1) The document is a report on a study of freshwater zooplankton submitted by a student named Ananya Mishra.
2) It includes an introduction to plankton, the aim of studying freshwater zooplankton, materials used, procedures followed, observations made, and conclusions drawn from comparing different water bodies.
3) The student observed different types of zooplankton like protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods and concluded that a less polluted water body has greater diversity of species.
1) The document is a report on a study of freshwater zooplankton submitted by a student named Ananya Mishra.
2) It includes an introduction to plankton, the aim of studying freshwater zooplankton, materials used, procedures followed, observations made, and conclusions drawn from comparing different water bodies.
3) The student observed different types of zooplankton like protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods and concluded that a less polluted water body has greater diversity of species.
1) The document is a report on a study of freshwater zooplankton submitted by a student named Ananya Mishra.
2) It includes an introduction to plankton, the aim of studying freshwater zooplankton, materials used, procedures followed, observations made, and conclusions drawn from comparing different water bodies.
3) The student observed different types of zooplankton like protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods and concluded that a less polluted water body has greater diversity of species.
1) The document is a report on a study of freshwater zooplankton submitted by a student named Ananya Mishra.
2) It includes an introduction to plankton, the aim of studying freshwater zooplankton, materials used, procedures followed, observations made, and conclusions drawn from comparing different water bodies.
3) The student observed different types of zooplankton like protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods and concluded that a less polluted water body has greater diversity of species.
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AHIYA RAIPUR , RAEBARELI(UP)
ACADEMIC SESSION :2019-20
TOPIC : “Canopy of tree”
SUBMITTED TO : MR. VIMAL SHARMA SIR SUBMITTED BY : Nikhil
CLASS: 12 (PCB) ROLL NO :
1 AHIYA RAIPUR, RAEBARELI (UP)
This is to certify that Ananya Mishra of class 12 B of Lucknow Public School (UP) has successfully carried out the Investigatory Project titled To study freshwater zooplankton,under the supervision and guidance of Shri Vimal Kumar Sharma for the academic session 2019-20.
All the words related to the project is done by the candidate himself. The approach towards the subject has been sincere and scientific.
ROLL NO : DATE :
SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
Sign. of examiner Sign. Of Ex.Examine r
2 I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to all those people without whom this project could have never been completed .First and foremost I would like to thank My Parents for their inexhaustible source of inspiration .
I would like to thank Our Principal Sir Mr. Pramod Kumar Singh for his constant encouragement and moral support, without which I would have never been able to give in my best in session 2019 -20.
I would like to thank Our Subject Teacher Mr.Vimal Kumar Sharma,PGT Biology for his keen interest in the work and useful Practical knowledge and for their kind supervision in session 2019-20.
I would like to thank Mr. Amrendra Kumar for his constant guidance and providing a very nice platform to learn in session 2019-20.
Their guidance and supervision was very helpful in bringing this work to conclusion.
Ananya Mishra Class: 12 B Roll no :
3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIM /OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 3. MATERIAL REQUIRED 4. PROCEDURE FOR THE EXPERIMENT 5. OBSERVATIONS 6. RESULT 7. PREACAUTIONS 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
4 The term ‘plankton’ was first proposed by Viktor Hensen in 1887 to designate the heterogenous assemblage of minute organisms,including the nonliving materials, then known to occur in the waters of the sea.The term was subsequently extended to include all such organisms,irrespective of the nature of the water body in which they occur.Presently ,plankton refers to minute,microscopic plants and animals which spend in their entire lives floating along with water currents.
The chlorophyll-bearing plankton are called
phytoplankton,planktonic bacteria and fungi are called saproplankton, and plankton consisting of animal component are called zooplankton. On the basis of size,plankton may be called macroplankton(larger unit,visible to the naked eyes),mesoplankton(net plankton,trapped by the plankton net of 0.03mm-0.04mm mesh size) and microplankton, or nanoplankton(pass through plankton net of 0.03mm-0.04 mesh size).
An individual plant, animal or bacterium of the plankton
community is called a plankter. Certain blue-green algae,green algae ,diatoms and dinoflagellates constitute phytoplankton, while zooplankton include certain protozoans,rotifers,and crustaceans such as cladocerans,copepods and ostracods.
5 On the basis of environmental conditions,plankton may be called limnoplankton (lake plankton),rheoplankton(running- water plankton),heleoplankton (pond plankton)and haliplankton (saltwater plankton). They are not uniformly distributed even within small distances,and are usually found near the surface of water.
Plankton have many adaptations for floating. They have
oil,droplets,gas bubbles,gelatinous envelopes and saccoid bodies for reducing weight. In addition, devices like horns,spines,setae and elongated sticklike bodies are sometimes present,which increase the total surface area of the body and provide resistance to sinking.
6 TO STUDY FRESHWATER ZOOPLANKTON.
7 1. A plankton net 2. A microscope 3. Slides 4. Coverslips 5. Small vials( containers) 6. Preservatives(4% formalin or lugol solution) 7. 10% glycerine 8. Blotting paper
8 1. Since most of the planktonic organisms are small.plankton nets of fine silk(bolting silk) or strong nylon are used to collect them. Altough nets of various designs are in use,the most common is a simple conical net with a bottle attached at the lower end. 2. Draw water samplesfrom any freshwater water body (pond,lake,river,etc) at suitable intervals. The samples may be collected in wide –mouthed bottles from the margins and upper layers of the water body. Allow the water to concentrated in a small volume in the bottle attached at the lower end. 3. Transfer yhe collection to a glass container and repeat the same process with the other samples from different ponds. 4. Fix the collected samples by using suitable preservatives.Usually,about 1ml of Lugol solution is added to every 100ml of a sample. 5. Take a drop of the preserved water sample on a clean glass slide. Add a drop of 100% glycerine to it. Gently cover it with a coverslip. Remove 9 the extra solution from the slide by using a blotting paper. Observe the slide under low and high-power magnification of the microscope.
10 The water samples exhibit different types of zooplankton.
The zooplankton comprise an important group
of primary consumers. Many of them feed on algae, and are in turn eaten by invertebrates and fishes. Since many species of zooplankton are sensitive to pollution, they are recognized as indicators of pollution. Zooplankton mainly belong to Protozoa, Rotifera , Cladocera and Copepoda.
Compare the zooplanktonic components of any two
water samples by completing the following observation table.
Table ; zooplankton Sample Members Members Members Members Total no. no. of of of of of protozoa Rotifers Cladocera Copepoda species 1 ( water body 1) 2 ( water body 2)
11 By comparing the observations you can assess the condition of the water body. A less polluted water body has a greater diversity of species ,i.e., different types of species.
12 www.google.com www.wikipedia.com Google images www.ncert.nic
