ends.
Remember that we normally only use till in informal
spoken English.

CLOSED
8Y ORDER
OF THE
SANITATION
DEPARTMENT /w hll k t these statements:

11 I Is open from Monday to Saturday.

"Of course this restaurant is good. "You mean you ate here for years."
I've eaten here for years."

li Illr 16open from Monday through Saturday.

li li 11 rain from March to October.

11.USING EXPRESSIONS OF TIME

li 11 fi raln from March through October.

A. FROM ... TOITILUUNTIL and FROM ... THROUGH

I ri \1lhe beach from 1992 to 1994. I

Look at this statement:

I ti I the beach from 1992 through 1994.

Don works from 8 to 4, sometimes until 5.

From this statement, we understand that Don starts working at 8 and stop We can use from ... through or from ... to to refer
working at 4; sometimes he only stops working at 5. to the days, months or years an action begins and
ends.
 VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 - 73
72 - VEC - 86 - .esson 65

1M"
Look at this statement: 11111example"

Ted has worked as a lifeguard for two months. J ,,~ worked as a lifeguard since July.

Remember this: " 111111

r this:

We use 1. We use
FOR + PERIOD OF TIME
to indicate the total duration of an action SINCE + POINT OF TIME
or situation.
to indicate when an action or situation began.

2. We usually use since with the present perfect

tense.

Now look at this example:

t nlll more example with since:

74 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 VEC - 86 - Lesson 65 - 75

Compare these statements: IW ""k t one more example with during:

SEVEN? ONE,TWO,
Ted has been a lifeguard for two months. ENUMERATE THREE, FOUR,
THEM. FIVE, SIX,
SEVEN.

Ted has been a lifeguard since July.

FOR OR DURING?

FOR OR SINCE? Look at this statement:

Remember that with for we emphasize a complete Jamie was in Miami for three weeks during the
Note period of time. summer.

With since, however, we emphasize when a period Remember that we use during to say when an
of time began. activity or situation took place, and we use for to
talk about the duration of an activity or situation.
/'

D. DURING
/ )<//<, IN HOW LONG TO ASK QUESTIONS ABOUT TIME
Look at these statements: .

1 ItI e questions and answers:

Sometime during the night my hamster got out of the cage.

Sob worked at 8linkie's during the summer vacation. w long have you been a lifeguard, Ted?
rv en a lifeguard for two months.

Remember this:
W long did you work at the public pool?
I work d there for two years.

We use during to talk about when something

happened.
h o, the above dialogues, someone asked a question about duration
76 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 65

Here are other examples:

"How lon9 have you lived in the States?"

"I've lived here for five years."

"How Ionq did you live in New York?"

"I lived there for six months."

Remember this:

1. We use how lon9 to ask questions about duration

of time.

2. We usually respond to a how lonq question by

using for + time period.

Now look at another example with how lonq:

HOW LONG IS DAD GOING

TO KEEP ON SINGING?
78 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 79

L ESSON66
WORDS IN ACTION WHA T'S GOING ON?

popcorn He's sailing.

carpet vacuum cleaner He's dusting the table.

They're doing housework. She's vacuuming the carpet.

80 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 81

TEXT HORROR MOVIE

SITUATIONS

SAILlNG THE FORGOTTEN TlCKETS

1 I. I know you don't like Blond girl: If you come with me, 1'11
IlIr" but I hate going to the
I pay your way.
!IV rnv elf. Dark-haired girl: OK, and 1'11buy
the popcorn.

Girl: We're not moving. VOU know Blond girl: Vou didn't forget th,
how to sail this boat, don't yOU? tickets, did you?
Boy: Of cour~e. It's just that there Dark-haired girl: Ves, I did. They'rn
isn't much wind today. at home in my dresser drawer. Why
didn't you remind me?

THEPRESENT

HOUSEWORK

Woman: It's beautiful, but I think I'm

going to have to do a little exercising
betore 1'11be able to fit into it.

Woman: Vou've done the dusting Woman: No, you can't. I realize, 01
and vacuuming, haven't you? course, that with your busy social
Girl: Oh, I forgot. Can't I do it life you have little time fOI
tomorrow? housework, but tomorrow you'r
going to the fair for the whole day,
Remember?
 82 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66
VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 83

ICAl GRAMMAR

IALVERBS

1!lI! e statements:
A telephone conversation

Sal/y: Hi, Alice, what are you doing?

111
1\1 I are at home in my dresser drawer.
Alice: Oh, I'm just finishing up the
housework.

Sal/y: Can you go to the fair with me

tomorrow?
I" Y your way to the movies. I
Alice: . Sorry, I can't. I'm going sailing with my father tomorrow.

Sal/y: Vour father doesn't have a sailboat, does he?

Alice: Veah, he just bought one last week.

IItI wlll are part of a group of verbs that have unique characteristics.
Sal/y: 1111 11r to these verbs as special verbs. There are sixteen of them:
Well, I guess 1'11 go to the fair by myself. How about tonight? DO
you want to go see movie?

Alice: I'd like to go, but I don't have much money. be should
have must
Sal/y: Vou just got paid yesterday, didn't yo~? do will
can would
Alice: Veah, but it wasn't much. I only worked 8 hours last week.
could ought to
may need
Sal/y: Oh, come on. 1'11 pay your way to the movies.
might dare
Alice: Thanks, but that's OK. Why don't you come over to my hous , shall used to

We'II rent a movie and make some popcorn.

