MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL

GRADE 11 CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY LAB SYNTHESIS

PRESENTED BY

RUNGNAPA NGAMSANGAPONG (MILK) 6161013

SARISA OVARARINT (AOM) 6161169
CHATCHAKRIT LEANGKONGTHONG (PINPIN) 6161189
NATCHAREE CHAEMCHARAT-ANOTHAI (PUP) 6161114
SANA YONGPHIPHATWONG (FAFA) 6161091

UNDER SUPERVISION OF

MS. SORASAREE TONSIENGSOM

 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

ABSTRACT 3

OBJECTIVE 4

INTRODUCTION 5

MATERIAL AND METHODS 7

Experimental (Day 1) 7

Experimental (Day 2) 8

RESULTS 9

CALCULATIONS 11
REACTION SOLUTION A+B 11
REACTION SOLUTION A+C 13

DISCUSSION 15

CONCLUSION 16

Reference 17
 3

ABSTRACT

In the laboratory report we achieve the goals in the experiment. We are

able to find the limiting reagent and the theoretical yield. We mixed two

solutions together (copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium hydroxide) by using

paper filtration. The colours of the products are different because each solution

has different amount of copper sulfate pentahydrate and sodium hydroxide.

 4

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to study the chemical reaction of the

Copper Sulfate (CuSO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). To be able to observe

the differences between 2 chemical reactions with different amounts of sodium

hydroxide. And also, to be able to apply knowledge about calculating the

amount of reagent and product in each reaction and identify the excess and

limiting reagent. Therefore, we should be able to identify the theoretical yield to

find the percent yield.

 5

INTRODUCTION
In class, we learned that limiting reagent is the reactant that is used up

first in the reaction. Therefore, it is the reactant that gives the lowest product.

We also learned that there is another type of reagent called excess reagent. This

happens when the excess reactant is present. By being able to identify the

limiting reagent, we can also identify the theoretical yield which is the amount

of product that would result if the limiting reagent is reacted. The theoretical

yield can be used to calculate the percent yield, by dividing the actual yield by

the theoretical yield and times it to 100. This knowledge can be applied in the

lab by calculating the amount of limiting and excess reagent in each reaction,

which can be used to calculate the theoretical and percent yield. We also learned

how to balance equations so that it follows the law of conservation of mass.

In this lab, we are discovering the synthesis of copper hydroxide

Cu(OH)₂. Copper hydroxide is a blue to blue green crystalline powder. It has

various uses, such as a detection of carbon dioxide (Copper Hydroxide, n.d.).

And NaOH is a common inorganic base or alkali commonly used in the lab

(Sodium Hydroxide formula, n.d.). In the lab, we dissolved 2.5 CuSO₄ in water

to create solution A, 0.2g of NaOH in water to create solution B, and 0.6g of

NaOH to create solution C. The CuSO₄ solution was diluted in solution B and

solution C. This gives these 2 solutions different concentration of NaOH. We

 6

used filtration technique to separate the residue and to observe the colors.

Lastly, we measured the solid product to get the actual yield. This, then, is used

in the next step to calculate the excess and limiting reagent and percent yield.

The formula of the synthesis of copper hydroxide

CuSO₄ + 2NaOH → Cu(OH)₂ + Na2 SO₄

 7

MATERIAL AND METHODS

1) CuSO4 solution (Solution A 2.5 g of CuSO4 in 50 ml of water)

2) NaOH solution (Solution B 0.2 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)

3) NaOH solution (Solution C 0.6 g of NaOH in 25 ml of water)

4) 100 mL beaker

5) 50 mL graduated cylinder

6) Stirring rod

7) Filter paper

8) Weighing paper

9) Spatula

10) Watch glass

11) Funnel

12) Ring stand & clamp

Experimental (Day 1)

Preparation of CuSO4 solution (Solution A)

1. Weight 2.5 g of CuSO4 dissolve in 50 mL of water in 100 mL beaker

2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 minutes

Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution B)

1. Weight 0.2 g of NaOH and dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker

2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 mins.

Preparation of NaOH solution (Solution C)

 8

1. Weight 0.6 g of NaOH and dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker

2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 mins.

Synthesis of Cu(OH)2

1. Mix 25 mL of CuSO4 solution (Solution A) with 25 mL of NaOH solution (Solution B)

2. Stir for 2-3 minutes

3. Weight the filter paper, and then record it on data table

4. Separate the solid product by paper filtration technique

5. Rinse the solid product (the rest of product left on beaker) with 10 mL of distilled water

6. Clean the filtered solid residue (during filtration) with 10 mL of distilled water for 2 times in
order to remove Na2SO4 salt

7. Clean the filtered solid residue again with 10 mL of ethanol to remove water

8. Carefully remove filter paper with filtered solid residue to watch glass

9. Dry it overnight in the oven.

10. Repeat steps 1-9 by using 25 mL of NaOH solution by using Solution C instead of
Solution B.

Experimental (Day 2)

11. Weight mass of filter paper and solid product

12. Calculate the % yield of the reaction

 9

RESULTS

Reaction Reaction Weight of Weight of Weight of Solid product

Solution Observation filter paper filter paper + solid observation
(Chemical / (grams) solid product product (Chemical /
Physical) (in grams) (grams) Physical)
A+B Blue color 1.56 grams 1.97 grams 0.41 grams Clear Blue

