INTRODUCTION
TO
BIOCHEMISTRY
What Is Biochemistry?
The word ‘BIOCHEMISTRY’-
means -Chemistry of Living
beings or Chemical Basis of
Life.
“Life” in Biochemistry point of
view is:
Hundreds of Biochemical
reactions and Biochemical
processes
Occurring in sub cellular
organelles of a cell in an
organized manner.
Biochemistry is a
branch of life science:
Which deals with the
Study of Biochemical
Reactions and Processes
Occurring in living cells
of organisms.
Branches of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry-Deals
with chemical basis of human
body.
Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with
clinical diseases/pathological
conditions of human body.
Clinical Biochemistry
supports:
Diagnosis, Therapy and
Research of Medical field.
Bacterial Biochemistry-Deals with Microbes.
Plant Biochemistry- Deals with Plants.
Animal Biochemistry-Deals with animals.
Industrial Biochemistry-Deals with
industrial products involved with
microorganisms.
Historical Developments
of
Biochemistry
Biochemistry emerged in the late 18th
and early 19th century.
The term Biochemistry was first
introduced by the German Chemist Carl
Neuberg in 1903.
In the 1940s Clinical Biochemistry
evolved, as an autonomous field.
S.No Pioneer Workers Discovery/Work
1 Berzilus Enzymes Catalysis
2 Edward Buchner Enzyme Extraction
3 Louis Pasteur Fermentation Process
4 Lohmann Role of Creatine PO4 in
muscles
5 Hans Kreb TCA Cycle
6 Banting and Macleod Insulin
7 Fiske and Subbarow Role of ATPs
S.No Pioneer Worker Discovery/Work
8 Watson and Crick Double Stranded
DNA
9 Landsteiner Protein Structure
10 Peter Mitchell Oxidative
Phosphorylation
11 Nirenberg Genetic Code on
mRNA
12 Paul Berg Recombinant DNA
Technology
13 Karry Mullis Polymerase Chain
Reaction
14 Khorana Synthesized Gene
Aim And Objectives
To Study
Biochemistry
To know the various
Biomolecules composed in
Human body:
Chemistry/Structure
Occurrence/Location
Functions/Role
Determination of mode of
action of Biomolecules is by:
Isolation and Structural
elucidation of Biomolecules.
Understand completely
all the organized
Biochemical processes
Occurring in living cells at
the molecular/sub
cellular level .
Identification of disease
mechanisms:
Study of Inborn Errors of
metabolism.
Study of Oncogenes in cancer cells.
Syllabus Of Biochemistry
Medical Biochemistry
Medical or Human Biochemistry is a
branch of Biochemistry which deals with:
Biochemical constituents of human
body
Their interactions in body cells
To maintain normal health, growth and
reproduction and related diseases.
Chemical Composition of Human body
Study of Biochemical
aspects of Cell and its
sub cellular organelles.
Study of various Biochemical constituents of
cell:
(Chemistry, properties , functions, metabolism
and related disorders).
① Carbohydrates
② Lipids
③ Proteins
④ Vitamins
⑤ Minerals
⑥ Water
Nutrition and Metabolism of
Biomolecules
Study of Food and its
constituents
Dietary Nutrients
builds human body
and maintain health
Major prerequisite for the
maintenance of health is that
There should be optimal
dietary intake of
constituents with good
quality and appropriate
quantity.
Biochemical research
has impact on Nutrition
& Preventive Medicine.
Metabolism of Biomolecules
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Transport
Uptake and
Assimilation of food constituents in
human body.
Catabolic and Anabolic
pathways related to
Biomolecules for Human
vitality:
Energy rich biomolecules get
catabolized in body cells to liberate
chemical form of energy ATP used for
various body activities.
Various biomolecules are
biosynthesized to perform vital
functions of human body.
To maintain normal health
of a human body:
Biomolecules in human
body work
Cooperatively with good
coordination ,Regulation and
Interrelationship.
Roles Of Important Biomolecules
Carbohydrates serves as primary
source of energy.
Lipids serves as secondary source
of energy.
Proteins are structural and
functional units of human body
which are of prime importance and
survival of human beings.
Vitamins: Fat soluble and Water soluble
vitamins have specific functions which
serve as accessory growth factors.
Minerals: Inorganic elements major and
minor type has important role in
building and functioning of human
bodies.
Enzymes are biomolecules which are
Biocatalysts catalyzes specific biochemical
reactions of metabolic pathways and
considered as functional units of
metabolism.
