BIOCHEMISTRTY
TABINDA AZIM
M. PHIL PHARMACOLOGY
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1. Presentations (1-2)
2. Assignments
3. OHT ( one hr test)
4. Pre mid term
5. Mid term
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COURSE OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE
• To identify the major classes of polymeric
biomolecules and their monomeric building blocks.
• To explain the specificity of enzymes (biochemical
catalysts), and the chemistry involved in enzyme
action
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OUTCOMES
On completion of the course, students will be able to
understand:
Structure and functions of
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. ENZYMES
5. Vitamins
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INTRODUCTION TO CARBOHYDRATES
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TOPICS IN CARBOHYDRATE CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION
2. MONOSHACCHARIDES
3. DISACCHARIDES
4. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
5. POLSACCHARIDES
6. GLYCOCONJUGATES
7. PROTEOGLYCANS
8. GLYCOPROTEINS
9. BIO-SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
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CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and
widespread organic substances in nature, and they are
essential constituents of all living things
Carbohydrates are formed by green plants from carbon
dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis
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Functions of carbohydrates
The main energy source for living organisms
e.g. sugars energy
Skeletal elements:
cell walls of plants i.e. cellulose
shells of shrimps and external skeletons of insects,fungi
e.g. chitin ( CHITIN is composed of carbohydrate)
Part of genetic material i.e. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA ribonucleic acid
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Definition
carbohydrate is a large biological molecule, or
macromolecule, consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
and oxygen (O) atoms
usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in
water)
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Classification of carbohydrates
The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical
groups depending on the number of sugar units
1) Monosaccharides ( simple sugars they cannot be hydrolyzed
to smaller carbohydrates)
2) Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides covalently linked
3) Oligosaccharides a few monosaccharides covalently linked
4) Polysaccharides consisting of chains of monosaccharide or
disaccharide units
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CARBOHYDRATES
1. SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES
1. Monosaccharrides
2. Disaccharides
2. COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
1. Oligosaccharides
2. Polysaccharides
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Scientific nomenclature of
carbohydrates
The word saccharide comes from the Greek word (sákkharon),
meaning "sugar.“
the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex
the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often
end in the suffix –ose
For example
grape sugar is the monosaccharide glucose
cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose
milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose
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CARBOHYDRATES
AROUND
US
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are found in grapes, other fruits, and honey
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, saccharide: sugar
They are the simplest form of sugar
usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids
Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste
include
1. glucose(C6H12O6), also known as dextrose, grape sugar, and
corn sugar)
2. fructose (fruit sugar)
3. Galactose
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of
disaccharides
such as sucrose
lactose
and polysaccharides
such as cellulose
starch
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Monosaccharides
1. Consist of only one sugar unit or one saccharide
unit, can not be further hydrolyzed
2. Monosaccharides - simple sugars with multiple OH
groups
3. Based on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), a
monosaccharide is a triose, tetrose, pentose or
hexose
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Monosaccharides
monosaccharides have this chemical formula:
Cx(H2O)X
Different names depending on the number x of carbon atoms they
contain:
Diose (2)
triose (3)
Tetrose (4)
pentose (5)
Hexose (6)
Heptose (7)
SO on
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CLASSIFICATION OF
MONOSACCHARIDES
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ALDEHYDE GROUP
structure R-CHO
consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double
bonded to oxygen) bonded to hydrogen and an
R group ( side chain gr)
Many fragrances are aldehydes
Example formaldehyde
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GLUCOSE FORMULA
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ALDOSES HAVE AN ALDEHYDE GROUP ATTACHED
KETOSES HAVE A KETO GROUP ATTACHED
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KETONE GROUP
• is an organic compound with the structure
RC(=O)R‘
• where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-
containing substituents.
• Examples include many sugars (ketoses)
and the industrial solvent acetone.
• Acetone shown in figure
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COMBINING BOTH CLASSIFICATIONS
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Nomenclature
The nomenclature ending for the monosaccharides is -ose; thus,
the term pentose (pent = five) is used for monosaccharides
containing five carbon atoms
hexose (hex = six) is used for those containing six.
In addition, because the monosaccharides contain a chemically
reactive group that is either an aldehydo group , they are
frequently referred to as
aldopentoses or ketopentoses
or aldohexoses or ketohexoses
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Glucose
Glucose is an aldohexose
i.e., it contains six carbon atoms
and the chemically reactive group
is an aldehyde group.
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