The document is a laboratory report summarizing an experiment on stoichiometry and theoretical yield. The experiment involved a double replacement reaction between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions to produce calcium carbonate precipitate. The report identifies the limiting and excess reactants in each of two reactions, and calculates the theoretical and percent yields. While the percent yield of the second reaction was satisfactory below 100%, the first reaction yield exceeded 100% indicating a source of error in the experiment.
The document is a laboratory report summarizing an experiment on stoichiometry and theoretical yield. The experiment involved a double replacement reaction between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions to produce calcium carbonate precipitate. The report identifies the limiting and excess reactants in each of two reactions, and calculates the theoretical and percent yields. While the percent yield of the second reaction was satisfactory below 100%, the first reaction yield exceeded 100% indicating a source of error in the experiment.
The document is a laboratory report summarizing an experiment on stoichiometry and theoretical yield. The experiment involved a double replacement reaction between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions to produce calcium carbonate precipitate. The report identifies the limiting and excess reactants in each of two reactions, and calculates the theoretical and percent yields. While the percent yield of the second reaction was satisfactory below 100%, the first reaction yield exceeded 100% indicating a source of error in the experiment.
The document is a laboratory report summarizing an experiment on stoichiometry and theoretical yield. The experiment involved a double replacement reaction between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions to produce calcium carbonate precipitate. The report identifies the limiting and excess reactants in each of two reactions, and calculates the theoretical and percent yields. While the percent yield of the second reaction was satisfactory below 100%, the first reaction yield exceeded 100% indicating a source of error in the experiment.
EXPERIMENT 4: STOICHIOMETRY AND THEORETICAL YIELD.
NAME LECTURER : DR. MUHD FIRDAUS KASIM DATE:22/10/2018 NAME STUDENT ID MUHAMMAD AFFIQ HUSAINY 2018676814 BIN MOHD JASRI MUHAMMAD AFIQ IKHWAN 2018653462 BIN MOHD ZAMRI OBJECTIVE: To differentiate limiting and excess reactant in a chemical reaction. Finally, the theoretical and percent yield of this reaction will be calculated.
INTRODUCTION: Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitatives proportions or mass ratios in which chemical elements relate to one another. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. The equation shows that the reactants react through some process to form the products. Sometimes when reactions occur between two or more substances, one reactant run out before the other. The reactant that is completely consumed is called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Often, it is necessary to identify the limiting reactant in a problem. Amounts of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to stoichiometry are called theorectical yields whereas the experimental amounts are called actual yields. The limiting reactant is the limiting factor for the theorectical yields of all products. The actual yields are often expressed in percentage, and are called percent yields. However, the actual yield is always less because of incomeplete reactions or loss. After the laboratory reaction is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount of product, then compare the actual yield to the theorectical yield to determine the percent yield: (Actual yield (gram)/Theorectical yield (gram))x100% = percent yield Steps to calculate theorectical yield: 1. Balance the reaction equation and determine the ratios of reactants to products. 2. Calculate the number of moles of each reactant used. 3. Determine which reactant is limiting. 4. Calculate the moles of product expected if the yield were 100% based on the limiting reactant. 5. Calculate the mass of product coreesponding to the number of moles expected (theorectical yield). CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS: 0.5M CaCl2 1.5M Na2CO3 Buret Erlenmeyer/ conical flask Water glass Oven Analytical balance Gravity filter set: - Filter paper - Funnel Suction Filtration Set: - Unfolded filter paper - Buchner funnel - Adapter - Vacuum filter flask - Rubber tube
PROCEDURE: 1. Volume of 0.5M CaCl2 and 1.5M Na2CO3 dispensed from the buret on the students side bench into a clean concal flask. It would be nice to get as close as possible to the recommended volume. Table 4.1 Reaction 0.5M CaCl2 1.5M Na2CO3 1 20mL 10mL 2 20mL 5mL
2. Initially, students might not observe a precipitate. The flask been swirled and left it aside for five minutes to allow precipitate to completely form. 3. The product been sucked filter by using a Buchner funnel or gravity quarters and a funnel been made. The filter paper placed inside your glass funnel. The solution poured into the center of the filter paper taking care not to let it get above the level of the filter paper. 4. The sides of the conical washed with a small amount of distilled water and the remaining product added to the filter paper. There would still be some white solid inside the flask, however the time and effort involved in recouping this was not worth it. 5. The filter paper removed carefully and it was placed on pre-weighed watch glass. The product dried in the oven for half an hour. 6. The product been scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. Students tried and got as much as they can off without tearing or scraping off some of the filter paper. The filter paper been discarded and the watch glass been returned into the oven for a further ten minutes. The mass of the product been determined. The mass of students’ product been reheated and redetermined at least three times to complete dryness and/or until students got two weighings that were within 0.02g of one another. 7. The amount of CaCO3 obtained been compared with that expected. The limiting reactant, excess reactant been identified and the percent yield been calculated.