Hormones the Endocrine substances,
chemical messengers of human body.
They bring good coordination and regulate
enzyme activities of metabolism.
Elements of Molecular Biology
Nucleic acids and Molecular
Genetics
DNA, RNA and Protein
synthesis
Regulation of gene expression
Recombinant DNA technology
Biochemical Processes
of
Human Body
Membrane transport mechanisms and signal
transduction
Biochemical mechanisms of hormone action-Cellular
Homoeostasis
Functions of Neurotransmitters
Oxygen transport, Bioenergetics, Mitochondrial
Respiratory chain
The Immune response
Interrelationships Of Biochemistry
Biochemistry Is A Fundamental Subject Of
Medicine/MBBS
Biochemistry is
related to almost
every Subject of
Medicine.
There is relationship of Biochemistry with
Many subjects of MBBS Course.
Physiology
Pathology
Pharmacology
Immunology - Microbiology
Toxicology
Medicine and Allied Subjects
Community Medicine-Nutrition
Importance Of Biochemistry Knowledge To
A Doctor
Clear understanding
concepts of Biochemistry
Is a prerequisite to become
A Good Doctor
A thorough understanding
knowledge, of Biochemistry
by a Doctor helps in:
Right Diagnosing and
treating a patient .
The Scope for
Study and Research
in Biochemistry is
Endless
Principal driving force in
Clinical Biochemistry.
New emerging techniques
and methodologies to study
new Biomarkers
The scope of Biochemistry
is to understand
The functionality of the
living cells, tissues and the
entire living system.
Biochemistry
Teaching Schedule
Biochemistry Teaching
Schedule-
Theory Lectures
Tutorials
Practicals
Seminar/Quiz
Class Attendance
Mandatory Attendance –
75% in Theory
80% in Practical
Aggregate <75% -Detained
Produce Medical Certificates
And
Apply to Sub Dean
(Academics)
In absence due to illness with
immediate effects.
Study Material For Biochemistry
Lecture Notes
Books
E–Books
Internet websites
Books For Biochemistry
1. Lippincott's
2. Harper
3. Vasudevan
4. U Satyanarayana
5. Rana Shinde and Chatterjea
6. S K Gupta
7. Mohammed Rafi
8. Pankaja Naik
9. Raju
10. Puri
Biochemistry Examination Pattern
Exam Pattern And Marks
Exams Theory Practical Total
Marks Marks Marks
Mid Semester 100 75 175
End Semester 100 75 175
Pre Prof 200 75 275
( 2 Papers)
Prof/Final 200 75 150
( 2 Papers)
Total Marks 150 150 300
MBBS First Prof Exam Dates
Mid Semester Examination :
November 2016
End Semester Examination :
January/February 2017
Pre Prof Exam /Preliminary
Examination : May 2017
Professional Exam/Final
Examination: July 2017
One should score
50% in Theory and
50% in Practical
Exam
Separately to pass in
the subject
One should score 40% Marks in
Internal Exams/Final Internal
Assessment Marks.
To be eligible to attend Professional
Exam.
< 40% Marks
in Final Internals Detained
Tips For Success In Exams
Attend regularly your teaching
schedule with full concentration
and note the lecture points.
After classes same day write
down all lecture points in Fair
note book.
Be Interactive and
Analyze your own Capacity
Do not compare yourself with
others.
Organize the schedule
Truly and sincerely work
hard with good stamina and
determination.
Daily Study the Subjects
Give time for each subject
5 hours of study after classes
Give daily one hour for
Biochemistry
Learn to sacrifice and
compensate.
In between Check your study
status and compensate.
Relentlessly work hard to
acquire understanding
knowledge.
Don’t leave options try cover all the
matter thought in classes.
Habit of early to Bed and early to rise.
If feel depress or have any problem in
stay and study contact your teachers
immediately for help.
Any Queries ?
Any Confusions?
Any Doubts?
THANK YOU
Dr Anissa Atif Mirza
Biochemistry Department
A.I.I.M.S Rishikesh.
Introduction
To
Biochemistry Practicals
Clinical Biochemistry
Biochemical Aspects
of
Health and Disease
Healthy body
Healthy body in biochemical
point of view is with-
Normal metabolic functions in
the body cells.
Balanced levels of all the
biochemical constituents
Unhealthy/Diseased body
Unhealthy/Diseased body
in biochemical point of view
is with:
Derangement in their
metabolic functions.
