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Concepts
 o 1. Stoichiometry.
 o 2. Mole.
 o 3. Molar mass.
 o 4. Standard temperature and pressure (STP). o
 5. Dimensional analysis (unit conversions). o
 6. Percentage yield.
 o 7. Limiting reagent.
 L.O11
Stichometry
Remember
Mole Conversions
 STP?
 STP is a standard reference point of temperature and pressure, used when measuring gases. The

energy content is the total amount of energy obtained by combustion of gasoline under standard

conditions, usually at STP. Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas at standard

temperature and pressure (STP).

 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is defined as 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmosphere of

pressure.

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Mole conversions
moles can be anything
Pop Quiz
Exerc
ise

Calculate
Molecular formula
 We determined that the empirical
formula of a compound we believe to
be vitamin C is C3H4O3. However,
The molecular formula could be other
whole-number multiple of the
empirical formula. To find the
molecular formula of a compound,
we need one more piece of
information its molar mass.
Student practice
N2H8SO4
 Problem #1: 0.487 grams of quinine (molar mass = 324 g/mol) is
combusted and found to produce 1.321 g CO2, 0.325 g H2O and 0.0421 g
nitrogen. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas.
Use ur calculator
 Mass spectrometry has shown that the molar mass of the unknown
sample is 176.12 g.mol-1
Given its empirical formula of C3H4O3, what is the molecular
formula of the compound
Exercise
Let’s jump to L.O
11 and back again
then
Stoichiometry

Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Reactants appear on the left side

of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Products appear on the right side

of the equation.
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

The states of the reactants and products are written

in parentheses to the right of each compound.
Anatomy of a Chemical
Equation
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

Coefficients are inserted to

balance the equation.
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different
Information

 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different
Information

 Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each

element in a molecule
 Coefficients tell the number of molecules
(compounds).
Reaction Types
Synthesis Reactions
 A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances react to
produce a single product.
 When two elements react, the reaction is always a synthesis reaction.
Synthesis Reactions
 Two compounds can also react to create one compound in a synthesis
reaction.
Synthesis Reactions
 All synthesis reactions follow this general equation:
 A + B  AB
Decomposition Reactions
 A decomposition reaction is one in which a single compound breaks down
into two or more elements or new compounds.
Decomposition Reactions
 Decomposition reactions often require an energy source, such as heat,
light, or electricity, to occur.
 Decomposition reactions follow this general equation:
 AB  A + B
Single Displacement
Reactions
 In a single-displacement reaction, one element displaces another in a
compound.
Single Displacement
Reactions
Usually a metal will replace another
metal, or a halogen will replace another
halogen in single displacement reactions
Single displacement reactions follow this
general equation:
 A + BC  AC + B
Double Displacement
Reactions
 Double displacement reactions occur when ions exchange between two
compounds.
Double Displacement
Reactions
Double Displacement
Reactions
 Double displacement reactions will always produce either a precipitate,
water, or a gas.
 A double-displacement reaction follows the general form
 AB + CD  AD + BC
Practice
 Classify the following reactions:
 Na O(s) + H O(l) ⟶ 2 NaOH(aq)
2 2

 Ba(NO ) (aq) + K SO (aq) ⟶ BaSO (s) + 2 KNO (aq)

3 2 2 4 4 3
Practice
 2 Al(s) + Fe O (s) ⟶ Al O (s) + 2 Fe(l)
2 3 2 3

 2 H O (aq) ⟶ 2 H O(l) + O (g)

2 2 2 2

 Solid calcium reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid calcium chloride.
Practice
 Write a balanced chemical equation for each synthesis reaction:
 Ag(s) + Br2(g)

 Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
Practice
 Write a balanced chemical equation for each decomposition reaction:
 Al2O3(s) 

 H2O(l) 
Reactions
Limiting reagent

 The limiting reagent is the reactant that is used up completely. This stops the

reaction and no further products are made. ... This method is most useful when there

are only two reactants. The limiting reagent can also be derived by comparing the

amount of products that can be formed from each reactant.

