Section 15.

2
C15S02.001: If x(t) = 4t − 1 and y(t) = 3t + 1, −1
t
1, then

  1  1
125 3 310
2
(x + y ) ds = (125t − 10t + 10) dt =
2
t − 5t2 + 10t
2
= ,
−1 3 −1 3
C
  1  1
100 3 248
(x2 + y 2 ) dx = (100t2 − 8t + 8) dt = t − 4t2 + 8t = , and
−1 3 −1 3
C
  1  1
(x2 + y 2 ) dy = (75t2 − 6t + 6) dt = 25t3 − 3t2 + 6t = 62.
C −1 −1

C15S02.002: If x(t) = t and y(t) = t2 , 0
t
1, then

   1 √
1
1 5 5 −1
x ds = t(1 + 4t2 )1/2 dt = (1 + 4t2 )3/2 = ≈ 0.8483616572915790,
0 12 0 12
C
  1  1   1  1
1 2 1 2 2 3 2
x dx = t dt = t = , and x dy = 2t dt = t = .
0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3
C C

C15S02.003: If x(t) = et + 1 and y(t) = et − 1, 0
t
ln 2, then

   ln 2
ln 2 √
(x + y) ds = 23/2 e2t dt = 21/2 e2t = 3 2 ≈ 4.2426406871192851,
C 0 0

  ln 2  ln 2   ln 2  ln 2
2t 2t 2t 2t
(x + y) dx = 2e dt = e = 3, and (x + y) dy = 2e dt = e = 3.
C 0 0 C 0 0

C15S02.004: If x(t) = sin t and y(t) = cos t, 0
t
12 π, then

  π/2  π/2
(2x − y) ds = (2 sin t − cos t) dt = −2 cos t − sin t = 1,
C 0 0

   π/2
π/2
1 4−π
(2x − y)dx = (2 sin t cos t − cos2 t) dt = − 2t + 2 cos 2t + sin 2t = , and
0 4 0 4
C
   π/2
π/2
1 1−π
(2x − y) dy = (sin t cos t − 2 sin t) dt = (2 sin 2t − cos 2t − 4t)
2
= .
0 4 0 2
C

C15S02.005: If x(t) = 3t and y(t) = t4 , 0
t
1, then

  1   1
1 49
xy ds = 3t5 9 + 16t6 dt = (9 + 16t6 )3/2 = ≈ 2.0416666666666667,
0 48 0 24
C
  1  1   1  1
5 3 6 3 8 4 9 4
xy dx = 9t dt = t = , and xy dy = 12t dt = t = .
0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3
C C

1
C15S02.006: The path C is self-parametrizing: x = x, y(x) = x2 . Hence

   2  2
2 3 3 4 2 3 69
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = xy dx + (x + y) dy = (2x + 3x ) dx = x + x = .
−1 3 4 −1 4
C C

C15S02.007: One parametrization of the path C is this: Let y(t) = t and x(t) = t3 , −1
t
1. Then
   1  1
1 4 3 5 6
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = y 2 dx + x dy = (t3 + 3t4 ) dt = t + t = .
−1 4 5 −1 5
C C

C15S02.008: One parametrization of the path C is this: Let x(t) = t2 and y(t) = t3 , 1
t
2. Then
   2  2
1/2 3/2 5 5 6 105
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = yx dx + x dy = 5t dt = t = .
1 6 1 2
C C

C15S02.009: Parametrize the path C in two parts. Let

x1 (t) = t, y1 (t) = 1, −1
t
2 and let x2 (t) = 2, y2 (t) = t, 1
t
5.

Then
   2  5
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = x2 y dx + xy 3 dy = t2 dt + 2t3 dt
C C −1 1

 2  5
1 3 1 4
= t + t = 3 + 312 = 315.
3 −1 2 1

C15S02.010: Parametrize the path C in two parts: Let

x1 (t) = 3, y1 (t) = 2 − t, −3
t
0 and let x2 (t) = 3 − t, y2 (t) = −1, 0
t
5.

Then
   0  5
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = (x + 2y) dx + (2x − y) dy = (−t + 4) dt + (t − 1) dt
C C −3 0

 0  5
1 1 2 33 15
= − t2 + 4t + t −t = + = 24.
2 −3 2 0 2 2

C15S02.011: Because r(t) =  t, t2 , t3  for 0
t
1, we have

dr =  1, 2t, 3t2  and F(t) =  t3 , t, −t2 .