Sal/y: What video do you want to watch?

(Iyl miliar with most of the special verbs. The ones we haven't
Alice: I don't care. Vou can pick it out.
I wlll be dealt with later.
Sal/y: OK. 1'11 be overa little after six.
84 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66
VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 85

11. TAG QUESTIONS

I11 IIIIH r this:

Look at this sentence:

1. We use tag questions when we are looking for
a confirmation of what we believe is true.

Sue: You're going to the fair tomorrow, aren't vou? 2. This is how we form tag questions:

special verb + pronoun

3. If the verb in the first part of the sentence is not

In this sentence, Sue is almost sure that her friend is going to the fair. Sh one of the special verbs, we use do, does or
wants her friend to confirm what she believes is true, so she used a shorl did in the tag questiono
question after her statement. This short question is called a tag question,

Tag questions are short questions that are added to statements when w
I1 uld tag questions either to affirmative or negative statements.
are looking for a confirmation of what we have said. They are very cornmon
in spoken English. . 1I Ih se sentences:

Itl 1 I1-\RT OF THE SENTENCE T1-\GQUESTION

Now look at how we form a tag question:
11 li v done the dusting and
1llIlIlllng, haven't you?

affirmalive negalive

11 I v n't done the dusting and

IIIlIlIll1g, have you?

verb 10 be + pronoun negalive affirmalive

IIIIIIl! 1'11Is:

1. When the first part of the sentence is in the

affirmative, the tag question is in the negative
verb do + pronoun (contracted form).

2. When the first part of the sentence is in the

negative, the tag ouestion is in the affirmative.
 VEC - B6 - Lesson 66 - 87
86 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 66

Now look at some more examples: REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

THE LOCKHORNS I REFLEXIVE PRONOUN meaning alone

t tlll statement:

tes going to the movies by herself.

t \1 ment, Brenda hates going to the movies alone.

, 11I11 r this:

IIYOUÇ<MOTHE~ 18 PLANNIN8
ON ~TAYINB l-ON(3E:~ T~AN .JUST
THE. WEEKEND. 18N'T ~HE?tt We can use:

Reprinted with special permission of King Features Syndicate, Inc. BV + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

to mean alone.

" -FLEXIVE PRONOUN meaning without help

t tlll statement:

I I pl ked out your present by myself.

I' I r means he picked out the present without nelp.

IIIIH r thls:

We can use:

BV + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Reprinted by permission of Bill Kitchen and the Miami Herald.

to mean without help.
88 - VEC - B6 - Lesson 66
VEC - B6 - Lesson 66 - 89

Now compare these statements: ITTLE, L1TTLE ANO MUCH

Peter: I picked out your present by myself.

I Ihls statement trom the lesson:

Peter: I picked out your present myself. IIt V to do a little exercising.

These two statements are synonymous. I means some. Notice that a little is being used with the word
/11 1110; used as an uncountable noun.

Remember this:
, "1/1 r this:

We can omit by when BV + REFLEXIVE

We use a little with uncountable nouns.
PRONOUN is used to mean without help.

ti this example, just for your enjoyment:

Now look at another example with by + reflexive pronoun:

OENNIS THE MENACE

THEN I'M GLAD TO

g= C3J lj
MEET WALT WHITMAN,
THE GREAT POET.
I THOUGHT VOU HAD
DIED LONG AGO.

"1'M NOT SCARED OF A LlTILE Tt-lUNDt:R . 11M

SCARED OF A LOr OF TtiUNUfR '"

Reprinted with special permission 01 Hank Ketcham

and © North America Syndicate
90 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66
VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 91

B. LlTTLE
MU H
Look at these statements:
I thls statement:

There's little I can do about your dog. He's very sick.

n't much wind today.

I have little time for housework. tT1 ns a lot (of ) ..

Little means not much.

rnt r this:

Remember this:
1. We use much with uncountable nouns.

We use little with uncountable nouns (a) or as an

2. We generally use much to make negative
uncountable noun (b).
statements.

e.g. a. We have very little time. Let's hurry.

b. I know very tlttle about my boyfriend's family, 111I k t these examples:

"V a lot to do at home now.

Look at these examples:

Rupert doesn't have much time these days. li VI much to do at home now. I

Rupert has littl~ time these days. 111111 r this:

In everyday speech, a lot (of) is more common in

affirmative statements than much.
In everyday speech, not much is more common
Note
than little ..

Now look at another example:

WELL, I DO, DAD.

I PAY AS L1TTLE
ATTENTlON TO IT
AS POSSIBLE.
 VEC - 86 - Lesson 66 - 93
92 - VEC - 86 - Lesson 66

WOULO VOU LlKE

IF IT WILL AMUSE
TO GO TO THE FAIR
VOU, GRANNY, I
ANO RIOE ON THE
OON'T MINO.
MERRY-GO-ROUNO?

"WAAT ID"lQU MEAN HE CANT COME IN HERE ~ THIS,15

A PET srORE,lSNT rq ANo HE'SA PfT,ISNT HE Z-'
Heprinted with special permission 01' Hank
Ketcham and © North America Syndicate, Inc.

HAGAR THE HORRIBLE

Reprinted with special permission 01 King Features Syndicate, Inc.