Imbalanced levels of
biochemical constituents
Health depends on a harmonious
balance of biochemical reactions
occurring in the body
Disease reflects abnormalities in
biomolecules, biochemical
reactions, or biochemical
processes in a human body.
Types Of Diseases
Due to Biochemical Alterations
Nutritional Disorders
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Endocrine/Metabolic
Disorders
Genetic/Molecular Disorders
Immunological Disorders
List of Biochemical Disorders
Nutritional Disorders
These are disorders caused
due to defect in pattern of
nutrition:
Over Nutrition
Under Nutrition
Examples Of
Nutritional Disorders
Kwashiorkar and Marasmus. (PEM)
Obesity
Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Tetany
Pellagra
Beri Beri
Scurvy
Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders
These disorders are due to defect in
Endocrine system.
Hypo and Hyper activity of Endocrine
organs.
Derangement in Hormones which affect
the Enzyme activities of metabolic
reactions .
This in turn causes derangement in
metabolism.
Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Insipidus
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Addisons Disease
Cushings Syndrome.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders
These disorders are due to defect in DNA
molecule.
Gene mutations in structural or regulatory
genes
Mutated genes on expression leads to structural
defective Proteins.
Defective structural Proteins in turn affect the
functionality of the Proteins leading to
disorder.
Genetic/Molecular Disorders
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Cancer
Sickle Cell Anemia
Thallasemias
Xeroderma Pigmentosa
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Chromosomal Defects
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism
Disorders due to congenital defect in
Enzymes.
Caused due to defective/mutated genes
of Enzymes.
Since Enzymes are functional units of
metabolism, their congenital defect leads
to inborn errors in Metabolism.
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism
Primary Gout
Glycogen Storage Disorders
Phenylketonuria.
Albinism
Gauchers Disease
Immunological Disorders
Caused due to defective Immune
System
Hypersensitivity
Auto immune Disorders-
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Multiple Myelomas
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry In Diagnosis
Of Diseases
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory
Biochemistry and Medicine
are Intimately related
In a specific diseased condition there
occurs derangements in the hormonal
actions
Which affects, homeostatic
mechanisms and metabolic processes
Which in turn alters the normal
concentrations of biochemical
constituents in body cells and their
fluids.
Metabolic changes associated with specific
disorders may give rise to a changes in the body
fluids.
Biochemical profile of a particular body fluid
is analyzed for example
Blood Glucose in Diabetes mellitus;
Glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in
bacterial meningitis (which are greatly reduced).
Hence, specific parameters are looked for in a
specific body fluid when a disease is suspected
Suspected diseased cases by a
physician are investigated for the
levels of biochemical parameters
In various collected biological
specimens viz
Blood/plasma/serum/urine/CSF
/other body fluids
The collected specimens are analyzed
in a Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory
using various analytical methods to
obtain the results.
The obtained results are compared
with the values with respective
normal/reference range.
Results are reported to a physician
for confirming the diagnosis and
treatment of the patient.
Role Of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory
Role of a Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory
is to find out
The concentration of biochemical
parameters from various biological
specimens,
Using specific methodologies ,reagents,
instruments and equipments ,glasswares
and plastic wares.
The result values obtained are compared
with reference range and interpreted.
Thus Clinical Biochemistry, is
an applicative arm of medical
Biochemistry,
To support diagnosis ,
treatment and prognosis of
human diseases or pathological
conditions.
Scope of Clinical Biochemistry
Clinical Biochemistry includes two
main components:
Methodological and Interpretative.
Which is driven by the discovery of
biomarkers, and the availability of
appropriate measurement methods.
Biochemistry Instruments
Biochemists should have knowledge of important
instruments their uses and working principles.
1. Photoelectric Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer,
Flowcytometers, AAS.
2.SemiAutoanalyzers,Fully Automated Analyzers.
3.Electrolyte Analyzers
4.ELISA reader
5.ECiQ
6.Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Units.
7. Real Time PCR
8.Distillation Plant, Balances, Centrifuges, Water
baths, Incubator, Oven, Coolers, Refrigerators etc.
Biochemistry Depend Upon Chemicals and
Reagents
Biochemistry Chemicals and Reagents
Use of Analytical Grade/Ultra pure
chemicals for reagent preparations.
Use of ready made reagent kits.
Use of standards, controls and
calibrators.
