Chapter 3

Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 4e (Bauman)
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function
3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example
of
A) reproduction.
B) cellular structure.
C) metabolism.
D) growth.
E) responsiveness.
Answer: E
Bloom's Rank: Comprehension
Section: Processes of Life
2) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella?

A) flagellin
B) basal body
C) tubulin
D) filament
E) hook
Answer: C
Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells
3) Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE?

A) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism.
B) Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.
C) Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.
D) Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.
E) Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
Answer: A
Section: Processes of Life
4) Bacterial pili can be described as

A) composed of tubulin.
B) solid, rigid protein structures.
C) composed of peptidoglycan.
D) specialized fimbriae.
E) a means of locomotion.
Answer: D
Bloom's Rank: Knowledge
1
Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of
biofilms?
A) glycocalyces
B) flagella
C) fimbriae
D) pili
E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces
Answer: E
6) Short, hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called
A) pili.
B) flagella.
C) fimbriae.
D) pseudopodia.
E) cilia.
Answer: E
Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
7) A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of

A) tumbles.
B) positive phototaxis.
C) negative phototaxis.
D) positive chemotaxis.
E) negative chemotaxis.
Answer: B
8) Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is FALSE?

A) Prokaryotic flagella can rotate 360 degrees.
B) A "run" results from counterclockwise movement of the flagellum.
C) Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin.
D) Treponema is an example of a bacterium that has an endoflagellum.
E) Prokaryotic flagella are anchored to the cell wall by means of the basal body.
Answer: C
2
9) Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE?
A) Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.
B) Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.
C) Pili are long, hollow tubules.
D) Not all bacteria have pili.
E) A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two pili.
Answer: A
10) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cell walls?

A) peptidoglycan
B) lipoteichoic acids
C) mycolic acid
D) tetrapeptide
E) tubulin
Answer: E
Section: Bacterial Cell Walls
11) Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain

A) carbohydrates.
B) amino acids.
C) lipopolysaccharide.
D) tubulin.
E) waxes.
Answer: E
12) Lipid A is also known as

A) endotoxin.
B) teichoic acid.
C) tetrapeptide.
D) mycolic acid.
E) lipopolysaccharide.
Answer: A
3
13) Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are distinguished from other bacterial cells by
A) unique ribosomes.
B) the presence of mycolic acid in their cell walls.
C) the absence of a cell wall.
D) cell walls composed solely of amino acids.
E) the absence of a cytoplasmic membrane.
Answer: C
14) Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which of
the following processes?
A) osmosis
B) facilitated diffusion
C) diffusion
D) active transport
E) group translocation
Answer: C
Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes
15) ATP is expended in which of the following processes?

A) facilitated diffusion
B) diffusion
C) group translocation
D) active transport
E) both active transport and group translocation
Answer: E
16) Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE?

A) Osmosis requires a selectively permeable membrane.
B) During osmosis, water crosses to the side of the membrane with a lower solute concentration.
C) Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will gain water.
D) Crenation results when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution.
E) Osmosis stops when the system reaches equilibrium.
Answer: B
Bloom's Rank: Application
4
17) Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of
A) mycolic acid.
B) lipopolysaccharide.
C) hopanoids.
D) dipicolinic acid.
E) glycoproteins.
Answer: D
Section: Cytoplasm of Bacteria
18) The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT
A) protection against dehydration.
B) anchoring cells to each other.
C) cellular recognition and communication.
D) transfer of genetic material between cells.
E) strengthening the cell surface.
Answer: D
Section: External Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
19) Which of the following is unique to archaea?

