CURRICULUM

OF

BIOCHEMISTRY
BS (4 – YEAR)

(2009)

HIGHER ISSION
EDUCATION COMM

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD
 CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC

Dr. Syed Sohail H. Naqvi Executive Director

Prof. Dr. Altaf Ali G. Shaikh Member (Acad)

Miss Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)

Mr. M. Tahir Ali Shah Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Shafiullah Deputy Director

Composed by Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC Islamabad

2
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction ………………………………… 6

2. Frame Work/Layout for BS (4-Year) in

Biochemistry …………….……………….. 8

3. Scheme of Studies for BS (4-Year) in

Biochemistry …………….……………… 9

4. Details of Course for BS (4-year in

Biochemistry …………….……………… 12

5. Details of Compulsory Courses ………. 34

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 PREFACE
Curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at
the curriculum one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of
progress of the nation. The world has turned into a global village; new ideas and
information are pouring in like a stream. It is, therefore, imperative to update our
curricula regularly by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields of
knowledge.

In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Federal

Supervision of Curricula Textbooks and Maintenance of Standards of Education Act
1976, the Federal Government vide notification No. D773/76-JEA (cur.), dated
December 4th 1976, appointed the University Grants Commission as the competent
authority to look after the curriculum revision work beyond class XII at the bachelor
level and onwards to all degrees, certificates and diplomas awarded by degree
colleges, universities and other institutions of higher education.

In pursuance of the above decisions and directives, the Higher Education

Commission (HEC) is continually performing curriculum revision in collaboration
with universities. According to the decision of the special meeting of Vice-
Chancellor’s Committee, the curriculum of a subject must be reviewed after every 3
years.

A committee of experts comprising of conveners from the National Curriculum

Revision of HEC in Basic, Applied Social Sciences and Engineering disciplines met
in April 2007 and developed a unified template to standardize degree programs in
the country to bring the national curriculum at par with international standards, and
to fulfill the needs of the local industries. It also aimed to give a basic, broad based
knowledge to the students to ensure the quality of education. The new Bachelor
(BS) degree shall be of 4 years duration, and will require the completion of 130-136
credit hours. For those social sciences and basic sciences degrees, 63.50% of the
curriculum will consist of discipline specific courses, and 36.50% will consist of
compulsory courses and general courses offered through other departments.

For the purpose of curriculum revision various committees are constituted at the
national level, comprising of senior teachers nominated by universities, degree
awarding institutions, R&D organizations, respective accreditation councils and
stake holders. The National Curriculum Revision Committee for Biochemistry in a
meeting held on April 14-15, 2009 at HEC Regional Centre, Peshawar in
continuation of first preliminary meeting held on August 28-30, 2008 at the HEC
Regional Center, Lahore, revised the curriculum in light of the unified template. The
revised draft curriculum is being circulated for implementation in the concerned
institutions.

PROF. DR. ALTAF ALI G. SHAIKH

Member Academics
August 2009

4
 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN DRAFT FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATION STAGE STUDY

COLLECTION OF APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF FINAL QUESTIONNAIRE

REC DRAFT BY EXP. OF CURRI.
COL./UNIV

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.

PREP. OF DRAFT APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

BY CRC CURRI. BY V.C.C. CURRI.

Abbreviations Used: IMPLE. OF BACK TO

CURRI. STAGE-I
CRC. Curriculum Revision Committee
VCC. Vice-Chancellor’s Committee
EXP. Experts
COL. Colleges
UNI. Universities ORIENTATION
COURSES
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations

5
INTRODUCTION
The members National Curriculum Revision Committee o n Biochemistry
developed frame work and revised the curriculum in two different meetings. The
first meeting was held on A u g u s t 2 8 - 3 0 , 2008 at Higher Education
Commission, Regional Centre Lahore. The Second meeting was held on April
14-15, 2009 at HEC Regional Centre, Peshawar. The following experts attended
these meeting:
1. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kalim Tahir Convener
Chairman,
Department of Chemistry,
Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad.
2. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmad Sheikh Member
Chairman,
Department of Chemistry& Biochemistry,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.

3. Prof. Dr. S.M. Saqlain Naqvi Member

Chairman,
Department of Biochemistry,
PMAS Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi.
4. Prof. Dr. Irshad Ali Member
Chairman,
Department of Chemistry,
Gomal University,
D.I .Khan.
5. Dr. Syed Shahid Ali, Member
Foreign Professor HEC,
Bahria University, E-8,
Islamabad.
6. Dr. Allah Bux Ghanghro
Incharge
Institute of Bio-Chemistry,
University of Sindh, Allama I. I. Kazi Campus,
Jamshoro, Sindh.
7. Dr. Samina Shakeel Member
Assistant Professor,
Department of Biochemistry,
Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad.

6
 8. Dr. Rubina Naz Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry,
Gomal University,
D.I Khan.
9. Miss. Fatima Syed, Member
Lecturer,
(Biochemistry Section),
Institute of Chemical Sciences,
University of Peshawar,
Peshawar.

10. Dr. Muhammad Hanif Noomrio Secretary / Member

Professor
Department of Biochemistry,
Shah Abdul Latif University,
Khairpur

Proceeding of the preliminary NCRC meeting:

On the first day of the meeting, Prof. Dr. Riaz-ul-Tariq, Member Academics,
HEC Islamabad welcomed the participants of the meeting and briefed them
about the overall structure of template / framework of BS (4 year) program,
being developed by the conveners of the National Curriculum Revision
Committee in Basic, Social and Applied Sciences in their meeting, held on
April 30, 2008 at HEC Islamabad. He emphasized the participants to include
at least two subjects of social sciences in the list of general subjects and
recommend those books and the reading material that should be latest and
easily available in the market. He further said that the next meeting will be
called very soon to finalize the curriculum in due course of time. In addition to
the existing members, more experts in the field of Biochemistry will be
invited, so the curriculum developed will meet the demand of market and
society. He further suggested to the committee members to restrict the credit
hours of the scheme in the range of 130 – 132 so that the universities should
have an option to add more 4 Credit hours to fulfill the maximum limit of 136
Credit hours. The committee before taking up the regular agenda
unanimously agreed to select Prof. Dr. S. M. Saqlan Naqvi as Convener and
Dr. Samina Shakeel as Secretary of the meeting.

The 2nd day of the meeting started with recitation of the Holy Quran by Prof.
Dr. S. M. Saqlan Naqvi. After a long discussion, the following layout and
scheme of study was developed.