A+C Dark blue 1.53 grams 2.06 grams 0.53 grams Black-blue
minute
substance

First of all, we have to weigh the filter paper alone which the weight for
filter paper A + B is 1.56 grams and A + C is 1.53 grams. After we had done the
experiment, what we observed is that the solution appearances are different, the
first case turns into light blue solid while the other turns into dark blue/black
substance. The group then weigh those solutions along with the filter paper and
resulted with the solutions shown on the table above. Lastly, to find the weight
of the solid alone, we subtracted the weight of solid and filter paper with the
weight of the filter paper alone. Reaction A + B concludes with the weight 0.41
grams and reaction A + C is 0.53 grams.
 10

A+B

Limited Reagent :
Excess Left over : 0.298 grams of
Theoretical Yield : 0.156 grams of
Percent Yield : ​ ​262.82 %

A+C

Limited Reagent :
Excess Left over: -0.762 grams of
Theoretical Yield: 0.463 grams of
Percent Yield: 114.47 %
 11

CALCULATIONS
REACTION SOLUTION A+B

= 1.25 grams

= 0.2 grams
Given:

1. MW of
159.608 + 90.075 = 249.683 ​#

2. MW of
2 (22.990 + 15.999 + 1.008) = 62.987 ​#
What we need to find:

● Number of grams of
● Limited Reagent

Calculation 1 : Grams of into grams of

1. Find the mol of
Grams ÷ Molar mass
1.25 ÷ 249.683 ≈ 0.005 mol

2. Convert mol of into mol of

Mol of substance 1 x ratio of reactant and product

0.005 x 1/1 = 0.005 mol

3. Convert mol of into grams

Mol of substance 2 x Molar mass of substance 2
0.005 x 97.56 = 0.488 grams ​#
 12

Calculation 2 : Grams of into grams of

1. Find the mol of
Grams ÷ Molar mass
0.2 ÷ 62.987 = 0.0032 mol

2. Convert mol of into mol of

Mol of substance 1 x ratio of reactant and product

0.0032 x ½ = 0.0016 mol of

3. Convert mol of into grams

Mol of substance 2 x Molar mass of substance 2

0.0016 x 97.56 = 0.156 grams ​#

Limited Reagent :
Excess Left over : 0.851 grams of
Theoretical Yield : 0.156 grams of

Percent Yield:

​= 262.82 % #
 13

REACTION SOLUTION A+C

= 1.25 grams

= 0.6 grams
Given:

1. MW of
159.608 + 90.075 = 249.683 ​#

2. MW of
2 (22.990 + 15.999 + 1.008) = 62.987 ​#

What we need to find:

● Number of grams of
● Limited Reagent

Calculation 1 : Grams of into grams of

1. Find the mol of
Grams ÷ Molar mass
1.25 ÷ 249.683 ≈ 0.005 mol

2. Convert mol of into mol of

Mol of substance 1 x ratio of reactant and product

0.005 x 1/1 = 0.005 mol

3. Convert mol of into grams

Mol of substance 2 x Molar mass of substance 2
0.005 x 97.56 = 0.488 grams ​#
 14

Calculation 2 : Grams of into grams of

4. Find the mol of
Grams ÷ Molar mass
0.6 ÷ 62.987 = 0.0095 mol

5. Convert mol of into mol of

Mol of substance 1 x ratio of reactant and product

0.0095 x ½ = 0.00475 mol of

6. Convert mol of into grams

Mol of substance 2 x Molar mass of substance 2

0.00475 x 97.56 = 0.463 grams ​#

Limited Reagent :
Excess Left over: 0.064 grams of
Theoretical Yield: 0.463 grams of

Percent yield :

= 114.47 % #
 15

DISCUSSION
For this lab, we did experiment as mentioned above. We had quite a bit of

issues. First off, it started back when we used the chemical markers on the filter

paper to label each of the experiments we were going to do. Then we proceeded

to the experiment and when we are waiting for the solution to filter through the

filter paper and waiting for the solution to be as dry as possible, we ran out of

time and rushed the process, that could be the reason why the numbers might be

altered and very unrealistic from other groups. When we observed the filter

paper after it is done filtering out water, he observed that in the filter “A+B” the

chemical marker fades and the ink is now all over the paper, but for “A+C” The

ink is still there and has not faded to shades of ink yet. Our next problem comes

when we are calculating the limiting reagent of the two scenarios A+B and

A+C, it turns out that both of the scenarios have the same limiting reagent and it

isn’t supposed to be like that, despite we calculated it time after time we always

get the same result. On both of the results our percent yield is over 100% with

A+B being over a lot. This might be because of a lot of factors I have already

mentioned from us using the chemical markers to rushing the process. If there

are future experiments mistakes like this could be avoided and the numbers will

be more predictable.
 16

CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we can conclude that the product of A + B weighs

0.156 grams, 0.005 mole, and has 262.82 percent yield; on the other hand, the

product of A + C weighs 0.463 grams, 0.0016 mole, and has the percent yield of

114.7 percent. The appearances of A + B and A + C is solid light blue and solid

dark blue respectively. The final results of our experiment is that in both cases

2NaOH is the limiting reagent of the chemical reaction.

 17

REFERENCES
American Elements. (2017, June 13). Copper Hydroxide. Retrieved from

https://www.americanelements.com/copper-hydroxide-20427-59-2.

Sodium hydroxide Formula - Sodium Hydroxide Uses, Properties,

Structure and Formula. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry/sodium_hydroxide_uses

_properties_structure_formula/244/.