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Limiting Reagents

66 red
green
leftused
overup

3.9
 Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR

g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

3.9
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

3.9
Steps to solve
 1. Write chemical equation (balanced)

 2. Convert your givens to moles

 3- Know who is the limiting reagent via alpha and beta

 4- Use the limiting reagent to know ratio needed whether another reactant

or product

‫ حولها بقي للحاجة الي هوا عايزها سواء وزن او حجم‬.‫ بتاعة المطلب بتاعه‬mole‫ جبت ال‬-5 
‫او عدد‬
‫‪Theoretical and‬‬
‫‪actual yield‬‬
‫‪64‬‬

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Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.

Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained

from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

3.10
Theoretical Yield

 The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be made

 In other words it’s the amount of product possible from stoichiometry. The

“perfect reaction.”

 This is different from the actual yield, the amount one actually produces

and measures

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 Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount actually obtained to the
amount it was possible to make

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

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Limiting reagent,
example:
Soda fizz comes from sodium bicarbonate and citric acid
(H3C6H5O7) reacting to make carbon dioxide, sodium citrate
(Na3C6H5O7) and water. If 1.0 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.0g
citric acid are reacted, which is limiting? How much carbon
dioxide is
3NaHCO produced?
3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq) ------> 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
1.0g 1.0g
84g/mol 192g/mol 44g/mol
1.0g(1mol/84g) 1.0(1mol/192g)
0.012 mol 0.0052 mol

(if citrate limiting)

0.0052(3)=0.016 0.0052 mol

So bicarbonate limiting:
0.012 mol 0.012(1/3)=.0040mol 0.012 moles CO2
44g/mol(0.012mol)=0.53g CO2
.0052-.0040=.0012mol left
0.0012 mol(192 g/mol)=
0.023 g left.
Exercise
Example
Benzene (C6H6) reacts with Bromine to produce
bromobenzene (C6H6Br) and hydrobromic acid. If 30. g of
benzene reacts with 65 g of bromine and produces 56.7 g of
bromobenzene, what is the percent yield of the reaction?
C6H 6 + Br2 ------> C6H5Br + HBr

30.g 65 g 56.7 g
78g/mol 160.g/mol 157g/mol
30.g(1mol/78g) 65g(1mol/160g)
0.38 mol 0.41 mol
(If Br2 limiting)
0.41 mol 0.41 mol
(If C6H6 limiting)
0.38 mol 0.38 mol 0.38mol(157g/1mol) = 60.g

56.7g/60.g(100)=94.5%=95%
Example, one more
React 1.5 g of NH3 with 2.75 g of O2. How much NO
and H2O is produced? What is left?

4NH3 + 5O2 --------> 4NO + 6H 2O

1.5g 2.75g ? ?
17g/mol 32g/mol 30.g/mol 18g/mol
1.5g(1mol/17g)= 2.75g(1mol/32g)=
.088mol .086
(If NH3 limiting):
.088mol .088(5/4)=.11

O2 limiting:
.086(4/5)= .086 mol .086 mol(4/5)= .086(6/5)=
.069mol .069 mol .10mol
.069mol(17g/mol) .069mol(30.g/mol) .10mol(18g/mol)
1.2g 2.75g 2.1 g 1.8g
Steps to solve
 1. Write chemical equation (balanced)

 2. Convert your givens to moles

 3- Know who is the limiting reagent via alpha and beta

 4- Use the limiting reagent to know ratio needed whether another reactant

or product

‫ حولها بقي للحاجة الي هوا عايزها سواء وزن او حجم‬.‫ بتاعة المطلب بتاعه‬mole‫ جبت ال‬-5 
‫او عدد‬
Open the file
Mole concept sheet
Tasks for next time

 Study and write down notes

 Solve quiz on schoology

 Ask me questions / give me feedback