A) LPS
B) peptidoglycan
C) hami
D) fimbriae
E) pili
Answer: C
Section: External Structures of Archaea
20) When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, they lose water and shrivel. This process is
called
A) crenation.
B) endocytosis.
C) passive transport.
D) periplasm.
E) plasmalemma.
Answer: A
5
21) Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is CORRECT?
A) These processes occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
B) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell.
C) Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle.
D) Waste products and secretions are exported from the cell during endocytosis.
E) Endocytosis is a form of passive transport, whereas exocytosis is a form of active transport.
Answer: C
Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
22) One lipid found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes is

A) hopanoid.
B) lipopolysaccharide.
C) phospholipid.
D) fatty acid.
E) steroid.
Answer: E
23) Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

A) The structure of centrioles is similar to that of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
B) Centrioles are believed to play a role in cellular processes such as mitosis and cytokinesis.
C) Centrioles are found in a region of the cell called the centrosome.
D) Centrioles are found in all organisms except prokaryotes.
E) Centrioles are composed of microtubules.
Answer: D
24) Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?

A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) ribosome
C) cytoskeleton
D) centriole
E) both ribosomes and centrioles
Answer: A
6
25) Which of the following is NOT associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?
A) chromatin
B) cristae
C) histones
D) nucleoplasm
E) nucleolus
Answer: B
26) Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT?
A) The rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis.
B) The smooth ER has ribosomes associated with it.
C) The ER is a lipid storage organelle.
D) The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm.
E) The smooth ER is a site of ATP synthesis.
Answer: D
27) Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a
eukaryotic cell?
A) lysosome
B) Golgi body
C) mitochondrion
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) nucleus
Answer: C
28) Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have

A) DNA.
B) two lipid bilayers.
C) 70S ribosomes.
D) light-harvesting pigments.
E) cristae.
Answer: D
7
29) Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY?
A) plants: cellulose cell wall
B) algae: glycocalyx present
C) bacteria: peptidoglycan cell wall
D) fungi: cellulose, chitin, and/or glucomannan cell wall
E) archaea: polysaccharide cell wall
Answer: B
30) Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE?
A) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells.
B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell.
C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.
D) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes.
E) The endosymbiotic theory is not universally accepted.
Answer: A
Section: Endosymbiotic Theory
31) Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

A) anchors organelles
B) gives shape to the cell
C) packages cellular secretions
D) performs endocytosis
E) aids in contraction of the cell
Answer: C
32) The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of
glucose is an example of
A) facilitated diffusion.
B) group translocation.
C) osmosis.
D) plasmolysis.
E) diffusion.
Answer: B
8
33) Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane
rapidly and without the use of transport proteins?
A) large molecules
B) ions
C) small hydrophobic molecules
D) small hydrophilic molecules
E) both ions and hydrophilic molecules
Answer: C
34) Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein?

A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) endocytosis
E) both facilitated diffusion and active transport
Answer: E
35) Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of acid-
fast bacteria?
A) N-acetylglucosamine
B) peptidoglycan
C) lipoteichoic acid
D) endotoxin
E) mycolic acid
Answer: E
36) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain phospholipids and proteins.

A) archaeal cells
B) bacterial cells
C) eukaryotic cells
D) both bacterial and eukaryotic cells
E) archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells
Answer: D
Section: Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
9
37) Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of
A) archaea.
B) bacteria.
C) eukaryotes.
D) both archaea and bacteria.
E) both archaea and eukaryotes.
Answer: C
38) Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by

A) bacteria.
B) eukaryotes.
C) archaea.
D) all prokaryotes.
E) No cells use both processes.
Answer: B
39) Some __________ use group translocation as a means of transport.

A) eukaryotes
B) bacteria
C) archaea
D) prokaryotes
E) eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Answer: B
40) Hopanoids are found in __________ cytoplasmic membranes.

A) eukaryotic
B) bacterial
C) archaeal
D) prokaryotic
E) no
Answer: B
10
41) The cell walls of __________ contain peptidoglycan.
A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) eukaryotes
D) prokaryotes
E) bacteria and eukaryotes
Answer: B
42) Cytoplasmic membranes of __________ are composed of phospholipids.

A) bacteria
B) eukaryotes
C) archaea
D) prokaryotes
E) both bacteria and eukaryotes
Answer: E
43) Some members of __________ have hami.

A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) eukaryotes
D) both archaea and bacteria
E) both bacteria and eukaryotes
Answer: A
Section: External Structures of Eukaryotes
44) __________ may have pili.