Therefore
  1  1
2 3 1 4 3 5 19
F · dr = (2t2 + t3 − 3t4 ) dt = t + t − t = ≈ 0.316666666667.
0 3 4 5 0 60
C

C15S02.012: Parametrize the path C as follows: r(t) =  2 + 2t, −1 + 3t, 3 − 4t , 0
t
1. Then

2
   1  1
F · dr = (20 + 4t − 72t2 ) dt = 20t + 2t2 − 24t3 = −2.
C 0 0

To use Mathematica 3.0 to solve this problem, one method is to proceed as follows.

x[t ] := 2 + 2∗t; y[t ] := -1 + 3∗t; z[t ] := 3 - 4∗t

r[t ] := { x[t], y[t], z[t] }
f[t ] := { y[t]∗z[t], x[t]∗z[t], x[t]∗y[t] }
f[t].r [t] (a.b gives the dot product of the vectors a and b.)

3(3 − 4t)(2 + 2t) + 2(3 − 4t)(−1 + 3t) − 4(2 + 2t)(−1 + 3t)

Expand[%]

20 + 4t − 72t2

Integrate[%, t]

20t + 2t2 − 24t3

(% /. t → 1) - (% /. t → 0)

−2

C15S02.013: The path C is parametrized by r(t) =  sin t, cos t, 2t , 0
t
π. Hence

dr =  cos t, − sin t, 2  and F(t) =  cos t, − sin t, 2t ,

and thus
  π  π
F · dr = (4t + 1) dt = 2t + t 2
= 2π 2 + π ≈ 22.8808014557685105.
C 0 0

C15S02.014: Parametrize the path C in three sections, as follows:

x1 (t) = 4t, y1 (t) = 0, z1 (t) = 0, 0
t
1;

x2 (t) = 4, y2 (t) = 2t, z2 (t) = 0, 0
t
1;

x3 (t) = 4, y3 (t) = 2, z3 (t) = 3t, 0
t
1.

Then

F · dr = I1 + I2 + I3
C

where

3
  1  1
I1 = 32t dt = 16t2 = 16,
0 0

 1  1
2
I2 = (8t + 24) dt = 4t + 24t = 28,
0 0

 1  1
I3 = 81t2 dt = 27t3 = 27,
0 0

and therefore F · dr = 71.
C

C15S02.015: Parametrize the path C in three sections, as follows:

x1 (t) = −1, y1 (t) = 2, z1 (t) = −2 + 4t, 0
t
1;

x2 (t) = −1 + 2t, y2 (t) = 2, z2 (t) = 2, 0
t
1;

x3 (t) = 1, y3 (t) = 2 + 3t, z3 (t) = 2, 0
t
1.

Then

F · dr = I1 + I2 + I3
C

where

 1  1
I1 = (32 − 64t) dt = 32t − 32t2 = 0,
0 0
 1  1
I2 = 16 dt = 16t = 16, and
0 0
 1  1
I3 = 12 dt = 12t = 12.
0 0

Therefore F · dr = 0 + 16 + 12 = 28.
C

C15S02.016: Parametrize the path C by

r(t) =  1 + 2t, −1 + 3t, 2 + 3t ,

0
t
1.
√
Then f (x, y, z) = xyz becomes f (t) = 18t3 + 15t2 − t − 2 and |r (t)| = 22 . Hence
  1 √
f (x, y, z) ds = (18t3 + 15t2 − t − 2) 22 dt
C 0

 1
√ 9 4 1 √
= 22 t + 5t3 − t2 − 2t = 7 22 ≈ 32.8329103187640069.
2 2 0

4
C15S02.017: Here we have

  1
(2x + 9xy) ds = (2t + 9t3 )(1 + 4t2 + 9t4 )1/2 dt
C 0

 1 √
1 14 14 − 1
= (1 + 4t2 + 9t4 )3/2 = ≈ 8.5638672358058632.
6 0 6

C15S02.018: Here we have

  5π/2  5π/2
12
xy ds = (36 sin t cos t)(16 sin2 t + 81 cos2 t + 49)1/2 dt = − (16 sin2 t + 81 cos2 t + 49)3/2
0 65 0
C

12    √ √
=− (16 + 49)3/2 − (81 + 49)3/2 = 12 2 130 − 65 ≈ 176.8950090442105192.
65

C15S02.019: Because the wire W is uniform, we may assume that its density is δ = 1. Moreover, x = 0
by symmetry. Parametrize the wire by

r(t) =  a cos t, a sin t , 0
t
π.

Then ds = a dt. Also the mass of the wire is πa, so it remains only to compute the moment
  π  π
Mx = ay dt = a sin t dt = −a cos t
2 2
= 2a2 .
W 0 0


2a
Therefore the centroid of the wire is located at the point 0, .
π

C15S02.020: Parametrize the wire W by

r(t) = a cos t, a sin t , 0
t
π.