7
 LAYOUT FOR BS (4 YEAR) IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Compulsory Requirements (the General Courses to be chosen from
student has no choice) other departments
9 courses 7-8 courses
25 Credit hours 21-24 Cr. hours
Subject Cr. hr Subject Cr. hr
1. English I 3 1. Social Science I 3+0
2. English II 3 2. Organic Chemistry 2+1
3. English III 3 3. Social Science 3+0
4. English IV /Univ. optional * 3 4. Biophysics 3+0
5. Pakistan studies 2 5. Genetics 2+1
6. Islamic studies / Ethics 2 6. Inorganic Chemistry 2+1
7. Mathematics I 3 7. Physical Chemistry 2+1
8. Math II/Stat (Biometry)/Univ. 3 8. Microbiology 2+1
optional ** OR
9. Introduction to computer 3 Any other course, other than
Biochemistry depending
upon the expertise available.
25 24

Discipline Specific Major courses including Elective Courses

Foundation Courses research project/internship within the major
8-10 courses 11-13 courses 4 courses
30-33 Credit hours 36-42 Credit hours 12 Credit Hours
Subject Crhr Subject Crhr Subject Cr.
Hr
1. Introductory 3+1 1. Cell Biology 2+1 1. Elective-I 3+0
Biochemistry 2. Biochemical Techniques 1+2 2. Elective-II 3+0
2. Carbohydrates 3+1 3. Biosafety & Ethics 2+0 3. Elective-III 3+0
3. Amino Acids & 3+1 4. Plant Biochemistry 2+1 4. Elective-IV 3+0
proteins 5. Proteomics 3+0 Note: Elective
4. Lipids 3+1 6. Biomembranes & Cell 3+0 courses are
5. Human 3+0 Signaling to be chosen
Physiology 7. Bioenergetics 2+0 from the
6. Enzymology 2+1 8. Research Planning & 2+1 given list.
7. Molecular 3+1 Report Writing
Biology 9. Nutritional Biochemistry 2+1 OR
8. Metabolism 4+0 10. Bioinformatics 1+2 Any other
11.Industrial Biochemistry 2+1 course
12.Biotechnology 3+0 depending
13.Immunochemistry 2+1 upon the
14.Current Trends in 3+0 expertise
Biochemistry available.

30 40 12
Total Credit Hours = 131
* University has the option to recommend any other course in lieu of
English IV

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** University may recommend any other course in lieu of Mathematics
II

9
 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS (4 YEAR) IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Semester Name of Subject Theory Practical Credits

First English I 3 0 3
Pakistan studies 2 0 2
Mathematics 3 0 3
Social Sciences 3 0 3
Organic Chemistry 2 1 3
Introductory Biochemistry 3 1 4
18
Second English-II 3 0 3
Islamic studies / Ethics 2 0 2
Statistics (Biometry) 3 0 3
Social Science II 3 0 3
Biophysics 3 0 3
Carbohydrates 3 1 4
18
Third English-III 3 0 3
Introduction to Computer 2 1 3
Genetics 2 1 3
Inorganic Chemistry 2 1 3
Cell Biology 2 1 3
15
Fourth English-IV / Univ. optional 3 0 3
Physical Chemistry 2 1 3
Microbiology 2 1 3
Lipids 3 1 4
Human Physiology 3 0 3
16
Fifth Enzymology 2 1 3
Amino Acids & Proteins 3 1 4
Biochemical Techniques 1 2 3
Bio-safety & Ethics 2 0 2
Plant Biochemistry 2 1 3
15
Sixth Metabolism 4 0 4
Molecular Biology 3 1 4
Proteomics 3 0 3
Biomembranes & Cell 3 0 3
Signaling
Bioenergetics 2 0 2
16
Seventh Research Planning & Report 2 1 3
Writing
Nutritional Biochemistry 2 1 3
10
 Bioinformatics 1 2 3
Industrial Biochemistry 2 1 3
Elective-I 3 0 3
Elective-II 3 0 3
18
Eight Biotechnology 3 0 3
Immunochemistry 2 1 3
Current Trends in Biochemistry 3 0 3
Elective-III 3 0 3
Elective-IV 3 0 3
15
TOTAL 131

The 3rd day of the meeting started with recitation of the Holy Quran by
Mr.Shafiullah. The committee decided to develop details of all the foundation
and major courses as per HEC format. The following members were then
given the task by the committee to develop the course outlines of all
Foundation and Major courses and send to Mr. Shafiullah, Assistant Director
(Curriculum) HEC Islamabad within one week.

Sr. Name of Member Courses

No.
1 Dr. Allah Bux Ghanghro, 1. Introductory Biochemistry
Assistant Professor, 2. Carbohydrates
Institute of Bio-Chemistry, 3. Amino Acids & proteins
University of Sindh, 4. Lipids
Allama I. I. Kazi Campus, 5. Hormones, Vitamins & Minerals
Jamshoro Sindh 6. Metabolism
7. Research Planning & Report
Writing
8. Nutritional Biochemistry
2. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hanif 1. Biochemical Techniques
Noomrio 2. Genetic Engineering
Chairman 3. Bioenergetics
Department of Biochemistry 4. Biochemical Calculations
Shah Abdul Latif Univeristy, 5. Industrial Biochemistry
Khairpur 6. Immunochemistry
7. Enzymology
8. Current Trends in Biochemistry
Dr. Samina Shakeel, 1. Molecular Biology
Assistant Professor, 2. Biosafety & Ethics
Department of Biochemistry, 3. Plant Biochemistry
Quaid-e-Azam University, 4. Proteomics
Islamabad 5. Biomembranes & Cell Signaling
6. Bioinformatics
7. Biotechnology
8. Cell Biology

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LIST OF ELECTIVE COURSES

1. Research Project / Internship

2. Clinical Biochemistry
3. Xenobiotics
4. Food Processing and Preservation
5. Industrial Processing of Edible Oils & Sugar
6. Milling Backing and Quality Assurance
7. Meat Sciences
8. Radiation Biology
9. Genomics
10. Evolutionary Biology
11. Neurochemistry
12. Fermentation Biotechnology
13. Advanced Enzymology
14. Biochemistry of Drugs and Resistance
15. Phytotherapeutic Agents
16. Cell and Tissue Culture
17. Biochemistry of Marian Food Products
18. Biochemical aspects of Hematology
19. Biochemistry of Pesticides
20. Advance Nutrition and Dietetics
21. Principles and Application of Biotechnology
22. General Virology
23. Antimicrobials & Chemo therapy

The meeting ended with vote of thanks to the chair.

Proceeding of the final NCRC meeting:

The second meeting started with recitation from the Holy Quran.
Mr.Shafiullah, Deputy Director (Curriculum), HEC Islamabad briefed the
members about the minutes / proceedings of the previous meeting and
requested the members to select new Convener as Prof.Dr. S. M. Saqlan
Naqvi, was not available. The committee unanimously selected Prof.Dr.
Muhammad Kalim Tahir as new Convener and Dr. Muhammad Hanif Noomrio
as Secretary for the meeting. After long discussion, the members proposed
some minor changes in the framework and scheme of studies, developed in
the preliminary meeting. Then the course outlines of all Foundation and Major
courses, developed by Dr. Allah Bux Ghanghro, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hanif
Noomrio and Dr. Samina Shakeel were taken for thorough & detailed
discussion .After making some very important changes, following details of
courses were developed.

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 DETAILS OF COURSES
TITLE OF THE COURSE:
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY: (Cr. Hr. 3+1)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course provides fundamental concepts in biochemistry, which focuses
upon the major macromolecules and chemical properties of living systems.
Primary topics include the structure, properties and functions of amino acids,
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

COURSE OUTLINES:
A general introduction to the science of Biochemistry. Importance and the
scope of Biochemistry. Forms, functions and brief classification of
prokaryotes. Cellular architecture and diversity of eukaryotes. Structure,
physical properties & importance of water. Unique properties of carbon.
Nature of organic matter. Isomerism. General reactions of different functional
groups. Biologically important organic compounds / Solvents. Overview of
biological molecules (Biomolecules) and their structures including proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Prebiotic molecular evolution and
rise of living systems. Review of the variety and ecology of the living world.
Evolution of life. Use and significance of Radioisotopes in Biochemistry.
Practicals
Safety measures in laboratory

1. Preparation of solutions:

Preparation of percent solutions (W/V, V/V and milligram percent).

