Cell The Modern Cell Theory

- is defined as the fundamental living unit of any - consists of three statements based on large body of
organism. scientific research. The original work was done by
Schleiden, Schwan and Virchow
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all
chemical reactions within a cell) Matthias Schleiden-1838
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of -A botanist who concluded that all plants are made of
accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA). cells.

Cytology - Typical Plant Cell

-the study of the structure and functions of cells. Theodor Schwann-1839

Robert Hooke- 1665 -A zoologist who concluded that all animals are made of
cells.
-Used a microscope to examine cork (plant)
-Nerve Cells
-Hooke called what he saw "Cells“
Rudolph Virchow-1858
- He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb
-1858- Rudolf Virchow, Viennese pathologist, after
-He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi
extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells
must arise from preexisting cells.
-He observed that the cork resembled the structure of
honey comb consisting many empty box like cavities –
Cells
PROKARYOTIC CELLS

-These are small cells from the Bacteria and Archaea

Anton van Leeuwenhoek-1673
domains.
-1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond
-They do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus or other
scum & discovered single-celled organisms
membrane-bound organelles.
-He called them “animalcules”
-Their activities related to life functions are accomplished
in the cytoplasm.
- He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs,
and humans
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as
well as plants -These are complex cells in which a membrane-bound
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles are present.
-In 1831 Robert Brown noticed a near- circular spot slightly
more opaque than the surrounding areas. - Example of these cells are of Protista, Plantae, Animalia
and Fungi.
-Robert Brown claimed that this structure was an integral
part of the cell and called nucleus. 3 basic components

Felix Dujardin -Plasma membrane

-a French Biologist viewed living cells with a microscope. -Nucleus

-Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane Rough – active in the secretion of protein such
as pancreatic exocrine cells and liver cells.
- is the outer most covering of the cell separates it
contents from external environment. Smooth – site of synthesis of steroid hormones
such as that of adrenal glands.
- A semi permeable membrane and made up of fats and
proteins. Lysosomes

Nucleus - contain chemical that digest wastes and worn-

out/damaged cell parts. When a cell dies, chemicals in the
- is the control centre of the cell and has a double layered lysosomes act to quickly break down the cell
covering called nuclear membrane
Peroxisome
- contains genetic material (Chromosomes) which will have
DNA. - Similar to lysosomes in the way that they are membrane
bound sacs containing enzymes. These enzymes are
-The control center of the cell.
involved in either the production of hydrogen peroxide or
destruction of hydrogen peroxide to water.
Cytoplasm

- is the fluid substance that fill the cell and contain various Vacuoles
organelle for various functions.
- Serves as a storage areas in cells. They may store water,
Organelles food, or waste products.

- Cells have parts that perform specific jobs. They perform Ribosomes
the actual work of a cell. These organelles are formed from
Tiny spherical structures scattered throughout the
various molecules.
cytoplasm. These are numerous, dark structures which are
MITOCHONDRIA/Chondrisomes found floating free in the cytoplasm.

- The organelle in which amino acid are hooked together

- Sausage-shaped organelles that is commonly called
to make protein.
“power houses” of the cell

- They trap the energy that results when food is broken Centrosome
down
- The region of centrosome is near the nucleus. Within it
- provide energy for the cell are pair of small rod-like structures called centrioles.
Around the centrioles are single microtubules called aster.
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body
Microfilaments
- Made up of series of smooth membranes usually
continuous with endoplasmic reticulum. - Solid microscopic tubules with a property of contractility.
These are structural units of cilia and flagella, locomotory
- Enzymes are concentrated along the surface of the structures of the cell.
membranes.
Cell wall
Endosplasmic Reticulum
- The outer covering of the plant cell is not soft and thin.
- Consists of series of parallel arrays of membrane creating Instead, it is surrounded by a rigid/tough structure that
canals like membranous tubules and vesicles which run supports and protects the plant cell.
through the cytoplasm of the cell.
Chloroplast Sexual

- Substances inside the chloroplast help a green plant trap - union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex: plants and animal
the sun’s energy and then produce food
Movement
MEGAKARYOCYTE
Place to Place
- Biggest cell in our body is
- (ex: bear running, bird flying, etc)
- a kind of blood cell
External Part
Brain cell
- (ex: + phototropism, plants orient leaves toward sun)
- The smallest and longest living cell in our body
Internal
Differences of animal and plants cell parts
- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming)
- Cell wall
- Chloroplast Adaptation
- Centrioles
- Changing to meet the needs of the environment
BIOLOGY
Bird migration - behavioral adaptation
-Is the study of “LIFE”.
Human body temperature - Physiological adaptation
-“Bios” (life) and “logos” (reason or study).
Hibernation - physiological adaptation
Cellular Composition