Because the wire is uniform, assume that its density is δ, a positive constant. The length of the wire is πa,
so its mass is m = πδa. Finally, ds = a dt. Therefore the moments of inertia of W with respect to the
coordinate axes are

  π  π
1 3 1 1 1
Ix = aδy 2 dt = a3 δ sin2 t dt = a δ t − sin 2t = πδa3 = ma2 and
0 2 2 0 2 2
C
  π  π
2 3 2 1 3 1 1 1
Iy = aδx dt = a δ cos t dt = a δ t + sin 2t = πδa3 = ma2 .
0 2 2 0 2 2
C

C15S02.021: First, the arc length element is


ds = 9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t + 16 dt = 5 dt.

The mass and moments of the helical wire W are

5
   2π
m= 5k dt = 5k dt = 10kπ;
W 0

 2π  2π
Myz = 15k cos t dt = 15k sin t = 0;
0 0
 2π  2π
Mxz = 15k sin t dt = −15k cos t = 0;
0 0
 2π  2π
Mxy = 20kt dt = 10kt2 = 40kπ 2 .
0 0

Therefore the coordinates of the centroid are

40kπ 2
x = y = 0, z= = 4π.
10kπ

C15S02.022: The moment of inertia of the helical wire W of Problem 21 with respect to the z-axis is
  2π  2π
Iz = 2
(x + y ) dm = 2
9 · 5k dt = 45kt = 90kπ = 9m
W 0 0

where m is the mass of the wire.

C15S02.023: Parametrize the wire W via

π
r(t) =  a cos t, a sin t, 0 , 0
t
.
2
Then the arc-length element is ds = |r (t)| dt = a dt. The mass element is dm = a · k · a2 sin t cos t dt, and
hence the mass of W is
 π/2  π/2
3 1 3 2 1 3
m= ka sin t cos t dt = ka sin t = ka .
0 2 0 2

Clearly the z-coordinate of the centroid is z = 0, and y = x by symmetry. The moment of the wire with
respect to the y-axis is
 π/2  π/2
1 4 1
My = ka sin t cos t dt = − ka cos t
4 2
3
= ka4 .
0 3 0 3

Therefore the x-coordinate of the centroid is

2ka4 2
x= = a.
3ka3 3
The moments of W with respect to the coordinate axes are
 π/2  π/2
1 5 1 1
Ix = ka5 sin2 t cos t dt = ka sin4 t = ka5 = ma2 ;
0 4 0 4 2

1 5
Iy = Ix by symmetry, and I0 = Ix + Iy = ka = ma2 .
2
6
C15S02.024: The wire W has constant density k and is parametrized via x = t − sin t, y = 1 − cos t,
0
t
2π. Hence the arc-length element is
 √
ds = 1 − 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t dt = 2 − 2 cos t dt

1/2
1/2
1 − cos t t t
=2 dt = 2 sin2 dt = 2 sin dt;
2 2 2
the last equality is justified because 0
12 t
π. Hence the mass of W and its moment with respect to the
y-axis are

 2π  2π
t t
m= 2k sin dt = −4k cos = 8k and
0 2 2 0
 2π  2π
t 2 3t t t
My = 2k(t − sin t) sin dt = k sin + 9 sin − 6t cos = 8πk.
0 2 3 2 2 2 0

Hence the x-coordinate of the centroid of W is x = π. Its moment with respect to the x-axis is
 2π  2π
t 2 3t t 32
Mx = 2k(1 − cos t) sin dt = k cos − 9 cos = k,
0 2 3 2 2 0 3

and hence the y-coordinate of its centroid is y = 43 . Its moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is
 2π  2π
t t
Ix = 2k(1 − cos t)2 sin dt = 8k sin5 dt
0 2 0 2
 2π
1 t 3t 5t 256 32
= k −150 cos + 25 cos − 3 cos = k= m.
15 2 2 2 0 15 15

2|
3
C15S02.025: Using the given parametrization we find that the arc-length element is ds = sin 2t| dt,
and hence the polar moment of inertia of the wire is
 π/2  π/2
3
I0 = 4 k(cos t + sin t) ds = − k cos 6t + 7 cos 2t
6 6
= 3k.
0 16 0

Because the mass of the wire is

 π/2  π/2
m=4 k ds = −3k cos 2t = 6k,
0 0

1
we can also write I0 = m.
2
C15S02.026: The standard parametrization of the circle C with center (0, 0) and radius a is

r(t) =  a cos t, a sin t , 0
t
2π.