Calculation of Percent concentration of given solutions.

2. Preparation of molar Solutions.

 Exercises: solid - liquid solution.
 Exercises : liquid - liquid solutions.
 Calculation of molarity of given solutions.

3. Preparation of normal / equivalent solutions.

 Exercises: solid - liquid solutions.
 Exercises: liquid - liquid solutions.
 Calculation of the normality of given solutions.

4. Preparation of Molal solutions.

5. Preparation of ppm and ppb solutions.

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6. Preparation of solution from given stock solution by dilution method.
7. Standardization of given solution.
8. Determination of pH of different samples and body fluids.
 (pH meter, pH strip/paper and Titrimetric method)
 Preparation of Buffers:

o Phosphate buffer Acetate buffer

o Citrate buffer Universal buffer

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J.
Voet and C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Text Book of Biochemistry (1970) by E. West & W. Todd Macmillan
3. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. by C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, &
K.G. Ahern. Prentice Hall.
4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. by R.K. Murray, D.K.
Grannar, V.W. Rodwell. McGraw Hill.
5. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson,
M. M. Cox. W. H. Freeman Publishers

CARBOHYDERATES (Cr. Hr. 3 + 1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
To gain and understand:
 The principles and concepts concerning the chemical, physical, and
biological properties of carbohydrates.
 The general functionalities and food/non-food applications of
carbohydrates.
 Structure / function relationships.

COURSE OUTLINES:
INTRODUCTION TO CARBOHYDRATES:
Historical background, Occurrence and Distribution in Biosphere, Importance
in life processes, Nomenclature, Classification, Structural and Dynamic
functions.

MONOSACCHARIDES:
Nomenclature, Classification, and Structural configuration. Asymmetric
carbon, Isomerism, Importance of isomers. Mutarotation, recemic mixture
and inter conversion of monomers. Ring structure (pyran and furan).
Fischer’s formula and Haworth projection formula of monosaccharides. Chair,
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Boat, Cholley and Tollen proposed structure of monosaccharides. Kiliani
synthesis of carbohydrates. Structure, Occurrence and functions of important
Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses and Heptoses.

OLIGOSACCHARIDES:
Classification, Glycosidic linkage. Structure, function and Importance
Reducing and Non-reducing sugars, invert sugars. Occurrence, Chemistry,
Structure, Properties and Hydrolysis of Common disaccharides including
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Cellobiose, Isomaltose and Trehalose.

POLYSACCHARIDES:
Classification, Structural and Functional Importance and Distribution in
livings. Occurrence, Chemistry, Structure, Properties and Functions of
Polysaccharides including Animal, Plant and Microbial sources. Derived
Sugars: Chemistry and Functions of Sugar alcohols, Sugar acids, Deoxy
sugar and Sugar phosphate. Structure, Chemistry and Biomedical Functions
of Proteoglycans and Glycoprotein.

Practicals
1. Qualitative Analysis of known Carbohydrates.
(Glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch
glycogen and cellulose)
2. Qualitative Analysis of carbohydrates of given unknown samples.
3. Extraction of starch from plant sources & its confirmative tests:
(Sources: Potato, Wheat, Rice, Pulses, Barely, Maize etc)

4. Extraction of Glycogen from animal sources & its confirmative tests.

(Sources: Liver & Muscles etc)

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry (1998) by John F. Robyt.
Springer verlag
2. Text book of Biochemistry for Medical Students. (2005) by
Vasudevan
J P Brothers medical.
3. Biochemistry (2008) by S.C. Rastogi. Tata Mgraw Hill
4. Text book of Biochemistry. (2008) by S.P. Singh. CBS Publishers
5. Text book of Biochemistry (2007) by K. Rambabu.
6. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J.
Voet and C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
7. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. D. L. Nelson, M.
M. Cox. W. H. Freeman Publishers.
8. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J. I. Jain. (2008) S. Chand & Co.
India
15
CELL BIOLOGY (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will cover general introduction to:
 cell theory
 structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
 ultra structures of cell organelles
 role of cell organelles in cell
 microscopy and visualization techniques with hands on experience

COURSE OUTLINES:

Introduction to cell theory; structure; chemical composition of cell and cell

organelles and their functions; separation of cell organelles; transport
properties of cell membrane; molecular organization and functional role. The
concept of the unit membrane, the fluid mosaic model, surface receptors and
membrane mediated control. Lysosome, micro-bodies; Mitochondria and the
conservation of chemical energy: mitochondrial structure and function.
Chloroplast structure and the mechanism of photosynthesis. Cell movements:
structure and function of cytoskeleton, centriole, cilia and flagella, the mitotic
apparatus; The nucleus: structure and function, the nature of the gene, the
cell cycle: mitosis, meiosis.

Practical:
 Study of cell structure using compound microscope and elucidation of
ultra-structure from electron microphotographs.
 Study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 Study of plant and animals cell.
 Cell structure in the staminal hair of Tradescantia.
 Cellular reproduction, mitosis: smear/squash preparation of onion
roots/cheek cells.

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS:

1. Molecular Biology of the Cell, (2008) 5th Editon .B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J.
Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts & P. Walter 5th Edition Garland Sciences, Taylor
and Francis
2. Molecular Cell Biology (2000) 4th Edition. H. Lodish, A. Berk, L. Zipursky,
P. Matsudaira, D. Baltimore & J. Darnell. W.H. Freeman.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (2008) by G. Karp
John Wiley & Sons.

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LIPIDS (Cr. Hr. 3+1)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
Able to:
 Define and identify structure and functions of fats and fatty acids.
 Ddemonstrate the importance of Lipids in biological processes.
 Understand the role of lipids in signal transduction and pigments.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Lipids: Structure, classification and their biological role.
Fatty acids: Structure, classification, nomenclature and properties of fatty
acids. Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes.
Triacylglycerols: Nomenclature, physical and chemical properties including
hydrolysis, saponification value, rancidity, acid value, iodine value and
Reichert – Meissl number. Reactions of glycerol.
Phospholipids: Glycerophospholipids, Sphinogomyelins and glycolipids; their
properties and functions.
Steroids: Structure, classification, nomenclature and their biological role.
Lipid as signals, cofactors and pigments.

Practicals
1. Qualitative Tests for Lipids:

 Litmus Test Translucent Test Solubility Test Acroleie Test Unsaturation

Test Saporification Test Emulsification Test

2. Qualitative tests for the presence of fatty acids by titrimetric method:

3. Extraction of total Lipids from plant seeds (by iodometric flask method).
(Sources: Sunflower seed, Cotton seed, Corn seed, Coconut, Neem
Seed, sesame).

4. Extraction of Lipids from animal sources.

(Sources: Egg yolk & Animal tissues).

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Text book of Biochemistry (2006) by Amita Saxena. Manohor
Publishers.
2. Concise Text book of Biochemistry 3rd edition (2001) by T.N.
Pattabiraman
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J.
Voet and C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.

