Food Security and Food Production
Sporadic: isolated incident in a single animal
Enzootic: disease occurs repeatedly in a particular locality
(within 30-mile radius)
Epizootic: disease that effects a large number of animals in
a short period of time in a particular area (larger area than
enzootic) Example = entire state
Panzootic: disease that spreads rapidly over a very large
area and effects many animals in a short period of time
(foot & mouth disease)
Caused by Mycobacterium bovus
Highly infectious
Humans can also get this disease
(zoonoses)
Symptoms
Failure to Thrive Lung parenchyma is almost
entirely replaced by variably-
Sweating sized, coalescing, raised pale
nodules.
Bad appearance
Advanced symptoms:
Emaciation
Coughing
Fever and Death
Treatment
Antibiotics
All affected animals are culled
In animal
breeding, culling is the
process of removing or
killing or segregating
animals from a breeding
stock based on specific
trait.
o This is done to:
• exaggerate desirable
characteristics, or to
• remove undesirable
characteristics
Caused by Brucella abortus
(Gram-negative bacterium)
After exposure, cattle become
bacteremic for a short period
Highly infectious
Humans can also get this disease
(zoonoses)
Prevention
Vaccination in heifer calves
Good farm hygiene
Treatment
All affected animals are culled
is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by
ingestion of unpasteurized milk or
undercooked meat from infected animals,
or close contact with their secretions
Brucellosis induces:
o fevers,
o sweating,
o weakness,
o anaemia,
o headaches, depression, and muscular and
bodily pain
o miscarriage
Caused by nearly 20
different bacteria
Infection occurs through the
teat canal and is due to bad
hygiene
Symptoms
Approx 10% reduction in
milk yield
Swelling of the udder
Pain
Clots in the milk
metabolic disease involving magnesium deficiency
Progressive symptoms may include:
o grazing away from the herd,
o irritability,
o muscle twitching,
o staring,
o collapse,
o head thrown back, and coma, followed by death
Metritis -inflammation of the uterus
The severity of disease is
categorized by the signs of health:
o Grade 1 metritis: An abnormally
enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine
discharge without any systemic signs
of ill health.
o Grade 2 metritis: Animals with
additional signs of systemic illness
such as decreased milk yield,
dullness, and fever >39.5°C.
o Grade 3 metritis: Animals with signs of
toxemia such as inappetence, cold
extremities, and/or collapse.
Two types: Nutritional and bacterial.
Caused by
o bad hygiene or feeding management or both.
o inadequate intake of colostrum
Symptoms
Diarrhoea
listlessness
Dehydration
Death
caused by E. coli.
It enters the calf in the unhealed
navel.
Mainly due to bad hygiene and
improper treatment of the naval
after birth.
Symptoms
Swollen, painful navel
Abscesses in the liver
Blood poisoning
Death
• Caused by bacteria that may remain in the soil
• Infection results from grazing infected pastures.
• Bacteria enter through the mouth, nose or open
wounds.
• Biting insects may spread the disease from one
animal to another
• Sudden death-usually within a few hours of symptoms
• Less acute symptoms
– High fever
– Sudden staggering
– Hard breathing
– Trembling
– Collapse
• Carcasses should be burned or buried
at least 6’ deep and covered with
quicklime
– Take care not to bury the animal near
wells or streams.
an acute, febrile, highly fatal
disease of cattle and sheep
caused by Clostridium
chauvoei (anaerobic)
characterized by swelling,
commonly affecting heavy
muscles (clostridial myositis)
• First sign is one or more animals suddenly die
• Before death symptoms are:
– Lameness
– Swollen muscles
– Severe depression
– High fever (in early stages)
– Animal may be unable to stand
Massive doses of antibiotics
Treatment is only effective if diagnosed early
The cause of the infection in cattle is two species
of anaerobic bacteria, Fusobacterium
necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus
Enter the body when the skin of the foot is broken
• also known as infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis,
• is a bacterial infection of the eye that causes inflammation
and, in severe cases, temporary or permanent blindness
• Pinkeye occurs year round but is most common during
periods of maximum sunlight.
Eyeball develops a pinkish color
Cornea becomes slightly clouded
• Flowing of tears
• Cloudiness of cornea
• Ulcers may develop on the eye
• The eye may become so damaged that blindness results
Insects
Direct Contact with infected animals
Dust
Tail switching
Control flies and insects
Vaccinate
Isolated in a dark place
Apply Antibiotics and sulfa drugs to the eye
A cloth patch can be used on the affected eye
• A venereal disease caused by a protozoan,
Trichomonas foetus
• Infects the genital tract of the bull and is
transmitted to the cow during breeding
• Can also be transmitted through infected
semen, even when artificial insemination is
used.
Abortion in early gestation
Low fertility
Irregular heat periods
Uterine infection
Cows may have discharge from their genital
tract
Semen testing
Testing cows before breeding
Using only clean bulls on clean cows
Reproductive disease caused by
the bacterium Campylobacter
fetus
This infection can prevent the
implantation of a fertilized egg, or
more commonly results in the loss
of the developing embryo in the
uterus
Infertility
Abortion
Irregular heat periods
In newly affected herds
conception rates may drop
below 40%
• Vaccinate animals 30 days prior to breeding
▫ Vaccination must be repeated every year
• Bulls may be treated with antibiotics but the process is
difficult
• Skipping two heat cycles before attempting to breed the
cow usually improves the conception rate of infected cows
• Cows with the disease eventually develop immunity and will
breed again