With this parametrization, we have arc-length element ds = a dt, and hence the average distance of points
of the circle from its center is
 2π  2π
1 1 2πa2
d= a2 dt = a2 t = = a.
2πa 0 2πa 0 2πa

7
C15S02.027: We are given the circle C of radius a centered at the origin and the point (a, 0) on C.
Suppose that (x, y) is a point of C. Let t be the angular polar coordinate of (x, y). Then, by the law of
cosines, the distance w between (a, 0) and (x, y) satisfies the equation

1 − cos t t
w2 = a2 + a2 − 2a2 cos t = 2a2 (1 − cos t) = 4a2 · = 4a2 sin2 .
2 2

t
Because 0
t
2π, it now follows that w = 2a sin , and hence the average value of w on C is
2
 2π  2π
1 t 4a2 t 8a2 4
d= 2a2 sin dt = − cos = = a ≈ (1.2732395447351627)a.
2πa 0 2 2πa 2 0 2πa π

C15S02.028: We use the parametrization given in the statement of Problem 24. Then the arc-length
element is

 √
ds = 1 − 2 cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t dt = 2 − 2 cos t dt

1/2
1/2
1 − cos t t
2 t
=2 dt = 2 sin dt = 2 sin dt;
2 2 2

the last equality is justified because 0
12 t
π. An immediate consequence of Example 2 in Section 10.5 is
that this cycloid has length 8. Hence the average distance of points of the cycloid from the origin is
 2π
1 t
d= 2(t2 + 2 − 2t sin t − 2 cos t )1/2 sin dt.
8 0 2

This integral appears to involve a nonelementary antiderivative, but the Mathematica 3.0 command

NIntegrate[ 2∗Sin[t/2]∗Sqrt[t∗t + 2 - 2∗t∗Sin[t] - 2∗Cos[t]], {t, 0, 2∗Pi},

WorkingPrecision → 28, AccuracyGoal → 24 ]

(the options ask Mathematica to carry 28 decimal digits in its computations and to select enough sampling
points to assure that 24 digits are correct in the final answer) yielded the result d ≈ 3.552523608078470787.

C15S02.029: The parametrization x(t) = cos3 t, y(t) = sin3 t, 0
t
2π of the astroid yields the
arc-length element
 3 2 3
ds = 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 cos2 t sin4 t dt = sin 2t dt = sin 2t dt,
2 2

although the last equality is valid only if sin 2t is nonnegative. Hence we will find the average distance of
points of the astroid in the first quadrant from the origin; by symmetry, this will be the same as the average
distance of all of its points from the origin. Noting that

[x(t)]2 + [y(t)]2 = cos6 t + sin6 t

and noting also that the length of the first-quadrant arc of the astroid is 32 (a consequence of the solution of
Problem 30 in Section 10.5), we find that the average distance of points of the astroid from the origin is

8
 
2 3 6
π/2
d= cos t + sin6 t sin 2t dt
3
0 2
√  √ √ π/2
3 6 cos 2t 2 √
= arctanh √ − (cos 2t) 5 + 3 cos 4t
24 5 + 3 cos 4t 16 0
√ √
1 3 3
= + arctanh ≈ 0.69008649907523658688277356372.
2 12 2
Of course we used Mathematica 3.0 to find and simplify both the antiderivative and the value of the definite
integral. By contrast, Derive 2.56 yields the result


2 π/2
3 6
d= cos t + sin6 t sin 2t dt
3 0 2
 √
  π/2
3 √ √ 1 − 2 cos2 t 
= −ln 2 3 cos4 t − 3 cos2 t + 1 + 2 3 cos2 t − 3 − 3 cos4 t − 3 cos2 t + 1
24 4 0
√  √ 
6 + 3 ln 2 + 3
= ≈ 0.69008649907523658688277356372.
12

C15S02.030: Using the parametrization of the helix given in the statement of Problem 21, we find that
the arc-length element is

ds = 9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t + 16 dt = 5 dt.

Hence the length of the helix is

 2π
s= 5 dt = 10π.
0

Next, the distance from the origin to the point (x(t), y(t), z(t)) of the helix is
 
16t2 + 9 cos2 t + 9 sin2 t = 16t2 + 9 .

Therefore the average distance of points of the helix from the origin is

   2π
1 2π
1 5  2 45 4t
d= 5 16t2 + 9 dt =
t 16t + 9 + arcsinh
10π
0 10π 2 8 3 0

 
1 45 8π 1 9 8π
= 5π 64π 2 + 9 + arcsinh = 64π 2 + 9 + arcsinh ≈ 13.1609004583093278.
10π 8 3 2 16π 3

√
C15S02.031: With the given parametrization, we find that ds = 2 e−t dt and that

[x(t)]2 + [y(t)]2 = e−t .