17
4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M.
Cox. W. H. Freeman Publishers
5. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. by C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, &
K.G. Ahern. Prentice Hall.
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (Cr. Hr. 3+0)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
Able to:
 Understand the fundamental concepts, biochemical and molecular
aspects of endocrinology and its role in regulation of homeostasis
process.
 Present a comprehensive account of the chemistry and functions of blood.
 Understand the chemistry of respiration and gas transport.
 Understand the composition, metabolism and functions of specialized
tissues like kidney, muscle and liver.

COURSE OUTLINES:
HORMONES:
Introduction, classification, chemical nature, general mechanism of action,
regulation, secretion, mode of action and biological functions of thyroid,
parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal, gonadal and pancreatic hormones.
BLOOD:
General composition, characteristics and functions of blood. Hemoglobin;
chemistry, properties, synthesis, degradation, functions and its derivatives.
Blood coagulation and blood clotting factors. Blood pressure.Blood groups.
Blood buffers

RESPIRATION:
Structure and functions of lungs,Transport of oxygen and carbondioxide in
blood.Acid base balance

SPECIALIZED TISSUES:
Structure and functions of muscle.
Kidney; structure and functions, acid base balance, water and electrolyte
balance.
Structure and functions of liver; with special reference to detoxification
functions.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

18
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Edition by D.Voet, J.G.Voet, &
C.W.Pratt, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork.
2. Text Book of Medical Physiology (2008) 10th edition by Arthur C.
Gyton,John E.Hall, W. B Saunders Company.
3. HumanPhysiology, (2003) 5th Edition Arthur J.Vender, James
H.Sherman, Dorothy S. Luciano, McGraw-Hill Company
4. Principles of Biochemistry (2008), 5th Edition by A.L. Lehninger,
D.L.Nelson and M.M.Cox, Worth Publishers,Newyork

ENZYMOLOGY (THEORY) (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
To understand:
 The role of enzyme as bio catalyst.
 The mechanism and kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions .
 The effect of various factors on rate of reaction.
COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction to enzymes, nomenclature, classification, riboenzyme, general
characteristics of theories of enzyme catalysis, substrate specificity,
isozymes, coenzymes, cofactors, regulation of enzyme activity, chemical
kinetics and enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten equation, effect of various
factors on rate of reactions, inhibition of enzymatic reactions and kinetics,
multienzyme system and bisubstrate reactions, catalytic mechanisms,
regulatory enzymes and immobilised enzyme.
Enzymology (Practical)
Contents:
Extraction and estimation of enzymes from plant source. Acid and enzymatic
hydrolysis of glycogen and starch Biosynthesis of enzymes by fungi and
bacteria.
Effect of Temperature on enzymes activity. Effect of Substrate concentration
on enzyme activity Effect of Enzyme concentration on enzyme activity Effect
of heat stability on enzyme activity

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Biochemistry (2007) 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer
W.H. Freeman & Co.
2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J. Voet and
C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox.
W. H. Freeman Publishers
4. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. by C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, & K.G.
Ahern. Prentice Hall.
19
5. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. By R.K. Murray, D.K. Grannar,
V.W. Rodwell. McGraw Hill.
6. Modern Experimental Biochemistry (1993) by R.F. Boyer. Benjamin-
Cummings pub. Co.
7. Varley’s Pratical Clinical Biochemistry (1991) 5th Edition byA.H. Gowenlock
and M. Bell. CBS Publishers & Distributors.
8. Text Book of Biochemistry (1971) by B. Harrow and A. Mazur
W.B.Saunders Company.

AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS (Cr. Hr. 3+1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
Able to:
 Demonstrate knowledge of amino acids and proteins.
 Identify the structure, name and properties of amino acids.
 Describe and draw primary to quaternary structures of proteins.
 Demonstrate knowledge of reversible binding of protein to ligands.
 Understand the reactions of amino acids.
 Understand the biological role of plasma proteins.

COURSE OUTLINES:
AMINO ACIDS:
Introduction, classification, properties of amino acids. Identification of amino
acids by different methods. Biological role of amino acids.

PROTEINS:
Introduction, classification, properties, functions and their biological role.
Protein sequence and evolution.
Overview of protein structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary.
Protein denaturation and folding.
Reversible binding of a protein to a ligand, Protein interactions modulated by
chemical energy.
Methods of isolation, purification and characterization of proteins. Types of
Plasma proteins and their biological role.
Practicals
1. Qualitative tests of proteins & amino acids:
Biuret Test Niuhydrin Test Xanthoproteic Test
Pauly’s Test Hoplein’s Test Ehrich’s Test
Sakaguchi Test Sodium nitroprusside Test Sullivan Test
Load sulphate Test Phosphate Test Aldehyde Test
2. Extraction of proteins from plant sources & their confirmative tests
20
 (Sources: Wheat, Rice Barely, Maize, Pulses etc)
3. Extraction of proteins from animal sources & their confirmative tests.
(Sources: Egg White, Milk, Liver, Muscles etc)

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J.
Voet and C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson,
M. M. Cox. W. H. Freeman Publishers
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry 9th edition(2008) by A.C. Deb
4. Text book of Biochemistry & Human Biology (2006) 3 rd Ed. by G.P.
Talwar & L.M. Srivastava. Prentice Hall India.
5. Text book of Biochemistry 3rd edition (2009) by Satyanarayana.
6. Biochemistry 3rd Ed. (1999) by C. K. Mathews, K. E.van Holde and
K.G. Ahern. Prentice Hall

BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES (THEORY) (Cr. Hr. 1 + 2)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course provides the information of principles & mechanism of different
equipments and analysis of Biochemical and Biological samples.
COURSE OUTLINES:
Homogenization, centrifugation, ultra centrifugation, paper, TLC, and column
chromatography, Gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, affinity
chromatography, HPLC, lyophilization, electrophoresis, flame photometry,
atomic absorption spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, UV / visible
spectrophotometry and use of radioisotopes.

Title: Biochemical Techniques (Practical)

Contents:
Preparation of sample for mineral analysis by ashing method.
Wet digestion procedure of sample preparation for mineral analysis.
Mineral analysis of plant tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Sepration of Biomolecules by affirity chromatography identification of sugars,
proteins, electrolytes etc by uv/vis spectrophotometer. Determination of
sodium and potassium content in blood serum by flamephotometer.
Separation of amino acids by amino acid analyzer. Gel chromatography and
ion exchange chromatography. Determination of molecular weight of a given
protein by gel filtration. Separation of Hb and serum proteins by
electrophoresis. Disk-gel electrophoresis of proteins. Separation of proteins
by isoelectric focusing.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:

21
1. Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and Moleculart
Biology (1982) by David Freifelder,W. H. Freeeman
2. Introduction to Modern liquid chromatography (1979) by L.L.Snyder & J.J
Kirkland. John Wiley & Sons
3. Tools of Biochemistry (1977) T. G. Cooper & T. C. Cooper John Wiley &
Sons
4. Centrifugation. A practical approach. (1987) Ed. D. Rickwood, Oxford: IRL
press England.
5. Varley’s Pratical Clinical Biochemistry (1991) 5th Edition byA.H.
Gowenlock and M. Bell. CBS Publishers & Distributors.
6. Hawk's Physiological chemistry Mc Graw-Hill publishing company
7. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (1999) by C.A. Burtis, Ashwood &
N.W. Tietz (Eds) W. B. Saunders Co.
8. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6th
Edition. Edited by K. Wilson & J. Walker.