-Made up of at least one cell

Hare ear length (desert vs. arctic hares)-
structural adaptation
Unicellular
Metabolism
- made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba, paramecium)
- Set of chemical reactions that convert “food” into energy
Multicellular
Specific Organization
- made up of two or more cells (plants, fungi, animals)
- Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus,
Growth chloroplasts, etc)

-Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an increase in cell Homeostasis

number (multicellular)
- Maintaining the same state
Reproduction
Homeo = same, steady
Asexual
Stasis = state
- cell division (mitosis)—one cell becomes two Ex:
bacteria Responsiveness

- Reaction(s) to various stimuli

3 major division of Biological Sciences Protozoology – study of one-celled organisms

Zoology – the study of animals Bacteriology - study of bacteria

Botany – the study of plants Virology - study of viruses

Microbiology – the study of microorganism Physiology - study of functions and life processes of
organisms
Major Fields of Biology
Taxonomy - study of identification and classifications of
Botany – the study of plants organisms

Agronomy – the study of field crops Nomenclature - study of naming organisms

Horticulture - the study of ornamental plants Genetics - study of heredity

Bryology - study of mosses and liverworts Anatomy - study of internal structures of organisms

Pteridology – the study of ferns Morphology - study of gross structures of organisms

Dendrology - the study of trees Pathology - study of diseases of organisms

Phycology - the study of algae Embryology - study of formation and development of

organism from fertilization to birth
Phytogeography - the study of land and its plants
Cytology - study of cells
Zoology – is the study of animals
Histology - study of tissues of organisms
Mammalogy – study of mammals
Biogeography - study of geographical distribution of
Ornithology - study of birds organisms

Herpetology - study of reptiles and amphibians Paleonthology - study of fossils

Entomology - study of insects Ecology - study of interactions and relationships of

organisms within an ecosystem
Ichthyology - study of fishes
Pharmocology - study of the action of chemicals to
Helmithology - study of worms organisms

Conchology - study of shells Mycology - study of fungi

Malacology - study of mollusks Marine Biology - study of marine life

Carcinology - study of crustaceans Space Biology - study of possible survival of organisms

in outer space
Zoogeography - study of the land and its animals
Biochemistry – is the use of chemistry in the study of
Microbiology – the study of microorganisms organisms
Biomathematics – is the use of mathematics in the - Organisms give rise to others of the same type. Life
study of organisms comes from life.

Biophysics – is the use of physics in the of organisms - Organisms have a definite lifespan. Even though there
are species that can live for thousands of years they will
eventually die.
Biological Psychology – is the use of biology in the
psychological studies
- Ex: Frog produce more eggs.

Eugenics – the study of improvement of race through Growth and Development

improved environment
- Organisms grow and develop following specific
Evolution - study of the origin of species instructions coded for their genes.

Ontogeny - study of the developmental history of an - Development is the orderly production and unfolding of
individual structures and activities that allow organisms to cope
successfully with its environment.
Phylogeny - study of the ancestral history of organisms
Regulation
Molecular Biology – the study of molecules that make
up the cells of living organisms - Even the smallest organisms are complex and require
multiple regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal
Genomics – the study of the entire genetic material of functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with
an organism environmental stresses.

Proteomics – the study of the different proteins found - Ex: nutrient transport and blood flowHomeostasis
in a living organism
- Organisms are able to maintain internal conditions within
Bioinformatics – the study of biological data using a narrow range almost constantly, despite environmental
computer programs changes, through homeostasis.

- Temperature, pH, concentration of diverse chemicals

Pharmacogenomics – study how genes affect a
person’s response to drugs
Energy Processing
Order - All organisms uses a source of energy for their metabolic
activities. Some organisms capture energy from the sun
- Organisms are highly organized, coordinated structures
and convert it into chemical energy in food.
that consist of one or more cells.

- There is a precise arrangement of structures and

activities in living things and each has a specific relation to
all the others.

Sensitivity or Respond to Stimuli

- Organism perceives that different stimuli in the

environment and reacts to them.

- Ex: When a frog sees an ant, it flips out its tongue.

Reproduction