A) Eukaryotes
B) Archaea
C) Bacteria
D) Prokaryotes
E) Eukaryotes and bacteria
Answer: C
11
45) __________ may have flagella.
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukaryotes
D) Prokaryotes
E) Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes
Answer: E
46) Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids?
A) Gram-negative bacteria
B) Gram-positive bacteria
C) archaea
D) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
E) all prokaryotes
Answer: B
Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes
47) The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides.

C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
D) archaea
E) all prokaryotes
Answer: C
48) Which of the following have external structures containing a periplasmic space?
D) archaea
E) eukaryotes
Answer: A
12
49) Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane?
D) archaea
E) all prokaryotes
Answer: A
50) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain lipids.

D) archaea
E) all prokaryotes
Answer: E
3.2 True/False Questions
1) Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates.

Answer: TRUE
2) Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into the cell
through phagocytosis.
Answer: FALSE
3) Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is complete.
Answer: TRUE
Section: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
4) All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of proteins.

Answer: FALSE
5) The process of facilitated diffusion requires an input of energy.

Answer: FALSE
13
6) Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 60S and 40S subunits.
Answer: TRUE
7) Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells.

Answer: FALSE
8) Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease.

Answer: TRUE
9) Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids.

Answer: TRUE
10) The Golgi body prepares cellular products for export.

Answer: TRUE
3.3 Short Answer Questions
1) In a(n) __________ solution, an animal cell can gain so much water that it may burst.
Answer: hypotonic
2) The presence of a cell __________ enables bacterial and plant cells to resist the effects of
hypotonic solutions.
Answer: wall
3) A higher concentration of solutes corresponds to a __________ (higher/lower) concentration