Quality control specimens (Internal
and External Q.C)
Biochemistry Glasswares/Plasticwares
Use of Borosil made Glasswares/Tarsan
Test tubes
Pipettes: Glass , Fine pipettes
Flasks
Beakers
Measuring Cylinders
Reagent Bottles
Diagnostic Investigations
of
Clinical Biochemistry
Types Of Biochemical Investigations
Routine Investigations
Stat Investigations-24x7 hrs
Special Investigations
Biochemical Profiles
Organ Function Tests
Individual laboratory tests are
rarely ordered and reported
singly; usually combinations of
lab tests are used.
The physician should however
be judicious in selecting the tests
that really give a clue to the
diagnosis of a disease.
Routine Biochemical Investigations
Blood Glucose {Fasting, Post prandial and Random}
Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances -Blood Urea ,Uric
Acid, Creatinine.(KFT)
Serum and urinary Proteins-Total Proteins, Albumin (LFT)
Lipids-Tri Acyl Glycerol, Cholesterol, Lipoproteins.
Enzymes-AST,ALT,GGT,ALP,ACP (LFT)
Bilirubin-Total ,Direct, Indirect (LFT)
Electrolytes- ( Na, K)
Minerals-( Ca, P)
Blood- pH, Anion Gap,pO2,pCO2,Bicarbonates.
Special Investigations
Glucose Tolerance Test
Vitamins
Hormones
Minerals(Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, I)
Drugs
Bence Jones Proteins
Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Organ Function Tests
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Cardiac Profile (CFT)
Pancreatic Function Tests (PFTs)
Renal Function Tests/Kidney Function Tests
(KFTs)
Gastric Function Tests (GFTs)
Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs)
Adrenal Function Tests (AFTs)
Reproductive Function Tests
Biochemical Test profiles
And Biomarkers
Lipid Profile
Cardiac Profile
Diabetic Profile
Bone Markers
Anemia Markers
Tumor Markers
Importance of Laboratory Tests
Qualitative and Quantitative analysis
of biochemical constituents from the
biological specimens are carried out in
Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory.
Results obtained of quantitative
estimations are interpreated comparing
with normal or reference range of
laboratory.
Biochemical Investigation
results help in diagnosis of the
disorder with severity of the
disease.
The report values helps the
clinician to better manage and
treat the patients under his
care.
Thus Results of
Biochemical investigations
plays important role in
screening, diagnosis,
prognosis and treatment of
disorders.
Precautions During Tests
Proper Use of Reagents
Standardization and Calibration of Instruments
SOPs to be followed
Carefully and Strictly follow the protocols
Accurate pipetting
Proper reading of O.D values/ Results
Interpreate results with right units with normal or
reference range of laboratory
Run Quality Control Programmes
A good understanding
Knowledge of Biochemistry
related to health and disease at
molecular level
Makes a true and good Doctor
for his/her Clinical Practice.
Biochemistry Practical Syllabus
Instrumentations
Qualitative Experiment-Abnormal Urine Analysis
Quantitative Experiments- Glucose, Urea, Bilirubin etc
Organ Function Tests-LFT,KFT,GFT
Biochemical Profiles
Fluid Analysis-CSF, Amniotic Fluids
Glucose Tolerance Test
Clinical Cases-Liver, Carbohydrate, Lipds , Proteins
Immunological Techniques
Molecular Biology Techniques
Biochemistry Manual
And Its Checking
Biochemistry
Practical Exam Pattern
Practical Exam 75 Marks
Questions Internal Exam Professional
Pattern Exam Pattern
Spott Questions 10 spots 20 Marks
2x10 =20 Marks
Qualitative 15 Marks 15 Marks
Experiment
Quantitative 15 Marks 15 Marks
Experiment
Grand Viva 20 Marks 20Marks
Manual 05 Marks 05 Marks
Way To Live Life
Be Balanced in all the life activities
Work as per your priorities
Try to adjust as per the need and condition of life
Try your best to survive
Live simple and natural Life
Know your Do’s and Don'ts of Life
Do Right Judgements
Work with Focus and Time Management
Never Go Against the Nature
Admire and Feel the Natures Life
Think ,Thank and Praise the creator of Nature
Imbibe Natural processes within ourselves
Practice life like Natural processes
S. Human Body Activities Human Practical Life
No
1 Processes/Mechanisms Actions/Character/Nature
2 Analyzed/Sensed Analyzed/Sensed
Neurotransmitters Self Logic ,Thought
Hormones process , ,Good Advice and
Experience
3 Homeostasized- Regulated-
Homeostatic Mechanisms Trust , Obedience, Respect
Implementation
4 Balanced Processes Limited Activities
5 Healthy Human Life Success in Human Life
Thank You
