Chapter 2 discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, emphasizing that they are the basic units of life and can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. It covers cell structure, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as their functions in energy transformation and maintaining cellular processes. The chapter also highlights the importance of microscopy in observing cells and their dimensions.
Chapter 2 discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, emphasizing that they are the basic units of life and can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. It covers cell structure, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as their functions in energy transformation and maintaining cellular processes. The chapter also highlights the importance of microscopy in observing cells and their dimensions.
Chapter 2 discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, emphasizing that they are the basic units of life and can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. It covers cell structure, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as their functions in energy transformation and maintaining cellular processes. The chapter also highlights the importance of microscopy in observing cells and their dimensions.
Chapter 2 discusses the fundamental aspects of cells, emphasizing that they are the basic units of life and can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. It covers cell structure, including organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as their functions in energy transformation and maintaining cellular processes. The chapter also highlights the importance of microscopy in observing cells and their dimensions.
• All living things are made up of cells • New cells evolve only from preexisting cells
3 Cells are the basic units of life Cells: the smallest units from which organisms are made
Unicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms
More evolved, Older organisms, have multiple cells organized consist of a single cell. in tissues, organs and systems.
4 Cells have small dimensions Cells are small in size in order to maintain a correct surface/volume ratio.
Smaller volumes Higher surfaces 5
Cells have small dimensions In order to observe cells smaller than 0.1 mm a microscope is necessary
6 Optical Light Microscope (LM) LM uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images. The power of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm.
photomicrograph
7 Transmission Electron Microscope A TEM uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. The most powerful TEM have a resolution of about 0.1 nm.
8 Scanning Electron Microscope A SEM collects and focuses beams of electrons on a specimen’s surface and produce a three-dimensional image.
9 All organisms may be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess two
basic features:
a plasma membrane and a cytoplasm.
Fats and proteins Water and substances
e.g. proteins 10 11 Animal cell Nucleus: it contains chromatin and is enclosed in a nuclear envelop with double membrane and nuclear pores
Endoplasmic reticulum: is divided into:
Plasma membrane: composed of •Rough E.R., studded with ribosomes and phospholipids and proteins, protects the cell involved in the synthesis of proteins and regulates the transport of substances •Smooth E.R., lack in ribosome and involved in the synthesis of lipids
Cytoskeleton: maintains cell shape and
Ribosomes: small particles that carry out protein synthesis assists movements of cell products
Cytoplasms: semifluid matrix Peroxisome: vesicles
containing and supporting organelles with various functions
Mitochondrion: Responsible for nuclear Vesicles: membrane-bounded sac respiration and ATP that store and transport cell material production Polyribosomes: string of ribosomes simultaneously Lysosomes: type of vesicles that synthesizing same protein digest macromolecules and cell parts
12 Golgi apparatus: packages proteins and secrets macromolecules 13 Plant cell Central Vacuole: store metabolites and help maintain cell turgor Nucleus Chloroplast: carries out photosynthesis, producing sugar
E.R.
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane
Granum: a stack of chlorophyll-
containing thylakoids in chloroplast Cell wall: outer membrane that shapes, supports and protects the cell
14 15 16 17 18 19 Energy Transformations
Mitochondria and Chloroplast are the “power stations” of
the cell as control the energy production through respiration and photosynthesis.
20 21 Chloroplasts In plants, algae and some bacteria solar energy is used through photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates (glucose) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen
22 Chloroplasts
Stroma: protein-rich fluid where carbohydrates synthesis occur.
Thylakoid membranes: contain chlorophyll and capture solar energy.
23 24 Mitochondria Eukaryotic organisms generate energy (ATP) through the respiration, using oxygen to release the energy stored in glucose.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water
25 Mitochondria Mitochondria are divided into compartments: the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, the cristae and matrix.
Matrix breaks down glucose while cristae produces ATP.
26 • Made up of RNA and proteins • Found in plants and animals • Visible by electron microscope • Carry out protein synthesis by translating the genetic code
27 Functions of the cell Organelle Structure Function Cell membrane Double membrane made of Let the particles to selectively lipids move in and out of the cell Cytoplasm Semi-solid/gel-like Many chemical reactions occur Nucleus Enclosed by a double Controls all the cell activities membrane; DNA present Mitochondria Enclosed by a double Reactions of aerobic respiration membrane; DNA present take place and energy is released. Ribosome No membrane encloses it; Protein synthesis Made of proteins and RNA Cell wall Made of cellulose Gives support and protection to the cell; Movement of substances in and out of the cell Chloroplast Enclosed by a double Photosynthesis membrane; DNA present Vacuole Enclosed by a single Storage of substances; gives membrane; filled with cell sap rigidity to plants Prokaryotic cell (pro = before, karyon = nucleus)
•Evolved first •Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus •Simpler structure than Eukaryotic cells •Archaea and Bacteria