BIO-SAFETY & ETHICS (Cr. Hr. 2)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will provide introductory information about:
 lab safety, hazardous chemicals and human protection
 bioethics and ethical considerations
 genetic testing and human embryonic research
 genetically modified organisms and foods

COURSE OUTLINES:
Lab safety, management and handling of hazardous materials and human
protection, environmental pollution and its remedies. Modern biotechnology
and its social implications. Biomedical research and bioethics in health policy.
Ethical considerations. The uses and abuses of animal research. Safety and
benefits of genetic testing, experimentation on human embryos and stem cell
research. Genetically modified organisms and foods and their safety.
Indigenous knowledge and patenting, commercialization and benefit sharing.
national and international bioethics. Regulation of biotechnology for benefit
sharing.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Cross-Cultural Biotechnology (2004). by M. Chalmer, et al Rowma &
Littlefield Pulishers.
2. Gene Flow from GM Plants. (2005) by G.M. Poppy & M. J. Wilkinson
(Editors) Wiley Blackwell Publications.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (2008) by G. Karp
John Wiley &Sons.
4. Bioethics Yearbook Series

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)

22
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will cover:
 Plant pigments, their chemistry and role
 Major Photosynthetic systems and pathways
 Phyto-hormones and related compounds
COURSE OUTLINES:
Structure and functions of plant cell. Plant cell wall. Photosynthesis; structure
of chlorophyll, absorption of light energy, photosynthetic pigments,
photosystem-I, photo system-II. Hill’s reaction, electron transport chain, ATP-
C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic pathways, CO2 fixation (Calvin Benson
cycle). Hatch Slack pathway and photorespiration. Conversion of nitrogen
into ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds. Biosynthsis of Alkaloids
and their biological functions. Terpenes and Terpenoids. Phenolics and
related compounds. Phyto-hormones and related compounds.

Practicals:

Extraction and qualitative analysis of chlorophyll, starch, lipids, enzymes,

auxins, alkaloids and flavonoids

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. (1999). Edited
by P. J. J., Haykaas, M.A. Hall, & K.R. Libbenga, Science Pub.Co.
2. Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Co. N.M., (2008). Principles of
Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman; 5th edition.
3. Plant Biochemistry by T.Wood & Mercer.

METABOLISM (Cr. Hr. 4+0)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
To understand:
 The fundamental concepts about the energy production.
 Mechanism of degradation and synthesis of biomolecules.
 Regulation and inhibition of the metabolic pathways.
COURSE OUTLINES:
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM:
Overview of anabolic and catabolic pathways of carbohydrates,proteins
and lipids. Role of ATP, NAD, FAD and CoA in metabolism.

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM:

23
 Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates.
Glycolysis and its significance, Fermentation, Fate of pyruvate, Citric acid
cycle, Gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis
Glycogen storage diseases. HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Metabolism
of hexoses other than glucose, Regulation of glycogen metabolism,
Glyoxylate pathway, Biosynthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins,

LIPID METABOLISM:
Digestion and absorption of lipids.
Introduction to lipid metabolism, β-Oxidation of fatty acids,
Ketogenesis. Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Triacylglycerols and
prostaglandins. Metabolism of phospholipids, glycolipids and
cholesterol.
Lipoproteins: Metabolism of HDL , Disorder of Plasma Lipoproteins,
Fatty liver, Obesity, Atherosclerosis, Tay – Sachs disease, Gaucher’s
disease, Niemann – Pick disease.

PROTEIN METABOLISM:
Digestion and absorption of proteins.
General aspects of amino acids metabolism; deaminaton,
transamination, transmethylation, transpeptidation, and
decarboxylation. Metabolism of ammonia: urea cycle and its regulation,
Nitrogen balance, biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Metabolic
breakdown of individual amino acids. Clinical correlations of protein
metabolism. Integration of metabolism.

NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM:

Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyramidines,
neucleosides and nucleotides. Clinical correlation of purine and
pyrimidine metabolism. Nucleotides as coenzymes.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Biochemistry (2007) 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L.
Stryer W.H. Freeman & Co.
2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (2008) 3rd Ed. By D. J. Voet, G.J.
Voet and C. W. Pratt. J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M.
Cox. W. H. Freeman Publishers
4. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. By C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, &
K.G. Ahern. Prentice Hall.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

24
The course will provide fundamental concepts of:
 Structure and functions of DNA, RNA and proteins
 DNA replication, transcription and translation.
 RNA & DNA ploymerases
 Gene expression and regulation
 Post translational modification

COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction to molecular biology, gene theory, structure of DNA, gene
structure, function and mutations. DNA replication (prokaryotic, eukaryotic
and viral), DNA repair, recombination, biosynthesis of RNA and its regulation
(prokaryotic, eukaryotic), RNA polymerase function and modulation of its
activity: promoters, operators repressor, terminator, gene expression and
regulation, post transcriptional processing of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, Bacterial
protein synthesis and regulation; Eukaryotic protein synthesis and regulation,
post translational modification, organelles genome.

Practicals:
Isolation of DNA from tissues
Extraction of plasmid DNA
Restriction enzyme digestion of DNA
Separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis
Determination of melting temperature of DNA

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) 6th Edition. H. Lodish, C.A. Kaiser,
M.Krieger. M.P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, & P. Matsudaira, W.H.
Freeman.
2. Biochemistry 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer (2007)
W.H. Freeman & Co.
3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox.
W. H. Freeman Publishers
4. Modern Genetic Analysis: Integrating Genes and Genomes (2002) 2nd
Edition by A. J. F. Griffiths, J.H.Miller, D.T.Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin and W.
M. Gelbart W. H. Freeman

PROTEOMICS (Cr. Hr. 3)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will provide fundamental information about:
 Proteins at molecular level
 Posttranslational modifications
 Protein-protein interactions
 Integral membrane proteins
 Advance techniques used in proteomics
25
COURSE OUTLINES:
Molecular Biology of Proteins (types, structure, synthesis, translation),
Posttranslational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation, methylation,
etc.), Molecular mechanisms of cellular communication/signaling pathways,
Bioinformatic tools (genomics, proteomics, metabonomics). Protein-Protein
Interactions, receptor identification and characterization, Integral Membrane
Proteins and Ion Channels, Peptide Models of Transmembrane, Domains,
Membrane Fusion and Membrane Binding Proteins, Apolipoproteins.
Advance techniques used in proteomics including, 2D Gel Electrophoresis,
Mass Spectrometry, Maldi TOF, MS/MS, LC/MSMS, iTRAQ, Protein arrays
etc.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Principles of Proteomics by R. M. Twyman (2004).BIOS Scientific
Publishers
2. Proteomics in Practice: A Guide to Successful Experimental Design (2008)
2nd Edition by R. Westermeier, T. Naven, and Hans-Rudolf. J.Wiley &Sons
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell, (2008) 5th Editon .B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J.
Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts & P. Walter 5th Edition Garland Sciences, Taylor
and Francis
4. Biochemistry (2007) 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer
W.H. Freeman & Co.
5. Introduction to Proteomics: Tools for the New Biology (2001) by Daniel C.
Liebler

BIOMEMBRANES AND CELL SIGNALING (Cr. Hr. 3)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will explain:
 membrane structure and functions
 isolation and chemical composition of membranes
 functions of different biological membranes
 membrane transport
 receptor-ligand interaction

COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction, surfaces and interfaces, chemical compositions. Structure of
membranes. Isolation of membrane bound proteins, morphology and function
of different biological membranes (plasma membrane, mitochondrion,
chloroplast, mesosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
tonoplast, nucleus). Membrane transport: active and passive transport.
Membrane receptor-ligand interactions and pathways.

