The document summarizes key features of cells. It states that cells have three main features - a plasma membrane, nucleus or nucleoid, and cytoplasm. It describes the structure and functions of these cellular components. It also discusses specialized structures in eukaryotic cells called organelles and their roles in transport, synthesis and breakdown of molecules. The document establishes that cells are the basic units of life and all living things are composed of one or more cells.
The document summarizes key features of cells. It states that cells have three main features - a plasma membrane, nucleus or nucleoid, and cytoplasm. It describes the structure and functions of these cellular components. It also discusses specialized structures in eukaryotic cells called organelles and their roles in transport, synthesis and breakdown of molecules. The document establishes that cells are the basic units of life and all living things are composed of one or more cells.
The document summarizes key features of cells. It states that cells have three main features - a plasma membrane, nucleus or nucleoid, and cytoplasm. It describes the structure and functions of these cellular components. It also discusses specialized structures in eukaryotic cells called organelles and their roles in transport, synthesis and breakdown of molecules. The document establishes that cells are the basic units of life and all living things are composed of one or more cells.
The document summarizes key features of cells. It states that cells have three main features - a plasma membrane, nucleus or nucleoid, and cytoplasm. It describes the structure and functions of these cellular components. It also discusses specialized structures in eukaryotic cells called organelles and their roles in transport, synthesis and breakdown of molecules. The document establishes that cells are the basic units of life and all living things are composed of one or more cells.
1. Plasma Membrane 2. Nucleus or Nucleoid 3. Cytoplasm The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Plasma Membrane Encloses a cell Separates cells from its surroundings Phospholipid bilayer + embedded proteins The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Proteins of Plasma Membrane
Transport proteins – help molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane (in and/or out)
Receptor proteins – induces changes
within the cell when they come in contact with molecules in the environment (ex. Hormones)
Markers – identify the type of cell
The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Central Portion of the Cell
DNA: prokaryotic bacteria – circular DNA molecule near the nucleoid, no membrane; eukaryotic bacteria – nucleus; double membrane DNA contains the code for the proteins synthesized by the cell The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Cytoplasm Comprises the rest of the cell’s interior Semifluid matrix Contains sugars, proteins, amino acids needed by cell for its daily activities Eukaryotic cells - organelles The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things, the
basic unit of organization of all living things.
3. Cells arise by division of previously existing
cell. The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Prokaryotic Cell
Small, consists of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma
membrane and enclosed within a rigid cell wall. No distinct interior compartments The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Eukaryotic Cells Compartmentalizatio n
Organelles: membrane- bound structures that close off compartments within which multiple biochemical processes can proceed simultaneously and independently. Animal cell Animal Cell Plant Cell Structure of Plant Cell The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Nucleus
Information center of the cell
The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Nucleus Repository of genetic information that directs all activities of the cell
Most eukaryotic cells = 1 nucleus
Some fungal cells = many nuclei Nucleolus – intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Nuclear Envelope 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes Outer membrane is continuous with the cytoplasm’s interior membrane system – endoplasmic reticulum Nuclear pores are filled with proteins acting as molecular channels permitting passage of some molecules:
1. Proteins moving into nucleus to be
incorporated into nuclear structures or to catalyze nuclear activities
2. RNA and RNA-protein complexes
formed in the nucleus and exported into the cytoplasm The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Chromosomes Linear packaging of DNA in eukaryotic cells DNA contains information on cell structure and function Chromatin – thread-like strands of DNA Histones – packaging proteins associated with chromosomes The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Nucleosomes In preparation for division, DNA coils up around histones into highly condensed form Nucleosomes – initial aggregations that resemble beads on a string Coiling continues until the DNA is in a compact mass The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
After cell division, eukaryotic chromosomes uncoil.
Uncoiled extended form permits enzymes to make RNA copies of DNA
Bymeans of RNA copies, information in the DNA can be used to direct protein synthesis The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Endomembrane System Endomembrane system – divides cells into compartments.
Channels the passage
of molecules through the interior of the cell.