of water in a given solution.
Answer: lower
14
4) A(n) __________ is a carrier protein that transports two substances in the same direction
across a membrane.
Answer: symport
5) The __________ body anchors the bacterial flagellum in the cell wall.
Answer: basal
6) The reserve deposits of starch or other compounds found in many prokaryotic cells are called
__________.
Answer: inclusions
7) Eukaryotic cells use a process known as __________ to obtain liquids from their environment.
Answer: pinocytosis
8) Lipid __________ is a part of the Gram-negative cell wall that can produce fever,
inflammation, and shock when it is released into the bloodstream. (Be sure to use capital letters.)
Answer: A
9) Paired structures composed of tubulin that play a role in eukaryotic mitosis are known as
__________.
Answer: centrioles
10) Fibrous structures some archaea use for attachment to surfaces are __________.
Answer: hami
Section: External Structures of Archaea
11) A(n) __________ is a type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell.
Answer: capsule
12) The type of organelles found only in eukaryotic cells are described as __________.
Answer: membranous
15
13) The semiliquid matrix of the nucleus is called the __________.
Answer: nucleoplasm
14) A structural molecule found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons, flagella, cilia, and centrioles is
__________.
Answer: tubulin
15) Another name for a channel protein in the cell membrane is __________.
Answer: permease
3.4 Essay Questions
1) Compare and contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid, a region within the cytoplasm where the DNA is
found, but this region is not surrounded by a membrane. Eukaryotic cells, however, have a true
nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Additionally, eukaryotic cells have a variety
of membranous compartments known as organelles within the cell, whereas prokaryotes do not
have membranous organelles. Prokaryotic cells tend to be smaller and less structurally complex
in general than eukaryotic cells. Even though the two types of cells may have various structures
in common, such as cell walls and flagella, these structures can vary widely in their molecular
composition.
Section: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview
2) Compare and contrast archaea and bacteria, with particular attention to the features that lead to
their placement in separate taxa.
Answer: Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, whereas archaeal cell walls are
composed of a variety of carbohydrate forms but never peptidoglycan. The flagella of the two
groups of prokaryotes have several differences, including size, manner of assembly, and
function. Although both have fimbriae, archaea have a distinctive attachment structure called a
hamus that is somewhat like a barbed grappling hook. Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes lack
phospholipid, a membrane lipid found in both bacteria and eukaryotes. The ribosomes of archaea
and bacteria are of similar size, but some ribosomal components of archaea are more like those
of eukaryotic ribosomes than those of bacteria. RNA metabolism in the two prokaryotic groups
differs, and the archaeal genetic code is more like that of eukaryotes than that of bacteria.
Bloom's Rank: Analysis
Section: Cytoplasm of Archaea
16
3) Most antibacterial drugs disrupt or destroy bacterial cellular characteristics that are different
from those of eukaryotic cells or that may not even be present in eukaryotic cells. List and
describe at least three cellular features of bacteria that could be targeted to inhibit or kill a
bacterial pathogen.
Answer:
1) Cell wall: The cell wall of almost all bacteria contains peptidoglycan, a molecule absent in
eukaryotic cell walls. Gram-negative cell walls contain unique molecules such as
lipopolysaccharide and structures such as porins, which are not present in eukaryotic cells.
Additionally, human cells do not have a cell wall at all.
2) Ribosomes: Bacterial ribosomes have a 70S structure, whereas eukaryotic ribosomes have an
80S structure. This difference is enough to allow some drugs to preferentially affect bacterial
ribosomes while leaving eukaryotic ribosomes unharmed.
3) Cellular appendages: Although both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can have flagella, the
two types of cells use structurally different types of flagella. Furthermore, many bacteria have
fimbriae and pili, which are not found on eukaryotic cells.
4) Cell membrane: Most cells use a phospholipid bilayer with inserted proteins as a cell
membrane; however, bacterial cell membranes may contain hopanoids, which are absent in
eukaryotic cell membranes.
Bloom's Rank: Analysis
4) Describe the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer: Similarities: Both of these are eukaryotic organelles that are thought to have arisen
from formerly free-living prokaryotic cells. They both contain 70S ribosomes and their own
DNA that exists as a single, circular molecule. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can produce
ATP. They both have two phospholipid bilayer membranes. Both of these organelles use inner
membranes to increase the surface area needed for their chemical reactions.
Differences: Chloroplasts are capable of gathering light energy and using it to create ATP and
sugars in a process called photosynthesis, whereas mitochondria do not use light energy in the
production of ATP.
5) Describe how the structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane relates to its function of
selective permeability.
Answer: The structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane are explained in the fluid
mosaic model. The cytoplasmic membranes of bacterial cells are composed of phospholipids,
which create a semipermeable barrier to the cell's outer environment. The only molecules that
can easily cross the membrane are small, lipid soluble molecules. Other types of molecules must
use the wide variety of transport proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer to cross the
membrane. In this way, the cell can control the concentration of both its nutrients and its waste
products. The cytoplasmic membrane can also be used for energy production and for
photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells.
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Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 4e (Bauman)

Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function

3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

2) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella?

3) Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE?

4) Bacterial pili can be described as

7) A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of

8) Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is FALSE?

10) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cell walls?

11) Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain

12) Lipid A is also known as

15) ATP is expended in which of the following processes?

16) Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE?

19) Which of the following is unique to archaea?

22) One lipid found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes is

23) Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

24) Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?

28) Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have

31) Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

34) Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein?

36) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain phospholipids and proteins.

38) Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by

39) Some __________ use group translocation as a means of transport.

40) Hopanoids are found in __________ cytoplasmic membranes.

42) Cytoplasmic membranes of __________ are composed of phospholipids.

43) Some members of __________ have hami.

44) __________ may have pili.

47) The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides.

50) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain lipids.

3.2 True/False Questions

1) Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates.

4) All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of proteins.

5) The process of facilitated diffusion requires an input of energy.

7) Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells.

8) Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease.

9) Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids.

10) The Golgi body prepares cellular products for export.

3.3 Short Answer Questions

3) A higher concentration of solutes corresponds to a __________ (higher/lower) concentration

3.4 Essay Questions

1) Compare and contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

4) Describe the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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