26
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) 6th Edition. H. Lodish, C.A. Kaiser,
M.Krieger. M.P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, & P. Matsudaira, W.H.
Freeman.
2. Biochemistry (2007) 6th edition by J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko & L. Stryer
W.H. Freeman & Co.
3. Molecular Biology of the Cell, (2008) 5th Editon .B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J.
Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts & P. Walter 5th Edition Garland Sciences, Taylor
and Francis
4. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) 6th Edition. H. Lodish, C.A. Kaiser,
M.Krieger. M.P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, & P. Matsudaira, W.H.
Freeman.
5. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments (2008) by G. Karp
John Wiley &Sons

BIOENERGETICS (Cr. Hr. 2 + 0)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course gives the knowledge of energy, its production and regulation
in living system.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction, Basic thermodynamic, Concepts of energy and free Energy,
Enthalpy, Entropy and their relations. Endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Biological oxidation and reduction. High energy compounds. Coupling
mechanism: substrate level phosphorylation, electron transport chain,
oxidative and photo phosphorylation. Self-regulation of energy production.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Text Book of Biochemistry (1971) by B. Harrow and A. Mazur
W.B.Saunders Company.
2. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. By R.K. Murray, D.K. Grannar,
V.W. Rodwell. McGraw Hill.
3. Physical Chemistry (2002) 7th Edition by P.W. Atkin Oxford University
Press
4. Physical Chemistry (2004) 4th Edition by R.J. Sibley, R.A. Alberty & M.G.
Bawendi J.Wiley & Sons

27
RESEARCH PLANNING & REPORT WRITING (Cr. Hr. 2+1)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
To demonstrate:
 An awareness of the applications of biochemistry in contemporary
science.
 Familiarity with and competence in applying a range of laboratory
techniques and instrumentation used to identify, quantify and study
biochemical substances.
 How to generate, analyze, summarize and report biochemical data.
 And understand the classical and current laboratory methodologies for
research.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Overview of scientific research, improvement through research, nature of
scientific inquiry, applications of research in industry.

RESEARCH PROCESS, DESIGN & METHODOLOGY:

Project selection and its development, role of students & supervisor,
experimental design and investigation, methodology, control, sampling
methods replicating & data processing, results interpretation, primary and
secondary sources, scientific research, scientific record keeping .

WRITING, PRESENTATION AND PUBLISHING THE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS:

Importance of research report, thesis and scientific paper. Report writing and
its presentation.
Role of P value in decision making, conflict of interests, ownership of data,
consent form, publication of the research paper: selection of journal,
instructions to authors, letter to editor, acknowledgement, Referee’s
comments and suggestions, sending a revised manuscript and acceptance
letter.

REVIEW & SYNOPSIS:

The student in consultation with the supervisor will prepare an extensive
review and design a research plan in the area of interest, based on
introduction, literature survey, statement of the problem, objectives,
methodology, significance and limitations.
Practicals
SEMINAR / JOURNAL CLUB
A variety of activities including seminars on assigned topic, written essays,
poster presentation, presentation of research publications, etc will be

28
undertaken though out the semester. The faculty will lay out the exact details
of the activities from time to time.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Graduate research: A guide for students in the science (1998) 3 Rev
Sub edition by Robert V. Smith University of Washington Press.
2. Writing, Reading & Research Clifford (1985) by R. Veit, and J.
Clifford
Bobbs-Merrill Educational Pubications.
3. Practical Research: Planning & Design (2009) by P.D. Leedy and
J.F., Ormrod Publishers: Merrill.
4. Research methods: A process of Inquiry by Grazinao & Ranlin
(2006)
5. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to
Paper (2004) by A. G. Fink. Saga Publications.

NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY (Cr. Hr: 2+1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:

To understand:
 The concept of nutrition & health.
 Different types of nutrients, their importance, sources, functions and
problems due to deficiency.
 The balanced diet for individuals and groups.
 The menu efficiently.
 The principles of food Nutrition in the practical field effectively

COURSE OUTLINES:

CONCEPTS OF FOOD STUFFS:

Food selection and meal planning for healthy individuals. Food exchange
lists. Balanced diet, Recommended dietary allowances for different
categories of the human beings.

ENERGY METABOLISM:
Measurement of energy of foods and energy expenditure. Direct and indirect
caloric measurement. Basal metabolism. Factors affecting BMR. Respiratory
quotient. Energy requirements of the individuals.

DIET AND DISEASE:

Food borne diseases, Nutritional aspects and dietetic treatment of a few
important primary nutritional and general diseases, Starvation and anorexia
nervosa, Obesity, Endemic goiter, Disorders of the nervous systems,
29
Diseases of cardiovascular system and G.I. tract, Diabetes mellitus,
Idiosyncrasies, Food intolerance and food allergies, food nutrition and cancer,
Nutrition and infection.
ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE:
Clinical surveys, Physical examination, Anthropometry, Laboratory
examinations, Dietary surveys, FAO global information and early warning
system for food and agriculture.

EFFECT OF DIETARY ALTERATIONS ON THE ACTIVITY OF TISSUE

ENZYMES:
Effect of dietary carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Fasting and restriction.

MICRONUTRIENTS: VITAMINS AND MINERALS.

VITAMINS:
Introduction and Classification, Chemistry and Functions, Sources, Daily
allowance, Deficiency diseases, Toxicity and biological role of
the water soluble ( B-Complex and Vitamin-C) and fat soluble
Vitamins (A, D.E, K)

MINERALS:
Distribution and biological importance of minerals. Metabolism of Inorganic
ions with special reference to the indispensable elements and
their deficiency diseases.
Practical
ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE:
A. Clinical surveys, Physical examination, Anthropometry, Laboratory
examinations, Dietary surveys. Calculation of energy values of food.
Calculation of recommended daily allowance (RDA). Calculation of
basal energy expenditure (BEE) & Basal metabolic rate (BMR).
B. Estimation of vitamins, sodium, potassium, phosphorus etc by different
methods from plant & animal sources. Preparation of ash from plant
leaves. Determination of moisture content from plant leaves.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Krause's Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy L. Kathleen Mahan
Sylvia Escott-Stump(2009) 11th Ed. Saunders
2. Understanding Nutrition. E. N. Whitney & S. R. Rolfes (2002) 9th edition
9th ed. Wads worth / Thomson learning: Newyork, 2002
3. Nutritional Biochemistry, Tom Brody (1999) 2nd edition Academic Press:
Newyork.
4. Nutrition & Dietetics. S.A. Joshi 2nd Ed. 2002, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers

30
5. Nutrition Health Promotion Approach. Webb (2008) 3rd Ed. Oxford
University Press.
6. Robinson’s Basic Nutrition & diet therapy. (1997) by E. S. Weigley, D. H.
Mueller & C. H. Robinson Prentice Hall.
7. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. by J. I. Jain (2008) S. Chand & Co. India
8. Biochemistry, 3rd edition by U. Satayanarayna & U. Chakarapani (2006)
Books and Allied: Kolkata

BIOINFORMATICS (Cr. Hr. 1 + 2)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will provide fundamental concepts of:
 Bioinformatics.
 Applications of computational tools for sequence analysis.
 Databases searches
 Protein structure and function prediction.
 Hands on experience to utilize all the available tools.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Bioinformatics approach to study molecular to organism level of biological
hierarchical structure. Application of computational tools to the analysis of
genome and their gene products, protein structure, classification, mechanism
of protein folding and folding pathways and role of chaperones in protein
folding. Experimental techniques for characterizing membrane - protein
structure and function, A case study proteases - function and mechanism,
Simple sequence analysis – use of hydropathy plots. Introduction to
sequence databases, Comparing sequences against sequence databases,
Predicting protein coding and non coding regions. Prediction of protein
structure from sequencing data. Phylogenetic analysis. Genome sequencing
projects, Bioinformatics and genome analysis.

Practicals:
Use of computational tools for:
Sequence analysis
Sequence comparisons
Structure analysis

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks: A Practical Approach
(2000) by D. Higgins, & W. Taylor (Editors) Oxford University Press.
2. Post-genome Informatics. (1999) by M. Kanehisha, Oxford Univ. Press.
3. Mechanism of protein folding. (2000) 2nd Edition by R. Pain (Editor) Oxford
University Press.
4. Bioinformatics - Methods and Protocols (2000) Stephen Misener, Stephen
A. Krawetz (Eds.), Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey
31
5. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins
(2001) by A.D. Baxevanis &B.F.F. Ouellette, (eds.) John Wiley & Sons
6. Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure (2006) by
N.Kolchanov, R. Hofestaedt & L. Milanesi (Eds) Springer Science.
7. The New Avenues in Bioinformatics.(2004) by J. Seckbach,& E. Rubin, E.
(Eds.) Academic Publishers. USA.

INDUSTRIAL BIOCHEMISTRY (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course provide the information to utilize cheap local raw material, to fulfill
the industrial requirement and make the country self sufficient.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Extraction of oil from oil seeds, purification refining of oils. Preparation of
soap and detergents, effect of acidic species and hard water on soap.
Manufacturing of sugar from different sources. Preparation of jams, jellies
and chocolates. Manufacture of starch from Rice, corn, potato, wheat and its
industrial applications. Fermentation and its applications. Production of
antibiotics, acetic acid, citric acid and ethanol by microorganisms.

Practicals
1. Extraction of oil by Soxhelation method
2. Determination of Acid value
3. Determination of Iodine value
4. Purification of oil by column chromatography
5. Separation of phospholipids by TLC
6. Determination of ethanol percentage in the fermentation broth
7. Determination of citric acid by titration method in the fermentation
medium
8. Preservation of food by UV-radiation / chemical method
9. Estimation of total proteins, reducing sugar, total sugar from extract of
seasonal fruits.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Shreve’s chemical process industries (1998) 5th Edition by G.T.
Austin Publishers:McGraw-Hill
2. Kent and Riegel’s Hand Book of Industrial Chemistry and
Biotechnology (2007) 11th Edition by J.A. Kent. Springer.
3. Introduction to Cane Sugar Technology. by G.H. Jenkins Elsevier
4. British pharmacopoeia.
5. Comprehensive Biotechnology (1985) Edited by M. Moo-Yong &
C.L. Coooney, Pergamon Press,

32
BIOTECHNOLOGY (Cr. Hr. 3)
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
The course will emphasize on:
 Different aspects of biotechnology and recent advancements.
 Basic principles of biotechnology and their applications.
 Emerging technologies to prepare students for future challenges.

COURSE OUTLINES:
History, importance, screening, selection and nutritional requirements of
microorganisms of industrial importance. Development and maintenance of
pure cultures, microbial growth dynamics, effect of environments on microbial
activity, culture preservation and maintenance, strain improvement:
screening, enrichment, protoplast fusion, gene cloning. Inoculum,
development; size & physiological state, mixed cultures and substrate
system. Tissue culture. Nano-biotechnology: Principles of methods and their
application in industry and agricultural. Biomedical and environmental
biotechnology.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. Basic Biotechnology (2006) by C. Ratledge & B. Kristiansen (Eds)
Cambridge University Press.
2. Biotechnology (2005) by M. Debnath
3. Biotechnology: Recent Developments. (2005) by B. Enclave
4. Biomedical Nanotechnology (2005) by N.H. Malsch. Boca Raton, CRC
Press.
5. Bionanotechnology: Lesson from Nature. (2004) by D. S Goodsell.
Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Liss.
6. Introduction to Biotechnology (2003) by W. J. Thieman, M. A. Palladino,
and W. Thieman. Benjamin Cummings

IMMUNOCHEMISTRY (THEORY) (Cr. Hr. 2 + 1)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course provides the information about defense mechanism of the
life processes.

COURSE OUTLINES:
Introduction to the immune system, elements of innate and acquired
immunity, immunogens and antigens, antibody structure and function,
antigen-antibody interactions, genetic basis of antibody structure, monoclonal
antibodies, biology of the B lymphocytes, the role of MHC in the immune
system, biology of T lymphocyte, activation and function of T and B cells,
control mechanisms in immune response, cytokines.

33
Immunochemistry (Practical)
Contents:
Precipitation reactions based assay Agglutination based tests. Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Enzyme linked Oligoneucleotide sorbent
assay (ELOSA) Immuno fluorescence assay. Immuno enzymatic
cytochemical technique Immuno gold technique. Immuno electron microscopy
technique

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Medical Immunology 10th Editon by T.G. Parslow, D.P.Stites, A.I. Terr &
J.B.Imboden.
Lange.
2. Immunology,6th Editon. by I. Riott, J. Brostoff, & D. Male. Publisher: C. V.
Mosby.
3. Kuby Immunology,(2006) 6th Edition by T. J. Kindt, B. Osborne &
R.A.Goldsby, W.H.Freeman
4. Principles of Microbiolgy,(1995) by R.M. Atlas
5. Advance Molecular Biology (1999) by W.Wisden & R. M. Twyman,
Springer Verlag Gmbh

CURRENT TRENDS IN BIOCHEMISTRY (THEORY) (Cr. Hr. 3 + 0)

OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE:
This course provides the information about the latest developments and
revolutions in the biochemistry.

COURSE OUTLINES:

Latest developments in areas of current interest will be dealt with. Course

content will be based on recent reviews and research publications.
Source
Review articles and research publications.

34
 DETAILS OF COMPULSORY COURSES
COMPULSORY COURSES IN ENGLISH FOR BS
(4 YEAR) IN BASIC & SOCIAL SCIENCES

English I (Functional English)

Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.