The length of the spiral is

  ∞
∞ √ √ √
2 e−t dt = − 2 e−t = 2,
0 0

9
and thus the average distance of points of the spiral from the origin is
 ∞√  ∞
1 1 1
d= √ 2 e−2t dt = − e−2t = .
2 0 2 0 2

C15S02.032: The work done in moving along a path on the sphere is zero because F is normal to the
sphere. Therefore F · T is identically zero on any path on the sphere. Let C denote the straight line segment
from (1, 0, 0) to (5, 0, 0). Parametrize C by x(t) = 1 + 4t, y = 0, z = 0, 0
t
1. Then the work done
in moving along C is
  1  1
4k 1 4
W = F · dr = dt = −k = k.
0 (1 + 4t)2 1 + 4t 0 5
C

C15S02.033: Part (a): Parametrize the path by x(t) = 1, y(t) = t, 0
t
1. Then the force is
 
k kt
F(t) = , ,
1 + t2 1 + t2

and so the work is

 1  1  1
kt 1 1
W = F · dr = dt = 2
k ln(1 + t ) = k ln 2.
0 0 1 + t2 2 0 2

Part (b): Parametrize the path by x(t) = 1 − t, y(t) = 1, 0
t
1. Then the force is
 
k(1 − t) k
F(t) = , ,
1 + (1 − t)2 1 + (1 − t)2

and thus the work is

  
1
k(1 − t) 1   1 1
W = − dt = k ln 1 + (1 − t)2
= − k ln 2.
0 1 + (1 − t)2 2 0 2

C15S02.034: Parametrize the unit circle C in the usual way: x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t, 0
t
2π.
Suppose that the force function has the form F(x, y) = F(t) =  k1 , k2 . Then the work done is
  2π  2π
W = F · dr = (k2 cos t − k1 sin t) dt = k1 cos t + k2 sin t = 0.
C 0 0

C15S02.035: Parametrize the unit circle C in the usual way: x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t, 0
t
2π. Then
the force function is F(t) =  k cos t, k sin t . Hence F · dr = 0, and therefore

F · dr = 0.
C

C15S02.036: Parametrize the unit circle C in the usual way: x(t) = cos t, y(t) = sin t, 0
t
2π. Then
F(t) =  − sin t, cos t , so that F · dr = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1. Therefore
  2π
F · dr = 1 dt = 2π ≈ 6.28318530717958647692528676655901.
C 0

10
C15S02.037: The work done in moving along a path on the sphere is zero because F is normal to the
sphere. Therefore F · T is identically zero on any path on the sphere.

C15S02.038: The force function is F(t) =  0, −150  and the path may be parametrized as follows:
x(t) = 100(1 − t), y(t) = 100(1 − t), 0
t
1. Hence the work done is
  1
F · dr = 15000 dt = 15000 (ft·lb).
C 0

C15S02.039: The force function is F(t) =  0, −150  and the path may be parametrized as follows:
x(t) = 100 sin t, y(t) = 100 cos t, 0
t
12 π. Hence the work done is
  π/2  π/2
F · dr = 15000 sin t dt = −15000 cos t = 15000 (ft·lb).
C 0 0

C15S02.040: The force function is F(t) =  0, −150  and the path may be parametrized as follows:
x(t) = 100(1 − t), y(t) = 100(1 − t)2 , 0
t
1. Hence the work done is
  1  1
F · dr = 30000(1 − t) dt = 30000t − 15000t 2
= 15000 (ft·lb).
C 0 0

C15S02.041: The force function is F(t) =  0, 0, −200  and the path may be parametrized as follows:
x(t) = 25 cos t, y(t) = 25 sin t, z(t) = 100 − 100t/(10π), 0
t
10π. Hence the work done is
  10π  10π
2000 2000
F · dr = dt = t = 20000 (ft·lb).
0 π π 0
C

C15S02.042: We parametrize the typical circle C as follows: x(t) = a cos t, y(t) = a sin t, z(t) ≡ 0.
Moreover, we are given

B(t) =  −aB sin t, aB cos t, 0 

where a is a constant. Hence

  2π
B · dr = a2 |B| dt = 2πa2 |B| = µI
C 0

by Ampere’s law. Therefore

µI
B = |B| = ,
2πa2
which shows that B is proportional to the current I and inversely proportional to the square of the radius
a of the distance from the wire.

11