This document discusses criminal liability under Philippine law. It states that principals, accomplices, and accessories can be criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies. Principals and accomplices can be liable for light felonies. Only natural persons can be the active subject of a crime due to the personal nature of criminal responsibility, while juridical persons can be liable under special laws. The document defines principals as those who directly participate in or induce others to commit a crime, or cooperate in a way that enables the crime.
This document discusses criminal liability under Philippine law. It states that principals, accomplices, and accessories can be criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies. Principals and accomplices can be liable for light felonies. Only natural persons can be the active subject of a crime due to the personal nature of criminal responsibility, while juridical persons can be liable under special laws. The document defines principals as those who directly participate in or induce others to commit a crime, or cooperate in a way that enables the crime.
This document discusses criminal liability under Philippine law. It states that principals, accomplices, and accessories can be criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies. Principals and accomplices can be liable for light felonies. Only natural persons can be the active subject of a crime due to the personal nature of criminal responsibility, while juridical persons can be liable under special laws. The document defines principals as those who directly participate in or induce others to commit a crime, or cooperate in a way that enables the crime.
This document discusses criminal liability under Philippine law. It states that principals, accomplices, and accessories can be criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies. Principals and accomplices can be liable for light felonies. Only natural persons can be the active subject of a crime due to the personal nature of criminal responsibility, while juridical persons can be liable under special laws. The document defines principals as those who directly participate in or induce others to commit a crime, or cooperate in a way that enables the crime.
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ARTICLE 16
Who are criminally liable – The following are criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies:
1. Principals 2. Accomplices 3. Accessories
The following are criminally liable for light felonies:
1. Principals 2. Accomplices
ACTIVE SUBJECT OF CRIME PASSIVE SUBJECT OF CRIME
The Criminal The Injured Party Only natural persons can be the active subject of the crime, because of the highly personal The Man nature of the criminal responsibility The Juristic Person Juridical Persons are criminally liable under - Corporation certain special laws - Partnership The Group The State
Corpse or dead animal cannot be a passive
subject because they have no rights that may be injured
Exception: Crime of Defamation (Article 353) may be committed if the imputation tends to blacken the memory of one who is dead
Reasons why only natural persons can be active subject of crime:
NATURAL PERSON JURIDICAL PERSON
Can act with personal malice or negligence Cannot act with malice or negligence Cannot commit a crime in which a wilful There is substitution of deprivation of liberty purpose or malicious intent is required Some penalties can be only executed against individuals JURIDICAL PERSON
- A corporation can act only through its officers or incorporators
- An officer of a corporation, in the exercise of his duties, is criminally liable for his acts - Criminal actions are restricted or limited to the officials of the corporation and never directed against the corporation itself - Juridical persons are criminally liable under certain special laws - A director or other officer is not criminally liable for the corporate acts performed by other officers or agents thereof - Manager of partnership is liable even if there is no evidence of his participation in the commission of the offense ARTICLE 17
Principals – The following are considered principals:
1. Those who take direct part in the execution of the act;
2. Those who directly force or induce others to commit it 3. Those who cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplish
Par. 1 – Those who take direct part in the execution of the act