Course Contents
Basics of Grammar
Parts of speech and use of articles
Sentence structure, active and passive voice
Practice in unified sentence
Analysis of phrase, clause and sentence structure
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Punctuation and spelling
Comprehension
Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion
General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion to be
at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening
To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected by
subject teachers

Translation skills
Urdu to English
Paragraph writing
Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills
Introduction
Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building
Recommended books:
1. Functional English
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313492
2. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN
0194313506
35
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne
Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7 Pages 20-27 and
35-41.
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis.
Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
453402 2.
d) Speaking

English II (Communication Skills)

Objectives: Enable the students to meet their real life communication
needs.
Course Contents
Paragraph writing
Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing
Introduction
CV and job application
Translation skills
Urdu to English
Study skills
Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed reading,
summary and précis writing and comprehension
Academic skills
Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and internet
Presentation skills
Personality development (emphasis on content, style and
pronunciation)

Note: documentaries to be shown for discussion and review

Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0
19 431350 6.

36
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne
Brinand and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note
taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19
435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to
presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403
0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard York.

English III (Technical Writing and

Presentation Skills)
Objectives: Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Contents
Presentation skills
Essay writing
Descriptive, narrative, discursive, argumentative
Academic writing
How to write a proposal for research paper/term paper
How to write a research paper/term paper (emphasis on style, content,
language, form, clarity, consistency)
Technical Report writing
Progress report writing

Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building

Recommended books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary
Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3
(particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive,
argumentative and report writing).

37
 2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc=Graw-Hill
Higher Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G.
Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. St. Martin’s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther
Illinois University. General Editiors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen
Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice Scharton. (A reader
which will give students exposure to the best of twentieth century
literature, without taxing the taste of engineering students).

38
 Pakistan Studies (Compulsory)
Introduction/Objectives
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics,
contemporary Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising
in the modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Books Recommended
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press
Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An
Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore,
1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
39
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-
Islamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad:
Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England:
WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book
Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III.
Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission
on Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard,
1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad:
National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.

40
 ISLAMIC STUDIES
(Compulsory)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.

Detail of Courses
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful
(Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)

Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran

1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina

41
 3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah & Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah

Selected Study from Text of Hadith

Introduction To Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism

Islamic Culture & Civilization

1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quranic & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids

Social System of Islam

42
 1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam

Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI,
Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law”
leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research
Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes”
Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama
Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)

43
 COMPULSORY MATHEMATICS
COURSES FOR BS (4 YEAR)

(FOR STUDENTS NOT MAJORING IN

MATHEMATICS)

1. COURSE FOR NON-MATHEMATICS MAJORS IN SOCIAL

SCIENCES

Title of subject: MATHEMATICS

Discipline : BS (Social Sciences).
Pre-requisites : SSC (Metric) level Mathematics
Credit Hours : 03 + 00
Minimum Contact Hours:40
Assessment : written examination;
Effective : 2008 and onward

Aims : To give the basic knowledge of Mathematics and prepare the

students not majoring in mathematics.

Objectives : After completion of this course the student should be able to:
 Understand the use of the essential tools of basic
mathematics;
 Apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective
disciplines;
 Model the effects non-isothermal problems through
different domains;

Contents :
1. Algebra: Preliminaries: Real and complex numbers, Introduction to
sets, set operations, functions, types of functions. Matrices:
Introduction to matrices, types of matrices, inverse of
matrices, determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer’s
rule. Quadratic equations: Solution of quadratic equations,
nature of roots of quadratic equations, equations reducible to
quadratic equations. Sequence and Series: Arithmetic,
geometric and harmonic progressions. Permutation and
combinations: Introduction to permutation and combinations,
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to binomial theorem.
Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric

44
 identities. Graphs: Graph of straight line, circle and
trigonometric functions.
2. Statistics : Introduction: Meaning and definition of statistics,
relationship of statistics with social science, characteristics of
statistics, limitations of statistics and main division of
statistics. Frequency distribution: Organisation of data, array,
ungrouped and grouped data, types of frequency series,
individual, discrete and continuous series, tally sheet method,
graphic presentation of the frequency distribution, bar
frequency diagram histogram, frequency polygon, cumulative
frequency curve. Measures of central tendency: Mean
medium and modes, quartiles, deciles and percentiles.
Measures of dispersion: Range, inter quartile deviation mean
deviation, standard deviation, variance, moments, skewness
and kurtosis.

Books Recommended:
1. Swokowski. E. W., ‘Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry’, Latest
Edition.
2. Kaufmann. J. E., ‘College Algebra and Trigonometry’, PWS-Kent
Company, Boston, Latest Edition.
3. Walpole, R. E., ‘Introduction of Statistics’, Prentice Hall, Latest
Edition.
4. Wilcox, R. R., ‘Statistics for The Social Sciences’,

45
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Credit hrs: 3(3-0)
Unit 1. What is Statistics?
Definition of Statistics, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential
Statistics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables,
Errors of measurement, Significant digits, Rounding of a Number,
Collection of primary and secondary data, Sources, Editing of Data.
Exercises.
Unit 2. Presentation of Data
Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation,
Constructing of a frequency distribution, Relative and Cumulative
frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their Construction, Bar
charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency
curve, Cumulative Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Historigram, Ogive
for Discrete Variable. Types of frequency curves. Exercises.
Unit 3. Measures of Central Tendency
Introduction, Different types of Averages, Quantiles, The Mode,
Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits
and Demerits of various Averages. properties of Good Average, Box
and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of outliers and
their detection. Exercises.
Unit 4. Measures of Dispersion
Introduction, Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Inter-
quartile Range, The Mean Deviation, The Variance and standard
deviation, Change of origin and scale, Interpretation of the standard
Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and
standard Deviation, Standardized variables, Moments and Moments
ratios. Exercises.
Unit 5. Probability and Probability Distributions.
Discrete and continuous distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Normal
Distribution. Exercises
Unit 6. Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Introduction, sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and
non sampling errors, sampling with and without replacement,
probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling distributions for
single mean and proportion, Difference of means and proportions.
Exercises.

Unit 7. Hypothesis Testing

Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis,
Type-I and Type-II errors, level of significance, Test statistics,

46
 acceptance and rejection regions, general procedure for testing of
hypothesis. Exercises.
Unit 8. Testing of Hypothesis- Single Population
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the
population mean and proportion for small and large samples,
Exercises
Unit 9. Testing of Hypotheses-Two or more Populations
Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the
difference of population means and proportions for small and large
samples, Analysis of Variance and ANOVA Table. Exercises
Unit 10. Testing of Hypothesis-Independence of Attributes
Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about the
Independence of attributes. Exercises.
Unit 11. Regression and Correlation
Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear
regression, estimation of parameters and their interpretation. r and
R2. Correlation. Coefficient of linear correlation, its estimation and
interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its
parameters. Examples

Recommended Books
1 Walpole, R. E. 1982. “Introduction to Statistics”, 3 rd Ed., Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc. New York.
2 Muhammad, F. 2005. “Statistical Methods and Data Analysis”, Kitab
Markaz, Bhawana Bazar Faisalabad.

Note: General Courses from other Departments

Details of courses may be developed by the concerned universities
according to their Selection of Courses as recommended by their
Board of Studies.

47