Providessurfaces for the synthesis of lipids and some proteins. The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Largest internal membrane
It weaves into sheets in the internal structure of the cell The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER surface heavily studed with ribosomes
Ribosomes – large molecular aggregates of protein + RNA
- Translates RNA copies of genes into proteins The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Few bound ribosomes embedded enzymes Catalyzes synthesis of a variety of carbohydrates and lipids Organizes synthesis of lipids and other biosynthetic activities The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Golgi Apparatus The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Golgi Apparatus Flattened stacks of membranes Delivery system of the cell Collection, packaging, distribution of molecules synthesized at one place of the cell and utilized at another location in the cell The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Lysosomes Membrane-bounded digestive vesicles Component of the endomembrane system arising from Golgi apparatus Contain high levels of enzymes
• Catalyze the rapid breakdown of proteins,
nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates • Break down of organelles & other structures in the cell • Eliminates other cells (phagocytosis) The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Microbodies Enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles Glyoxisomes – microbodies that contains enzymes that convert fats into carbohydrates Peroxisomes – contains enzymes that catalyze removal of electrons and associated H atoms The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Ribosomes Siteof protein synthesis
To make proteins, ribosomes attaches to the
mRNA, which is a transcribed copy of a portion of DNA, and uses the information to direct the synthesis of a protein. The Cell: Basic Unit of Life The Cell: Basic Unit of Life Nucleolus Manufactures ribosomal RNA Many rRNA molecules dangle from the chromosomes at the sites of these clusters of genes that encode rRNA. Proteins associate with the dangling RNA molecules Organelles that contain DNA The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Mitochondria
Outer membrane & inner membrane (Cristae)
2 compartments: Matrix & intermembrane space Proteins are embedded and located on the surface of inner membrane – that carry out oxidative metabolism – oxygen-requiring process by which energy in the macromolecules is stored in ATP The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Mitochondria Have DNA that contains several genes needed to produce proteins essential in oxidative metabolism. All these genes are copied into RNAs needed to make proteins. The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Chloroplasts Contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll Double membrane Grana – closed compartment of stacked membranes Thylakoids – disk- shaped structures Contains DNA Specific protein needed for photosynthesis The Cell: Basic Unit of Life Figure 6.18
Ribosomes 50 m Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes Granum
Chloroplasts (red) DNA Thylakoid Intermembrane space 1 m (a) Diagram and TEM of chloroplast (b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Plastids: - chloroplast, amylopast, leucoplast The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Centrioles Barrel-shaped organelles found in animal cells and protists Pairs at right angles near the nuclear membrane Centrosome – region surrounding the pair Help to assemble microtubules Contained in areas called microtubule- organizing centers (MTOCs) Microtubules Long, hollow cylinders of protein, tubulin Influence cell shape Move chromosomes in cell division Provide internal structure of flagella & cilia The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Cytoskeleton Interior framework of the cell Network of protein fibers that supports shape of the cell & anchors organelles to fixed locations Dynamic; constantly forming & disassembling The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
3 Types of Cytoskeletal Fibers
1. Actin filaments – for cellular movements such as contraction, crawling, pinching and formation of cellular extensions.
2. Microtubules – for cellular movement;
responsible for moving materials within the cell.
3. Intermediate filament – tough, fibrous
protein twined together in an overlapping manner; keratin, The Cell: Basic Unit of Life ONLY IN PLANT CELLS The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Vacuoles A large, apparently empty space at the center of a plant cell Contains large amounts of water, ions, sugars, pigments Storage center Increase surface to volume ratio by applying pressure to the cell membrane The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Cell Walls Protection and support Cellulose in plants Primary walls, Middle lamella, Secondary walls (for some plants) Bacterial cell walls are chemically and structurally different The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Functions
Structure Description Function
Cell wall Outer layer of cellulose or Protection; support
chitin; absent
Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments Structural support; cell
movement Flagella (cilia) Cellular extension with 9+2 Motility or moving fluids arrangement of pairs of over surfaces microtubules
Plasma membrane Lipid bilayer with embedded Regulates what passes
proteins into & out of cell; cell to cell recognition The Cell: Basic Unit of Life
Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Functions
Endoplasmic reticulum Network of internal Forms compartments membranes and vesicles; participates in protein and lipid synthesis Nucleus Structure (spherical) Control center of cell; surrounded by double directs protein membranes that synthesis and cell contains reproduction chromosomes Golgi apparatus Stacks of flattened Packages proteins for vesicles export from cell; forms secretory vesicles
Lysosomes Vesicles derived from Digest worn-out
Golgi apparatus that organelles and cell contain hydrolytic debris; play role in cell digestive enzymes death Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Functions Microbodies Vesicles formed from Isolate particular incorporation of lipids chemical activities and proteins containing oxidative from rest of cell and other enzymes Mitochondria Bacteria-like “power plants” of elements with cell; sites of double membrane oxidative metabolism Chloroplasts Bacteria-like elements Sites of with chlorophyll, a photosynthetic photosyntheis pigment Chromosomes Long threads of DNA Contain hereditary that forms a complex information with protein Eukaryotic Cell Structure & Functions Nucleolus Site of genes of Assembles rRNA synthesis ribosomes
Ribosomes Small, complex Sites of protein
assemblies of synthesis protein and RNA, often bound to endoplasmic reticulum