DATA Reactions 1 2 Mass of the product, g 35.055 x 10^-3 34.082 x 10^-3 (1st heat) Mass of the product, g 35.045 x 10^-3 34.078 x 10^-3 (after reheating) Mass of the product, g 35.043 x 10^-3 34.076 x 10^-3 (after reheating) Mass of the product, g 35.043 x 10^-3 34.076 x 10^-3 RESULTS/QUESTIONS 1. For each of the two reactions: a) Write balanced chemical equation. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2NaCl b) Determine the limiting reactant. Reaction 1: Mol CaCl2 = (20 x 0.5)/1000 =0.01mol Mol Na2CO3 = (10 x 1.5)/1000 = 0.015 mol 1 mol CaCl2 = 1 mol Na2CO3 Excess reactant = 0.015 mol - 0.01 mol = 0.005 mol Therefore, the limiting reactant is CaCl2
0.01mol of CaCl2 = n mol of Na2CO3 (0.01 mol/1mol)x1 mol = 0.01mol Excess reactant = 0.01mol – 0.0075 mol = 0.0025 mol Therefore, the limiting reactant is Na2CO3.
c) Determine the theoretical yield.
Reaction 1 mol CaCl2 = 1 mol CaCO3 1.1 mol CaCl2 = 0.01mol CaCO3 Mass of CaCO3: 0.01mol x 100.086g/mol = 1.00086 g Reaction 2 : 1 mol Na2CO3 = 1 mol CaCO3 0.0075mol Na2CO3 = 0.0075mol CaCO3 Mass of CaCO3, 0.0075mol x 100.086g/mol = 0.75065 g Reaction 1: Actual yield (gram)/Theoretical yield (gram) x 100% = (35.043 x 10^-3) / 1.00086 x 100% = 3.50%
Reaction 2: Actual yield (gram) / Theoretical yield (gram) x 100% = (34.076 x 10^-3) / 0.75065 x 100% = 4.54%
2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Justify your answer.
In reaction 1, the percent yield exceeds 100% which is not a satisfied result and there’s possible error occurs during weighing the product. We get a yield that appears to be more than 100% but this may be due to undetecte impurities in the product or inaccuracies in the measurements of masses of the reactants. Percent yield is at least less than 100% due to losses, side reactions and incomplete reactions such as in reaction 2, and this is a satisfied result. DISCUSSION In this experiment, double replacement reaction takes place between Calcium chloride, CaCl2, a soluble ionic compound, and sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, also a soluble ionic compound, would react to form calcium carbonate, CaCO3, an insoluble solid that precipitates out of solution, and sodium chloride, another soluble ionic compound. The balanced chemical equation for this double replacement reaction is : CaCl2(aq)+Na2CO3(aq)→CaCO3(s) +2NaCl(aq) Once we mixed the two aqueous solutions, a white insoluble solid, calcium carbonate, will precipitate out of solution. From the reaction, we get to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and calculate the percent yield. Based on the balanced chemical equation, the limiting reactant in reaction 1 and reaction 2 is CaCl2 and Na2CO3 respectively because of the reactants have the lowest mol compared to the other reactant, hence it becomes the limiting factor in the experiment and was used up first, the excess reactant in reaction 1 and reaction 2 is vice versa to the limiting reactant. Furthermore, the percent yield calculated in reaction 1 and reaction 2 is 3.50% and 4.54% respectively. From this result, we can conclude that there’s an error in reaction 1 because the percent yield exceeds 100%, percent yields greater than 100% are because of the measured product of the reaction contains impurities that cause its mass to be greater than it actually would be if the product was pure. Next, the product should be cooled first before weighing the mass. The analytical balance is calibrated to work at a specific temperature, if the object being weighed transfers heat into the balance pan it will heat things up. Metal expands and contracts with different temperature, even a slight temperature change can caus enough change in distance of the internal components to give bad readings. For the reaction 2, the percent yield is less than 100% which is due to losses, side reactions and incomplete reactions. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we had successfully identify the limiting reactant in Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 which is CaCl2 and Na2CO3 respectively, and the excess reactant in Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 which is Na2CO3 and CaCl. The calculated percent yield based on the experiment conducted in Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 is 3.50% and 4.54% respectively.
REFERENCES - https://www.scribd.com/document/250388374/Experiment4-Chm- 420 https://www.atilim.edu.tr/shares/chem/files/CEAC%20105_EXP %204-5-6%20(1).pdf Figure 1: the vacuum device to suck out the water from the mix solution.
Figure 2: the product CaCO3
on a watch glass put into an oven. Figure 3: the two test tubes of the product solution in conical flasks. Figure 4: the product CaCO3 placed on watch glasses before putting them on to the oven.
